{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:06:41Z","timestamp":1757617601501,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC113-2410-H-006-083-MY3","NSTC112-2410-H-025-018-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC113-2410-H-006-083-MY3","NSTC112-2410-H-025-018-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13520-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T21:35:55Z","timestamp":1743543355000},"page":"18301-18326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and evaluation of a metaverse competency scale for university students"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Kuo-Lun","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3945-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mu-Yen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ru","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"13520_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11816-3","volume":"28","author":"AS Al-Adwan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Adwan, A. S., Li, N., Al-Adwan, A., Abbasi, G. A., Albelbisi, N. A., & Habibi, A. (2023). Extending the technology acceptance model (TAM) to predict university students\u2019 intentions to use metaverse-based learning platforms. Education and Information Technologies, 28(11), 15381\u201315413.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"13520_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103901","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2022.2103901","volume":"8","author":"DA Almajali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Almajali, D. A., Masa\u2019Deh, R. E., & Dahalin, Z. M. (2022). Factors influencing the adoption of cryptocurrency in Jordan: An application of the extended TRA model. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 2103901.","journal-title":"Cogent Social Sciences"},{"key":"13520_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelini, L., Caon, M., Couture, N., Khaled, O. A., & Mugellini, E. (2015). The multisensory interactive window: immersive experiences for the elderly. Adjunct Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers.","DOI":"10.1145\/2800835.2806209"},{"key":"13520_CR4","unstructured":"ArchDaily (2022). 4 Reasons Why You Need to be Using VR in Architecture. https:\/\/reurl.cc\/LArXpx."},{"key":"13520_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruni, R., Piccarozzi, M., & Caboni, F. (2025). Defining the metaverse with challenges and opportunities in the business environment. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 33(1), 60\u201377.","DOI":"10.1080\/10696679.2023.2273555"},{"key":"13520_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D., & Zhang, R. (2022). Exploring research trends of emerging technologies in health metaverse: A bibliometric analysis. Available at SSRN 3998068.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3998068"},{"key":"13520_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chittaro, L., & Buttussi, F. (2015). Assessing knowledge retention of an immersive serious game vs. a traditional education method in aviation safety. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 21(4), 529\u2013538.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2391853"},{"issue":"2","key":"13520_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00183","volume":"10","author":"A Davis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Davis, A., Murphy, J., Owens, D., Khazanchi, D., & Zigurs, I. (2009). Avatars, people, and virtual worlds: Foundations for research in metaverses. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 10(2), 1.","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"key":"13520_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donath, J., & Vi\u00e9gas, F. B. (2002). The chat circles series: explorations in designing abstract graphical communication interfaces. Proceedings of the 4th conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques.","DOI":"10.1145\/778712.778764"},{"issue":"6","key":"13520_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2022.07.007","volume":"65","author":"M Golf-Papez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Golf-Papez, M., Heller, J., Hilken, T., Chylinski, M., de Ruyter, K., Keeling, D. I., & Mahr, D. (2022). Embracing falsity through the metaverse: The case of synthetic customer experiences. Business Horizons, 65(6), 739\u2013749.","journal-title":"Business Horizons"},{"key":"13520_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.08.012","volume":"33","author":"D Hassouneh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hassouneh, D., & Brengman, M. (2014). A motivation-based typology of social virtual world users. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 330\u2013338.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13520_CR12","unstructured":"Hee, O. C. (2014). Validity and reliability of the Customer-Oriented behaviour scale in the health tourism hospitals in Malaysia. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 7(3)."},{"key":"13520_CR13","unstructured":"Heo, M. H., & Kim, D. (2021). Effect of augmented reality affordance on motor performance: In the sport climbing. Human-Centric Computing and Information Sciences, 11."},{"issue":"3","key":"13520_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/15252019.2021.2001273","volume":"21","author":"J Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, J. (2021). Advertising in the metaverse: Research agenda. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 21(3), 141\u2013144.","journal-title":"Journal of Interactive Advertising"},{"issue":"5","key":"13520_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.04.004","volume":"28","author":"C Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim, C., Lee, S. G., & Kang, M. (2012). I became an attractive person in the virtual world: Users\u2019 identification with virtual communities and avatars. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1663\u20131669.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"13520_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2009.01347.x","volume":"19","author":"C Klimmt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klimmt, C., Hefner, D., & Vorderer, P. (2009). The video game experience as true identification: A theory of enjoyable alterations of players\u2019 self-perception. Communication Theory, 19(4), 351\u2013373.","journal-title":"Communication Theory"},{"key":"13520_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koo, C., Kwon, J., Chung, N., & Kim, J. (2022). Metaverse tourism: Conceptual framework and research propositions. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(20), 3268\u20133274.","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2022.2122781"},{"key":"13520_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kye, B., Han, N., Kim, E., Park, Y., & Jo, S. (2021). Educational applications of metaverse: possibilities and limitations. Journal of educational evaluation for health professions, 18.","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2021.18.32"},{"key":"13520_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00008","volume":"11","author":"EJ Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, E. J., & Park, S. J. (2020). Immersive experience model of the elderly welfare centers supporting successful aging. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 8.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"13520_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713678","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.713678","volume":"13","author":"T Lynch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lynch, T., Matthews, N. L., Gilbert, M., Jones, S., & Freiberger, N. (2022). Explicating how skill determines the qualities of user-Avatar bonds. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 713678.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"13520_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynn, M. R. (1986b). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing research.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-198611000-00017"},{"key":"13520_CR22","unstructured":"Mcdonald, C. (2018). 5 tips for preparing digital assets for ingest. https:\/\/www.bynder.com\/en\/blog\/preparing-digital-assets-ingest\/"},{"key":"13520_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGreevy, M. W. (1993). Virtual reality and planetary exploration. Virtual reality (pp. 163\u2013197). Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-745045-2.50018-0"},{"key":"13520_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2019.100107","volume":"8","author":"BK Mohanta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohanta, B. K., Jena, D., Panda, S. S., & Sobhanayak, S. (2019). Blockchain technology: A survey on applications and security privacy challenges. Internet of Things, 8, 100107.","journal-title":"Internet of Things"},{"key":"13520_CR25","unstructured":"Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system."},{"issue":"1","key":"13520_CR26","first-page":"17","volume":"1","author":"NG Narin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Narin, N. G. (2021). A content analysis of the metaverse articles. Journal of Metaverse, 1(1), 17\u201324.","journal-title":"Journal of Metaverse"},{"issue":"7","key":"13520_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-12-2021-0241","volume":"78","author":"S Nikou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nikou, S., De Reuver, M., & Mahboob Kanafi, M. (2022). Workplace literacy skills\u2014how information and digital literacy affect adoption of digital technology. Journal of Documentation, 78(7), 371\u2013391.","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"13520_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ooi, K. B., Tan, G. W. H., Al-Emran, M., Al-Sharafi, M. A., Arpaci, I., Zaidan, A. A., & Iranmanesh, M. (2023). The metaverse in engineering management: Overview, opportunities, challenges, and future research agenda. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 71, 13882\u201313889.","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2023.3307562"},{"key":"13520_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4209","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3140175","volume":"10","author":"SM Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park, S. M., & Kim, Y. G. (2022). A metaverse: Taxonomy, components, applications, and open challenges. IEEE Access, 10, 4209\u20134251.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"13520_CR30","unstructured":"Perforce (2021). 5 New Uses for Virtual Reality Outside of Gaming. https:\/\/reurl.cc\/o72Z13"},{"issue":"1","key":"13520_CR31","first-page":"29","volume":"1","author":"M Peterson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Peterson, M. (2005). Learning interaction in an avatar-based virtual environment: A preliminary study. PacCALL Journal, 1(1), 29\u201340.","journal-title":"PacCALL Journal"},{"key":"13520_CR32","unstructured":"Rollings, A., & Adams, E. (2003). Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on game design. New Riders."},{"issue":"1","key":"13520_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1006\/ceps.1999.1020","volume":"25","author":"RM Ryan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54\u201367.","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"13520_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107910","volume":"149","author":"C Scorolli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scorolli, C., Grasso, E. N., Stacchio, L., Armandi, V., Matteucci, G., & Marfia, G. (2023). Would you rather come to a Tango concert in theater or in Vr?? Aesthetic emotions & social presence in musical experiences, either live, 2d or 3d. Computers in Human Behavior, 149, 107910.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13520_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.102958","volume":"82","author":"V Sevinc","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sevinc, V., & Berkman, M. I. (2020). Psychometric evaluation of simulator sickness questionnaire and its variants as a measure of cybersickness in consumer virtual environments. Applied Ergonomics, 82, 102958.","journal-title":"Applied Ergonomics"},{"key":"13520_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepanova, V., & Eri\u0146\u0161, I. (2021). Review of decentralized finance applications and their total value locked. TEM Journal, 10(1).","DOI":"10.18421\/TEM101-41"},{"issue":"4","key":"13520_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-022-00889-0","volume":"51","author":"TM Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan, T. M., & Saraniemi, S. (2023). Trust in blockchain-enabled exchanges: Future directions in blockchain marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 51(4), 914\u2013939.","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"key":"13520_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26258","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3257029","volume":"11","author":"VT Truong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Truong, V. T., Le, L., & Niyato, D. (2023). Blockchain Meets metaverse and digital asset management: A comprehensive survey. Ieee Access, 11, 26258\u201326288.","journal-title":"Ieee Access"},{"key":"13520_CR39","unstructured":"Tsai, Y. C. (2022). The value chain of education metaverse. arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.05833."},{"issue":"2","key":"13520_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1746259.1746261","volume":"17","author":"HCV Vugt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vugt, H. C. V., Bailenson, J. N., Hoorn, J. F., & Konijn, E. A. (2008). Effects of facial similarity on user responses to embodied agents. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 17(2), 1\u201327.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)"},{"issue":"1","key":"13520_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2015.11645800","volume":"56","author":"X Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, X., & Li, Y. (2016). Users\u2019 satisfaction with social network sites: A self-determination perspective. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 56(1), 48\u201354.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Information Systems"},{"key":"13520_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628298","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.628298","volume":"12","author":"S Weber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weber, S., Weibel, D., & Mast, F. W. (2021). How to get there when you are there already? Defining presence in virtual reality and the importance of perceived realism. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 628298.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"13520_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wider, W., Jiang, L., Lin, J., Fauzi, M. A., Li, J., & Chan, C. K. (2023). Metaverse chronicles: A bibliometric analysis of its evolving landscape. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction, 40(17), 4873\u20134886.","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2227825"},{"issue":"1","key":"13520_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2021.2002953","volume":"12","author":"RMX Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, R. M. X., Yan, W., Zhang, Z., Gou, J., Fan, J., Liu, B., & Wang, Y. (2021). A correlational research on developing an innovative integrated gas warning system: A case study in ZhongXing, China. Geomatics Natural Hazards and Risk, 12(1), 3175\u20133204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19475705.2021.2002953","journal-title":"Geomatics Natural Hazards and Risk"},{"issue":"2","key":"13520_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8301.2007.00189.x","volume":"7","author":"T Yamagami","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yamagami, T., Oosawa, M., Ito, S., & Yamaguchi, H. (2007). Effect of activity reminiscence therapy as brain-activating rehabilitation for elderly people with and without dementia. Psychogeriatrics, 7(2), 69\u201375.","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"13520_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, K. (2022). Breaking down the barrier between teachers and students by using metaverse technology in education: based on a survey and analysis of Shenzhen City, China. Proceedings of the 2022 13th International Conference on E-Education, E-Business, E-Management, and E-Learning.","DOI":"10.1145\/3514262.3514345"},{"key":"13520_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/jfr\/fjaa010","volume":"6","author":"DA Zetzsche","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zetzsche, D. A., Arner, D. W., & Buckley, R. P. (2020). Decentralized finance (defi). Journal of Financial Regulation, 6, 172\u2013203.","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Regulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"13520_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2022.03.002","volume":"6","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Jiang, J., Chen, Y., Liu, R., Yang, Y., Xue, X., & Chen, S. (2022). Metaverse: Perspectives from graphics, interactions and visualization. Visual Informatics, 6(1), 56\u201367.","journal-title":"Visual Informatics"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13520-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13520-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13520-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T08:43:40Z","timestamp":1757148220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13520-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["13520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13520-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1360-2357"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7608"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}