{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T07:04:36Z","timestamp":1786086276903,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Project on Teaching Reform in Hunan Province General Higher Education Institutions","award":["HNJG-2022-0277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNJG-2022-0277"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13582-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T04:12:58Z","timestamp":1745554378000},"page":"20347-20383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cognitive enhancement through competency-based programming education: a 12-year longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5742-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dunhong","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3235-1718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"13582_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al Quraan, J., D. E., & Forawi, A., P. S (2019). Critical analysis of international STEM education policy themes. Journal of Education and Human Development, 8(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15640\/jehd.v8n2a10","DOI":"10.15640\/jehd.v8n2a10"},{"issue":"9","key":"13582_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0221765","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221765","volume":"14","author":"A Alammary","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alammary, A. (2019). Blended learning models for introductory programming courses: A systematic review. PLOS ONE, 14(9), e0221765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0221765","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"13582_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2018\/20170331","volume":"114","author":"S Altiner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Altiner, S., & Ayhan, M. B. (2018). Approach for the determination and correlation of diversity and efficiency of software development teams. South African Journal of Science, 114(3\/4), 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17159\/sajs.2018\/20170331","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"key":"13582_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1109\/MIPRO60963.2024.10569900","volume":"678","author":"J Arigye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arigye, J. (2024). Exploring the landscape of online coding education in Africa: A literature review. 2024 47th ICT and Electronics Convention MIPRO 2024 - Proceedings, 678, 683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MIPRO60963.2024.10569900","journal-title":"2024 47th ICT and Electronics Convention MIPRO 2024 - Proceedings"},{"key":"13582_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.111183","volume":"185","author":"N Assyne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Assyne, N., Ghanbari, H., & Pulkkinen, M. (2022). The state of research on software engineering competencies: A systematic mapping study. Journal of Systems and Software, 185, 111183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2021.111183","journal-title":"Journal of Systems and Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NURSE.0000903980.67627.17","volume":"53","author":"R Authement","year":"2023","unstructured":"Authement, R., Mundine, J., & Beatty, B. (2023). Comparison of specialty examination scores pre- and post-pandemic. Nursing, 53(1), 54\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.NURSE.0000903980.67627.17","journal-title":"Nursing"},{"key":"13582_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baligar, P., Joshi, G., Shettar, A., & Kandakatla, R. (2022). Penetration for cooperative learning in engineering education: A systematic literature review. 2022 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 2022-March, 610\u2013619. IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EDUCON52537.2022.9766551","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON52537.2022.9766551"},{"issue":"3","key":"13582_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2021.3127215","volume":"65","author":"JH Berssanette","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berssanette, J. H., & De Francisco, A. C. (2022). Cognitive load theory in the context of teaching and learning computer programming: A systematic literature review. IEEE Transactions on Education, 65(3), 440\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TE.2021.3127215","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Education"},{"key":"13582_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boyer, N. R., Langevin, S., & Gaspar, A. (2008). Self direction and constructivism in programming education. SIGITE\u201908: Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIG-Information Technology Education Conference, 89\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1414558.1414585","DOI":"10.1145\/1414558.1414585"},{"issue":"2","key":"13582_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"13582_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.83.3.405","volume":"83","author":"BK Britton","year":"1991","unstructured":"Britton, B. K., & Tesser, A. (1991). Effects of time-management practices on college grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(3), 405\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.83.3.405","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"13582_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cbe2.1043","volume":"2","author":"AM Brower","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brower, A. M., Humphreys, D., Karoff, R., & Kallio, S. (2017). Designing quality into direct-assessment competency\u2010based education. The Journal of Competency-Based Education, 2(2), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbe2.1043","journal-title":"The Journal of Competency-Based Education"},{"key":"13582_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bubnic, B., Mernik, M., & Kosar, T. (2024). Exploring the predictive potential of complex Problem-Solving in computing education: A case study in the introductory programming course. Mathematics, 12(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/math12111655","DOI":"10.3390\/math12111655"},{"key":"13582_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON.2018.8363456","volume":"2018-April","author":"R Burbaite","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burbaite, R., Drasute, V., & Stuikys, V. (2018). Integration of computational thinking skills in STEM-driven computer science education. IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 2018-April, 1824\u20131832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EDUCON.2018.8363456","journal-title":"IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference EDUCON"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940610643215","volume":"21","author":"RL Cardy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cardy, R. L., & Selvarajan, T. T. (2006). Assessing ethical behavior: The impact of outcomes on judgment bias. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(1), 52\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/02683940610643215","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046743","volume":"54","author":"RB Cattell","year":"1963","unstructured":"Cattell, R. B. (1963). Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 54(1), 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0046743","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.01.008","volume":"55","author":"C Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen, C. (2010). The implementation and evaluation of a mobile self- and peer-assessment system. Computers & Education, 55(1), 229\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.01.008","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13582_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2013.05.152","volume":"17","author":"A Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen, A., Li, L., Li, X., Zhang, J., & Dong, L. (2013). Study on innovation capability of college students based on extenics and theory of creativity. Procedia Computer Science, 17, 1194\u20131201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2013.05.152","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"13582_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-024-02203-6","author":"X Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, X., Xie, H., Tao, X., Wang, F. L., & Cao, J. (2024). Leveraging text mining and analytic hierarchy process for the automatic evaluation of online courses. International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13042-024-02203-6","journal-title":"International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics"},{"key":"13582_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chyung, S. Y. (Yonnie), Winiecki, D. J., Hunt, G., & Sevier, C. M. (2017). Measuring learners\u2019 attitudes toward team projects: Scale development through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. American Journal of Engineering Education (AJEE), 8(2), 61\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19030\/ajee.v8i2.10065","DOI":"10.19030\/ajee.v8i2.10065"},{"key":"13582_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clear, A., Clear, T., Impagliazzo, J., & Wang, P. (2020). From knowledge-based to competency-based computing education: Future directions. 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 2020-Octob, 1\u20137. IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FIE44824.2020.9274288","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE44824.2020.9274288"},{"issue":"6","key":"13582_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026714","volume":"70","author":"J Cohen","year":"1968","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1968). Multiple regression as a general data-analytic system. Psychological Bulletin, 70(6), 426\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0026714","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"13582_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2002). Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203774441","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203774441"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.1920.10879019","volume":"1","author":"SA Courtis","year":"1920","unstructured":"Courtis, S. A., & Packer, P. C. (1920). Educational research. The Journal of Educational research, 1(1), 5\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00220671.1920.10879019","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17513057.2019.1569250","volume":"13","author":"SM Croucher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Croucher, S. M., Kelly, S., Rahmani, D., Burkey, M., Subanaliev, T., Galy-Badenas, F., & Jackson, K. (2019). A multi-national validity analysis of the self-perceived communication competence scale. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 13(1), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17513057.2019.1569250","journal-title":"Journal of International and Intercultural Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.24138\/jcomss-2023-0172","volume":"20","author":"F Cunha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cunha, F., Perkusich, M., Guimaraes, E., Santos, R., Rique, T., Albuquerque, D., & Gorg\u00f4nio, K. C. (2024). An insight into the capabilities of professionals and teams in agile software development: An update of the systematic literature review. Journal of Communications Software and Systems, 20(1), 99\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24138\/jcomss-2023-0172","journal-title":"Journal of Communications Software and Systems"},{"key":"13582_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.22329\/celt.v10i0.4716","volume":"10","author":"L Curry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Curry, L., & Docherty, M. (2017). Implementing Competency-Based education. Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching, 10, 61\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22329\/celt.v10i0.4716","journal-title":"Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching"},{"issue":"2","key":"13582_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-015-0840-3","volume":"59","author":"BC Czerkawski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Czerkawski, B. C., & Lyman, E. W. (2015). Exploring issues about computational thinking. Higher Education TechTrends, 59(2), 57\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11528-015-0840-3","journal-title":"Higher Education TechTrends"},{"key":"13582_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE49875.2021.9637348","volume":"2021-October","author":"R Delane","year":"2021","unstructured":"Delane, R., & Haynes, S. R. (2021). An approach to developing competency models for programming courses. Proceedings - Frontiers in Education Conference FIE, 2021-October, 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FIE49875.2021.9637348","journal-title":"Proceedings - Frontiers in Education Conference FIE"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3968\/j.hess.1927024020120301.1593","volume":"3","author":"J Du","year":"2012","unstructured":"Du, J. (2012). Application of humanism theory in the teaching approach. Higher Education of Social Science, 3(1), 32\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3968\/j.hess.1927024020120301.1593","journal-title":"Higher Education of Social Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"13582_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.59324\/ejaset.2024.2(3).19","volume":"2","author":"TH Dung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dung, T. H. (2024). Some solutions to improve programming skills for information technology students at Tan Trao university. European Journal of Applied Science Engineering and Technology, 2(3), 205\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59324\/ejaset.2024.2(3).19","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Science Engineering and Technology"},{"key":"13582_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eltegani, N., & Butgereit, L. (2015). Attributes of students engagement in fundamental programming learning. 2015 International Conference on Computing, Control, Networking, Electronics and Embedded Systems Engineering (ICCNEEE), 101\u2013106. IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCNEEE.2015.7381438","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNEEE.2015.7381438"},{"key":"13582_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ericsson, K. A. (2006). The influence of experience and deliberate practice on the development of superior expert performance. The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 683\u2013704). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511816796.038","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816796.038"},{"key":"13582_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Etemi, B. P., Uzunboylu, H., Latifi, S., & Abdigapbarova, U. (2024). The effect of the flipped learning approach on engineering students\u2019 technology acceptance and Self-Directed learning perception. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16020774","DOI":"10.3390\/su16020774"},{"key":"13582_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1145\/3587103.3594192","volume":"2","author":"L Faessler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Faessler, L. (2023). M. Dahinden (Ed.), TA role change towards guiding students\u2019 Self-directed learning through automation of instruction for programming novices. Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education ITiCSE 2 638 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3587103.3594192.","journal-title":"Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education ITiCSE"},{"key":"13582_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Frezza, S., Daniels, M., Pears, A., Cajander, \u00c5., Kann, V., Kapoor, A., & Wallace, C. (2018). Modelling competencies for computing education beyond 2020: A research-based approach to defining competencies in the computing disciplines. Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, 148\u2013174. New York, NY, USA: ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3293881.3295782","DOI":"10.1145\/3293881.3295782"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024338","volume":"141","author":"CO Fritz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fritz, C. O., Morris, P. E., & Richler, J. J. (2012). Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 2\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0024338","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"13582_CR37","unstructured":"Gartner (2023, October 16). Gartner top 10 strategic technology trends for 2024. Gartner. Retrieved October 28, 2024, from https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/en\/articles\/gartner-top-10-strategic-technology-trends-for-2024"},{"key":"13582_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32622-7_5","volume":"1194","author":"P Giannopoulou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giannopoulou, P., Papalaskari, M. A., & Doukakis, S. (2020). Neuroeducation and computer programming: A review. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1194, 59\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-32622-7_5","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"13582_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gligorea, I., Cioca, M., Oancea, R., Gorski, A. T., Gorski, H., & Tudorache, P. (2023). Adaptive learning using artificial intelligence in e-Learning: A literature review. Education Sciences, 13(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci13121216","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13121216"},{"issue":"4","key":"13582_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/10508422.2023.2206573","volume":"34","author":"N Gungordu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gungordu, N., Nabizadehchianeh, G., O\u2019Connor, E., Ma, W., & Walker, D. I. (2023). Moral reasoning development: Norms for defining issue Test-2 (DIT2). Ethics & Behavior, 34(4), 246\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10508422.2023.2206573","journal-title":"Ethics & Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"13582_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.37934\/araset.33.3.169184","volume":"33","author":"HF Hanafi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hanafi, H. F., Selamat, A. Z., Ghani, M. M., Mustafa, W. A., Harun, M. F., Naning, F. H., & Alkhayyat, A. (2024). A review of learner\u2019s model for programming in teaching and learning. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 33(3), 169\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37934\/araset.33.3.169184","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-017-9176-z","volume":"13","author":"GM Harrison","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harrison, G. M., & Vallin, L. M. (2018). Evaluating the metacognitive awareness inventory using empirical factor-structure evidence. Metacognition and Learning, 13(1), 15\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11409-017-9176-z","journal-title":"Metacognition and Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"13582_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.51984\/jopas.v22i3.2835","volume":"22","author":"JC Ibrahim Nnass","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ibrahim Nnass, J. C., Mu\u00f1oz, M. A., Cowling, & Roger Hadgraft. (2023). Unlocking the potential of programming education: Enhancing conceptual Understanding and student engagement with sphero SPRK robot. Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences, 22(3), 280\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51984\/jopas.v22i3.2835","journal-title":"Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences"},{"key":"13582_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johnson, C. C., Mohr-Schroeder, M. J., Moore, T. J., & English, L. D. (2020). Handbook of research on STEM education. Handbook of research on STEM education. Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780429021381","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429021381"},{"key":"13582_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kong, S. C., & Wang, Y. Q. (2020). Formation of computational identity through computational thinking perspectives development in programming learning: A mediation analysis among primary school students. Computers in Human Behavior, 106, 106230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2019.106230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.106230"},{"issue":"NOV","key":"13582_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","volume":"4","author":"D Lakens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(NOV), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"13582_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Latha, A., & Mohanamani, P. (2022). Measuring course attainment through competencies and performance indicators: A case of computer lab based course. 2022 International Conference on Recent Trends in Microelectronics, Automation, Computing and Communications Systems (ICMACC), 494\u2013498. IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICMACC54824.2022.10093487","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMACC54824.2022.10093487"},{"issue":"2","key":"13582_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.15388\/infedu.2024.14","volume":"23","author":"D LEE","year":"2024","unstructured":"LEE, D., & LEE, Y. (2024). Productive Failure-based programming course to develop computational thinking and creative Problem-Solving skills in a Korean elementary school. Informatics in Education, 23(2), 385\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15388\/infedu.2024.14","journal-title":"Informatics in Education"},{"key":"13582_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lei, Q. (2017). Modern educational technology theory and university quality education. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Management, Education, Information and Control (MEICI 2017), 156(MEICI), 287\u2013291. Paris, France: Atlantis Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/meici-17.2017.58","DOI":"10.2991\/meici-17.2017.58"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00140273","volume":"12","author":"HB Long","year":"1983","unstructured":"Long, H. B., & Agyekum, S. K. (1983). Guglielmino\u2019s self-directed learning readiness scale: A validation study. Higher Education, 12(1), 77\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00140273","journal-title":"Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13582_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-021-09305-y","volume":"34","author":"C Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu, C., Macdonald, R., Odell, B., Kokhan, V., Epp, D., C., & Cutumisu, M. (2022). A scoping review of computational thinking assessments in higher education. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 34(2), 416\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-021-09305-y","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"},{"key":"13582_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luxton-Reilly, A., Simon, Albluwi, I., Becker, B. A., Giannakos, M., Kumar, A. N., & Szabo, C. (2018). Introductory programming: A systematic literature review. Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, 55\u2013106. New York, NY, USA: ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3293881.3295779","DOI":"10.1145\/3293881.3295779"},{"issue":"7","key":"13582_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9081","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11568-6","volume":"28","author":"R Malhotra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malhotra, R., Massoudi, M., & Jindal, R. (2023). Shifting from traditional engineering education towards competency-based approach: The most recommended approach-review. Education and Information Technologies, 28(7), 9081\u20139111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11568-6","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13582_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mansoor, N. (2021). Empirical assessment of program comprehension styles in programming language paradigms. 2021 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL\/HCC), 2010-Octob, 1\u20132. IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VL\/HCC51201.2021.9576333","DOI":"10.1109\/VL\/HCC51201.2021.9576333"},{"issue":"2","key":"13582_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2018.2864133","volume":"62","author":"RP Medeiros","year":"2019","unstructured":"Medeiros, R. P., Ramalho, G. L., & Falcao, T. P. (2019). A systematic literature review on teaching and learning introductory programming in higher education. IEEE Transactions on Education, 62(2), 77\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TE.2018.2864133","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-015-9746-x","volume":"23","author":"R Mi\u00f1ano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mi\u00f1ano, R., Uruburu, \u00c1., Moreno-Romero, A., & P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, D. (2017). Strategies for teaching professional ethics to IT engineering degree students and evaluating the result. Science and Engineering Ethics, 23(1), 263\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-015-9746-x","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"13582_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"004","DOI":"10.58459\/rptel.2024.19004","volume":"19","author":"M Mohammadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohammadi, M. (2024). Digital information literacy, self-directed learning, and personal knowledge management in critical readers: Application of IDC theory. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 19, 004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58459\/rptel.2024.19004","journal-title":"Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning"},{"key":"13582_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morrison, B. (2013). Using cognitive load theory to improve the efficiency of learning to program. ICER 2013 - Proceedings of the 2013 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research, 183\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2493394.2493425","DOI":"10.1145\/2493394.2493425"},{"issue":"March 2020","key":"13582_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3903","DOI":"10.21125\/inted.2020.1087","volume":"1","author":"P Mozelius","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mozelius, P., & Humble, N. (2020). Lessons learnt from teacher professional development in programming. INTED2020 Proceedings, 1(March 2020), 3903\u20133908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21125\/inted.2020.1087","journal-title":"INTED2020 Proceedings"},{"issue":"3","key":"13582_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.3660240303","volume":"24","author":"MM Mulopo","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mulopo, M. M., & Fowler, H. S. (1987). Effects of traditional and discovery instructional approaches on learning outcomes for learners of different intellectual development: A study of chemistry students in Zambia. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 24(3), 217\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tea.3660240303","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"issue":"4","key":"13582_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/10508420802487815","volume":"18","author":"MD Mumford","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mumford, M. D., Connelly, S., Brown, R. P., Murphy, S. T., Hill, J. H., Antes, A. L., & Devenport, L. D. (2008). A sensemaking approach to ethics training for scientists: Preliminary evidence of training effectiveness. Ethics & Behavior, 18(4), 315\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10508420802487815","journal-title":"Ethics & Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"13582_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1109\/RITA.2023.3323762","volume":"18","author":"RFZ Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, R. F. Z., Alegr\u00eda, J. A. H., & Robles, G. (2023). Assessment of computational thinking skills: A systematic review of the literature. Revista Iberoamericana De Tecnologias Del Aprendizaje, 18(4), 319\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RITA.2023.3323762","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana De Tecnologias Del Aprendizaje"},{"key":"13582_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Navarro-Cota, C., Molina, A. I., Redondo, M. A., & Lacave, C. (2024). Individual differences in computer programming: A systematic review. Behaviour and Information Technology, 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929X.2024.2317377","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2024.2317377"},{"issue":"3","key":"13582_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1108\/IJILT-03-2020-0040","volume":"38","author":"DFO Onah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Onah, D. F. O., Pang, E. L. L., Sinclair, J. E., & Uhomoibhi, J. (2021). An innovative MOOC platform: The implications of self-directed learning abilities to improve motivation in learning and to support self-regulation. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 38(3), 283\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJILT-03-2020-0040","journal-title":"The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"13582_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.29329\/epasr.2018.178.6","volume":"13","author":"E \u00d6z","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u00d6z, E., & \u015een, H. \u015e. (2018). Self regulated learning questionnaire: Reliability and validity study. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 13(4), 108\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29329\/epasr.2018.178.6","journal-title":"Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research"},{"key":"13582_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palmer-Brown, D., Cai, F. F., & Patel, P. (2017). An optimised competency framework to prepare students for employment. INTED2017 Proceedings, 1(July 1996), 5399\u20135410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21125\/inted.2017.1260","DOI":"10.21125\/inted.2017.1260"},{"key":"13582_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perez, A. D. F., & Valladares, G. M. (2018). Development and assessment of computational thinking: A methodological proposal and a support tool. 2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 2018-April, 787\u2013795. IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EDUCON.2018.8363311","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON.2018.8363311"},{"key":"13582_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Piaget, J. (1976). Piaget\u2019s theory. In B. Inhelder, H. H. Chipman, & C. Zwingmann (Eds.), Piaget and his school. Springer study edition. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-46323-5_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-46323-5_2"},{"issue":"6","key":"13582_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22547","volume":"30","author":"E Polat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Polat, E., Hopcan, S., Albayrak, E., & Yildiz Durak, H. (2022). Examining the effect of feedback type and gender on computing achievements, engagement, flipped learning readiness, and autonomous learning in online flipped classroom. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 30(6), 1641\u20131655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cae.22547","journal-title":"Computer Applications in Engineering Education"},{"key":"13582_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Poulakis, E., & Politis, P. (2021). Computational thinking assessment: Literature review. Research on E-Learning and ICT in education (pp. 111\u2013128). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-64363-8_7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64363-8_7"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.51474\/jer.v14i1.733","volume":"14","author":"A Puri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Puri, A. (2024). Skills mismatch in Entry-level programmer positions: Employer expectations vs. Observations in Lalitpur, Nepal. Journal of Education and Research, 14(1), 1\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51474\/jer.v14i1.733","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Research"},{"key":"13582_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pyzdek, T. (2021). Descriptive Statistics. In Management for professionals: Vol. Part F458 (pp. 145\u2013149). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-69901-7_12","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69901-7_12"},{"key":"13582_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Radermacher, A., & Walia, G. (2013). Gaps between industry expectations and the abilities of graduates. SIGCSE 2013 - Proceedings of the 44th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, 525\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2445196.2445351","DOI":"10.1145\/2445196.2445351"},{"key":"13582_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t07027-000","author":"JC Raven","year":"1938","unstructured":"Raven, J. C. (1938). Raven standard progressive matrices. Journal of Cognition and Development. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t07027-000","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"issue":"March","key":"13582_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2022.101802","volume":"78","author":"A Saad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saad, A., & Zainudin, S. (2022). A review of Project-Based learning (PBL) and computational thinking (CT) in teaching and learning. Learning and Motivation, 78(March), 101802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lmot.2022.101802","journal-title":"Learning and Motivation"},{"key":"13582_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saba, J., Hel-Or, H., & Levy, S. T. (2023). Promoting learning transfer in science through a complexity approach and computational modeling. Instructional Science, 51. Springer Netherlands. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11251-023-09624-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-023-09624-w"},{"key":"13582_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sanders, K., Sheard, J., Becker, B. A., Eckerdal, A., Hamouda, S., & Simon (2019). Inferential statistics in computing education research. Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research, 177\u2013185. New York, NY, USA: ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3291279.3339408","DOI":"10.1145\/3291279.3339408"},{"issue":"13","key":"13582_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v16i13.23147","volume":"16","author":"G Sidhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sidhu, G., Srinivasan, S., & Muhammad, N. (2021). Challenge-based and Competency-based assessments in an undergraduate programming course. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 16(13), 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijet.v16i13.23147","journal-title":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET)"},{"key":"13582_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Silva, L., Mendes, A., Gomes, A., Fortes, G., Lam, C. T., & Chan, C. (2021). Exploring the association between Self-Regulation of learning and programming learning: A multinational investigation. Proceedings - Frontiers in Education Conference FIE, 2021-October. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FIE49875.2021.9637438","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE49875.2021.9637438"},{"issue":"October 2022","key":"13582_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcci.2023.100616","volume":"38","author":"RC Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith, R. C., Schaper, M. M., Tamashiro, M. A., Van Mechelen, M., Petersen, M. G., & Iversen, O. S. (2023). A research agenda for computational empowerment for emerging technology education. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 38(October 2022), 100616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcci.2023.100616","journal-title":"International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"13582_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Souza, S. M., & Bittencourt, R. A. (2019). Motivation and engagement with PBL in an introductory programming course. 2019 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 2019-Octob, 1\u20139. IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FIE43999.2019.9028419","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE43999.2019.9028419"},{"issue":"2","key":"13582_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0364-0213(88)90023-7","volume":"12","author":"J Sweller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0364-0213(88)90023-7","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"13582_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tahaei, N., & Noelle, D. C. (2018). Automated plagiarism detection for computer programming exercises based on patterns of resubmission. Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research, 178\u2013186. New York, NY, USA: ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3230977.3231006","DOI":"10.1145\/3230977.3231006"},{"key":"13582_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanguay, G. (2021). Addressing the ethical and social challenges of emerging technologies: Creating the conditions to play a leadership role in the fourth industrial revolution. In K. Miller & K. Wendt (Eds.), The fourth industrial revolution and its impact on ethics. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-57020-0_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-57020-0_1"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/stats4010004","volume":"4","author":"FM Tehrani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tehrani, F. M., McComb, C., & Scott, S. (2021). A quantitative approach to evaluate the application of the extended situational teaching model in engineering education. Stats, 4(1), 46\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/stats4010004","journal-title":"Stats"},{"issue":"634066","key":"13582_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2168-9830.2001.tb00579.x","volume":"90","author":"PT Terenzini","year":"2001","unstructured":"Terenzini, P. T., Cabrera, A. F., Colbeck, C. L., Parente, J. M., & Bjorklund, S. A. (2001). Collaborative learning vs. Lecture\/Discussion: Students\u2019 reported learning gains**. Journal of Engineering Education, 90(634066), 123\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.2168-9830.2001.tb00579.x","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Education"},{"key":"13582_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tirronen, V., & Isom\u00f6tt\u00f6nen, V. (2011). Making teaching of programming learning-oriented and learner-directed. Proceedings\u2013\u200911th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research Koli Calling\u201911, 60\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2094131.2094143","DOI":"10.1145\/2094131.2094143"},{"issue":"3","key":"13582_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3511886","volume":"22","author":"B Vesin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vesin, B., Mangaroska, K., Akhuseyinoglu, K., & Giannakos, M. (2022). Adaptive assessment and content recommendation in online programming courses: On the use of Elo-rating. ACM Transactions on Computing Education, 22(3), 1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3511886","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education"},{"key":"13582_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vihavainen, A., Airaksinen, J., & Watson, C. (2014). A systematic review of approaches for teaching introductory programming and their influence on success. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference on International Computing Education Research, 19\u201326. New York, NY, USA: ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2632320.2632349","DOI":"10.1145\/2632320.2632349"},{"key":"13582_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vijayakumar Bharathi, S., & Pande, M. B. (2024). Does constructivism learning approach lead to developing creative thinking skills? The mediating role of online collaborative learning environments. Journal of Computers in Education, (0123456789). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40692-024-00321-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-024-00321-2"},{"key":"13582_CR92","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"13582_CR93","unstructured":"World Economic Forum (2023). The future of jobs report 2023. WEF. https:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2023.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"13582_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.56578\/esm020102","volume":"2","author":"F Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, F. (2024). Enhancing course evaluation with achievement pathways in Outcome-Based education frameworks. Education Science and Management, 2(1), 10\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56578\/esm020102","journal-title":"Education Science and Management"},{"issue":"11 A","key":"13582_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.13189\/ujer.2020.082102","volume":"8","author":"NI Zakaria","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zakaria, N. I., & Iksan, Z. H. (2020). Computational thinking among high school students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(11 A), 9\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13189\/ujer.2020.082102","journal-title":"Universal Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"13582_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"em0218","DOI":"10.29333\/pr\/14744","volume":"9","author":"L Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, L. (2024). Blended pedagogy for computer programming Language. Pedagogical Research, 9(3), em0218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/pr\/14744","journal-title":"Pedagogical Research"},{"key":"13582_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, X., & Specht, M. (2022). A review of reviews on computational thinking assessment in higher education. Proceedings of International Conference on Computational Thinking Education, 9(1), 98\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34641\/ctestem.2022.472","DOI":"10.34641\/ctestem.2022.472"},{"issue":"4","key":"13582_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2019.1659761","volume":"46","author":"J Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Li, R., Li, H., Skitmore, M., & Ballesteros-P\u00e9rez, P. (2021). Improving the innovation ability of engineering students: A science and technology innovation community organisation network analysis. Studies in Higher Education, 46(4), 851\u2013865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03075079.2019.1659761","journal-title":"Studies in Higher Education"},{"key":"13582_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Zeng, X., & Song, L. (2024). Towards an assessment model of college students\u2019 computational thinking with text-based programming. Education and Information Technologies, 152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12872-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12872-z"},{"key":"13582_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou, R., Luo, K., Chen, X., & Chen, Y. (2023). Research on the construction of computer courses based on CBE-CDIO engineering education concept: Taking the course JAVA programming as an example. Contemporary Education Frontiers, 1(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18063\/cef.v2i1","DOI":"10.18063\/cef.v2i1"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13582-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13582-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13582-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T06:49:48Z","timestamp":1758264588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13582-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["13582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13582-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Participation was voluntary and anonymous. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The author declares that she has no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}