{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:33:57Z","timestamp":1780677237682,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13667-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:51:56Z","timestamp":1750308716000},"page":"22677-22708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Generative artificial intelligence in middle school classroom: a longitudinal exploration of teacher attitudes, evolving practices, and challenges"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3882-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"13667_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10573-5","volume":"26","author":"MMM Abbad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abbad, M. M. M. (2021). Using the UTAUT model to understand students\u2019 usage of e-learning systems in developing countries. Education and Information Technologies, 26(6), 7205\u20137224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10573-5","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"2","key":"13667_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","volume":"50","author":"I Ajzen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"5","key":"13667_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10513-3","volume":"26","author":"N Al-Nuaimi, Maryam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Nuaimi, Maryam, N., & Al-Emran, M. (2021). Learning management systems and technology acceptance models: A systematic review. Education and Information Technologies, 26(5), 5499\u20135533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10513-3","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"5","key":"13667_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11286-z","volume":"28","author":"X An","year":"2023","unstructured":"An, X., Chai, C. S., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., Shen, X., Zheng, C., & Chen, M. (2023). Modeling english teachers\u2019 behavioral intention to use artificial intelligence in middle schools. Education and Information Technologies, 28(5), 5187\u20135208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11286-z","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13667_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107266","volume":"132","author":"C Antonietti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antonietti, C., Cattaneo, A., & Amenduni, F. (2022). Can teachers\u2019 digital competence influence technology acceptance in vocational education? Computers in Human Behavior, 132, 107266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107266","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"7","key":"13667_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14070744","volume":"14","author":"S Aravantinos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aravantinos, S., Lavidas, K., Voulgari, I., Papadakis, S., Karalis, T., & Komis, V. (2024). Educational approaches with A\u0399 in primary school settings: A systematic review of the literature available in Scopus. Education Sciences, 14(7), 744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci14070744","journal-title":"Education Sciences"},{"key":"13667_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arslan, M., Munawar, S., & Cruz, C. (2024). Political-RAG: Using generative AI to extract political information from media content. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19331681.2024.2417263","DOI":"10.1080\/19331681.2024.2417263"},{"key":"13667_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4337484","author":"D Baidoo-Anu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baidoo-Anu, D., & Owusu, A., L (2023). Education in the era of generative artificial intelligence (AI): Understanding the potential benefits of ChatGPT in promoting teaching and learning. SSRN Electronic Journal Advance Online Publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4337484","journal-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal Advance Online Publication"},{"key":"13667_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berger, J. L., Girardet, C., Vaudroz, C., & Crahay, M. (2018). Teaching experience, teachers\u2019 beliefs, and Self-Reported classroom management practices: A coherent network. Sage Open, 8(1), 2158244017754119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2158244017754119","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244017754119"},{"issue":"13","key":"13667_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732316654870","volume":"26","author":"L Birt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016). Member checking: A tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a Nod to validation?? Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1802\u20131811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732316654870","journal-title":"Qualitative Health Research"},{"key":"13667_CR11","unstructured":"Bogdan, R., & Biklen, S. K. (2006). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theories and Methods (5th). Pearson."},{"key":"13667_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.120685","volume":"167","author":"RB Bouncken","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bouncken, R. B., Qiu, Y., & Garc\u00eda, F. J. S. (2021). Flexible pattern matching approach: Suggestions for augmenting theory evolution. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 167, 120685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.120685","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"13667_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). : Using thematic analysis in psychology. In Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2), 77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"13667_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chan, C. K. Y., & Hu, W. (2023). Students\u2019 Voices on Generative AI: Perceptions, Benefits, and Challenges in Higher Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2305.00290","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2305.00290"},{"key":"13667_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chan, C. K. Y., & Tsi, L. H. Y. (2023). The AI Revolution in Education: Will AI Replace or Assist Teachers in Higher Education? https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2305.01185","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2305.01185"},{"key":"13667_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75264","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988510","volume":"8","author":"L Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, L., Chen, P., & Lin, Z. (2020). Artificial intelligence in education: A review. Ieee Access : Practical Innovations, Open Solutions, 8, 75264\u201375278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988510","journal-title":"Ieee Access: Practical Innovations, Open Solutions"},{"key":"13667_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chikobava, M., & Romeike, R. (2021). Towards an Operationalization of AI acceptance among Pre-service Teachers. In M. Berges, A. M\u00fchling, & M. Armoni (Eds.), The 16th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education (pp. 1\u20132). ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3481312.3481349","DOI":"10.1145\/3481312.3481349"},{"key":"13667_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chiu, T. K. F. (2023). The impact of generative AI (GenAI) on practices, policies, and research direction in education: A case of ChatGPT and midjourney. Interactive Learning Environments, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2023.2253861","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2253861"},{"key":"13667_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chiu, T., Moorhouse, B. L., Chai, C. S., & Ismailov, M. (2023). Teacher support and student motivation to learn with artificial intelligence (AI) based chatbot. Interactive Learning Environments, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2023.2172044","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2172044"},{"issue":"5","key":"13667_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6667","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13094-z","volume":"30","author":"TKF Chiu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chiu, T. K. F., Ahmad, Z., & \u00c7oban, M. (2025). Development and validation of teacher artificial intelligence (AI) competence self-efficacy (TAICS) scale. Education and Information Technologies, 30(5), 6667\u20136685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13094-z","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"13667_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2049145","volume":"39","author":"S Choi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choi, S., Jang, Y., & Kim, H. (2023). Influence of pedagogical beliefs and perceived trust on teachers\u2019 acceptance of educational artificial intelligence tools. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction, 39(4), 910\u2013922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2022.2049145","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"3","key":"13667_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-021-00243-5","volume":"32","author":"IA Chounta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chounta, I. A., Bardone, E., Raudsep, A., & Pedaste, M. (2022). Exploring teachers\u2019 perceptions of artificial intelligence as a tool to support their practice in Estonian K-12 education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(3), 725\u2013755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-021-00243-5","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"13667_CR23","unstructured":"Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th.). SAGE."},{"issue":"3","key":"13667_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2022.2121344","volume":"56","author":"H Crompton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Crompton, H., Jones, M. V., & Burke, D. (2024). Affordances and challenges of artificial intelligence in K-12 education: A systematic review. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 56(3), 248\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15391523.2022.2121344","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13667_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1799021","volume":"31","author":"CH David","year":"2023","unstructured":"David, C. H., Ramon, C. P., & Castell\u00f3 Tarrida, A. (2023). Habit and social influence as determinants of powerpoint use in higher education: A study from a technology acceptance approach. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(1), 497\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2020.1799021","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"3","key":"13667_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","volume":"13","author":"FD Davis","year":"1989","unstructured":"Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/249008","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"13667_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Delello, J., Sung, W., Mokhtari, K., spsampsps de Giuseppe, T. (2024). Are K-16 Educators Prepared to Address the Educational and Ethical Ramifications of Artificial Intelligence Software? In K. Arai (Ed.), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Advances in Information and Communication (Vol. 921, pp. 406\u2013432). Springer Nature Switzerland. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-54053-0_28","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-54053-0_28"},{"key":"13667_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11001-y","volume":"27","author":"Y Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du, Y., & Gao, H. (2022). Determinants affecting teachers\u2019 adoption of ai-based applications in EFL context: an analysis of analytic hierarchy process. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 9357\u20139384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11001-y","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13667_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12835-4","author":"L Du","year":"2024","unstructured":"Du, L., & Lv, B. (2024). Factors influencing students\u2019 acceptance And use of generative artificial intelligence in elementary education: An expansion of the UTAUT model. Education and Information Technologies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12835-4. Advance online publication.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"13667_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2307\/258557","volume":"14","author":"KM Eisenhardt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. The Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/258557","journal-title":"The Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"13667_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.02.001","volume":"59","author":"PA Ertmer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ertmer, P. A., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. T., Sadik, O., Sendurur, E., & Sendurur, P. (2012). Teacher beliefs and technology integration practices: A critical relationship. Computers & Education, 59(2), 423\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.02.001","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13667_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800405284363","volume":"12","author":"B Flyvbjerg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about Case-Study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 219\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077800405284363","journal-title":"Qualitative Inquiry"},{"key":"13667_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2024.102381","volume":"126","author":"H Galindo-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Galindo-Dom\u00ednguez, H., Delgado, N., Campo, L., & Losada, D. (2024). Relationship between teachers\u2019 digital competence and attitudes towards artificial intelligence in education. International Journal of Educational Research, 126, 102381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijer.2024.102381","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"13667_CR33","first-page":"392","volume":"16","author":"X Gu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gu, X., Zhu, Y., & Guo, X. (2013). Meeting the digital natives: Understanding the acceptance of technology in classrooms. Educational Technology & Society, 16(1), 392\u2013402.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"13667_CR34","unstructured":"Guskey, T. R. (2020). Flip the Script on Change: Experience Shapes Teachers\u2019 Attitudes and Beliefs. Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology Faculty Publications. https:\/\/uknowledge.uky.edu\/edp_facpub\/45\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"13667_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12086-9","volume":"29","author":"S Hopcan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hopcan, S., T\u00fcrkmen, G., & Polat, E. (2024). Exploring the artificial intelligence anxiety and machine learning attitudes of teacher candidates. Education and Information Technologies, 29(6), 7281\u20137301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12086-9","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"7","key":"13667_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2021.1976210","volume":"36","author":"L Hsu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hsu, L. (2023). EFL learners\u2019 self-determination and acceptance of lmoocs: The UTAUT model. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 36(7), 1177\u20131205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2021.1976210","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"13667_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-009-9132-y","volume":"58","author":"FA Inan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Inan, F. A., & Lowther, D. L. (2010). Factors affecting technology integration in K-12 classrooms: A path model. Educational Technology Research and Development, 58(2), 137\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-009-9132-y","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"10","key":"13667_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12341-z","volume":"29","author":"CN Jatileni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jatileni, C. N., Sanusi, I. T., Olaleye, S. A., Ayanwale, M. A., Agbo, F. J., & Oyelere, P. B. (2024). Artificial intelligence in compulsory level of education: Perspectives from Namibian in-service teachers. Education and Information Technologies, 29(10), 12569\u201312596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12341-z","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13667_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koonchanok, R., Pan, Y., & Jang, H. (2024). Public Attitudes Toward ChatGPT on Twitter: Sentiments, Topics, and Occupations. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3945065\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3945065\/v1"},{"issue":"1","key":"13667_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/13814788.2017.1375092","volume":"24","author":"I Korstjens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Korstjens, I., & Moser, A. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing. The European Journal of General Practice, 24(1), 120\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13814788.2017.1375092","journal-title":"The European Journal of General Practice"},{"issue":"7","key":"13667_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12116-6","volume":"29","author":"G Koutromanos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Koutromanos, G., Mikropoulos, A. T., Mavridis, D., & Christogiannis, C. (2024). The mobile augmented reality acceptance model for teachers and future teachers. Education and Information Technologies, 29(7), 7855\u20137893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12116-6","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13667_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar, T., Kait, R., Ankita, spsampsps Malik, A. (2024). The role of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) in Education: A detailed review for enhanced learning experiences. In B. Shukla, B. K. Murthy, N. Hasteer, H. Kaur, spsampsps J.-P. van Belle (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Intelligent IT Solutions for Sustainability in Industry 5.0 Paradigm (Vol. 1185, pp. 195\u2013207). Springer Nature Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-97-1682-1_17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-1682-1_17"},{"issue":"4","key":"13667_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.11.010","volume":"56","author":"HM Lai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lai, H. M., & Chen, C. P. (2011). Factors influencing secondary school teachers\u2019 adoption of teaching blogs. Computers & Education, 56(4), 948\u2013960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.11.010","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13667_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, G. G., Zhai, X. (2024). Using ChatGPT for science learning: A study on pre-service teachers\u2019 lesson planning. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2402.01674","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2402.01674"},{"issue":"1","key":"13667_CR45","first-page":"123","volume":"24","author":"HC Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin, H. C., Tu, Y. F., Hwang, G. J., & Huang, H. (2024). From precision education to precision medicine: Factors affecting medical staff\u2019s intention to learn to use AI applications in hospitals. Educational Technology & Society, 24(1), 123\u2013137.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"13667_CR46","unstructured":"Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (3rd.). SAGE\u00a0Publications."},{"key":"13667_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142733","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3468368","volume":"12","author":"U Mittal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mittal, U., Sai, S., Chamola, V., & Sangwan, D. (2024). A comprehensive review on generative AI for education. Ieee Access: Practical Innovations, Open Solutions, 12, 142733\u2013142759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3468368","journal-title":"Ieee Access: Practical Innovations, Open Solutions"},{"issue":"3","key":"13667_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11612-020-00529-7","volume":"51","author":"L Mlekus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mlekus, L., Bentler, D., Paruzel, A., Kato-Beiderwieden, A. L., & Maier, G. W. (2020). How to Raise technology acceptance: User experience characteristics as technology-inherent determinants. Gruppe Interaktion Organisation Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO), 51(3), 273\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11612-020-00529-7","journal-title":"Gruppe Interaktion Organisation Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO)"},{"key":"13667_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nazaretsky, T., Cukurova, M., Ariely, M., & Alexandron, G. (2021). Confirmation bias and trust: Human factors that influence teachers\u2019 attitudes towards AI-based educational technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35542\/osf.io\/dzqju","DOI":"10.35542\/osf.io\/dzqju"},{"issue":"4","key":"13667_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13232","volume":"53","author":"T Nazaretsky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nazaretsky, T., Ariely, M., Cukurova, M., & Alexandron, G. (2022). Teachers\u2019 trust in AI-powered educational technology and a professional development program to improve it. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(4), 914\u2013931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13232","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"13667_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.01.006","volume":"74","author":"BW O\u2019Bannon","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Bannon, B. W., & Thomas, K. (2014). Teacher perceptions of using mobile phones in the classroom: Age matters! Computers & Education, 74, 15\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.01.006","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"13667_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2478\/jolace-2019-0025","volume":"7","author":"S Pokrivcakova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pokrivcakova, S. (2019). Preparing teachers for the application of AI-powered technologies in foreign Language education. Journal of Language and Cultural Education, 7(3), 135\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/jolace-2019-0025","journal-title":"Journal of Language and Cultural Education"},{"key":"13667_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.28945\/4640","volume":"19","author":"K Priya-Gupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Priya-Gupta, K., & Bhaskar, P. (2020). Inhibiting and motivating factors influencing teachers\u2019 adoption of AI-Based teaching and learning solutions: Prioritization using analytic hierarchy process. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 19, 693\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28945\/4640","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology Education: Research"},{"key":"13667_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102853","volume":"81","author":"A Przegalinska","year":"2025","unstructured":"Przegalinska, A., Triantoro, T., Kovbasiuk, A., Ciechanowski, L., Freeman, R. B., & Sowa, K. (2025). Collaborative AI in the workplace: Enhancing organizational performance through resource-based and task-technology fit perspectives. International Journal of Information Management, 81, 102853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102853","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"13667_CR55","unstructured":"Radford, A., Wu, J., Child, R., Luan, D., Amodei, D., & Sutskever, I. (2019). Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners. OpenAI. https:\/\/cdn.openai.com\/better-language-models\/language_models_are_unsupervised_multitask_learners.pdf. Accessed in 20th April, 2025."},{"issue":"9","key":"13667_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5783","DOI":"10.3390\/app13095783","volume":"13","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahman, M. M., & Watanobe, Y. (2023). ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences, 13(9), 5783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13095783","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"13667_CR57","unstructured":"Robert, K. Y. (2002). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd.). SAGE Publications."},{"key":"13667_CR58","unstructured":"Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th.). Free Press."},{"key":"13667_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2022.101008","volume":"32","author":"M Rouidi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rouidi, M., Elouadi, A. E., Hamdoune, A., Choujtani, K., & Chati, A. (2022). TAM-UTAUT and the acceptance of remote healthcare technologies by healthcare professionals: A systematic review. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 32, 101008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imu.2022.101008","journal-title":"Informatics in Medicine Unlocked"},{"issue":"1","key":"13667_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12250-1","volume":"29","author":"IT Sanusi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sanusi, I. T., Ayanwale, M. A., & Chiu, T. K. F. (2024). Investigating the moderating effects of social good and confidence on teachers\u2019 intention to prepare school students for artificial intelligence education. Education and Information Technologies, 29(1), 273\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12250-1","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13667_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2017.01.004","volume":"63","author":"S Sinha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sinha, S., & Hanuscin, D. L. (2017). Development of teacher leadership identity: A multiple case study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 63, 356\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2017.01.004","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"13667_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinkovics, N. (2018). Pattern matching in qualitative analysis. In C. Cassell, A. L. Cunliffe, & G. Grandy (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative business and management research methods\u00a0(pp. 468\u2013485). SAGE. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/323856200_Pattern_matching_in_qualitative_analysis","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526430236.n28"},{"key":"13667_CR63","unstructured":"Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. SAGE Publications."},{"issue":"3","key":"13667_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13425","volume":"55","author":"A Strzelecki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Strzelecki, A., & ElArabawy, S. (2024). Investigation of the moderation effect of gender and study level on the acceptance and use of generative AI by higher education students: Comparative evidence from Poland and Egypt. British Journal of Educational Technology, 55(3), 1209\u20131230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13425","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"13667_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-016-0303-z","volume":"31","author":"Y Tas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tas, Y. (2016). The contribution of perceived classroom learning environment and motivation to student engagement in science. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 31(4), 557\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10212-016-0303-z","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychology of Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13667_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/23735082.2023.2257252","volume":"9","author":"MB Ulla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ulla, M. B., Perales, W. F., & Busbus, S. O. (2023). To generate or stop generating response\u2019: Exploring EFL teachers\u2019 perspectives on ChatGPT in english Language teaching in Thailand. Learning: Research and Practice, 9(2), 168\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23735082.2023.2257252","journal-title":"Learning: Research and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"13667_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x","volume":"39","author":"V Venkatesh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Venkatesh, V., & Bala, H. (2008). Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions. Decision Sciences, 39(2), 273\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"key":"13667_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Venkatesh, Morris, & Davis. (2003). User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/30036540","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540"},{"issue":"5","key":"13667_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00428","volume":"17","author":"V Venkatesh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Venkatesh, V., Thong, J., & Xu, X. (2016). Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology: A synthesis and the road ahead. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 17(5), 328\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1jais.00428","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"key":"13667_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, C., Li, X., Liang, Z., Sheng, Y., Zhao, Q., & Chen, S. (2024). The roles of social perception and AI anxiety in individuals\u2019 attitudes toward ChatGPT in education. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction, 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2024.2365453","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2024.2365453"},{"key":"13667_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-024-10419-0","author":"D Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu, D., Zhang, X., Wang, K., Wu, L., & Yang, W. (2024). A multi-level factors model affecting teachers\u2019 behavioral intention in AI-enabled education ecosystem. Educational Technology Research and Development. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-024-10419-0. Advance online publication.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"13667_CR72","unstructured":"Yin, R. K. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th.). SAGE\u00a0Publications."},{"issue":"15","key":"13667_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19505","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12621-2","volume":"29","author":"M Yue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yue, M., Jong, M. S. Y., & Ng, D. T. K. (2024). Understanding K\u201312 teachers\u2019 technological pedagogical content knowledge readiness and attitudes toward artificial intelligence education. Education and Information Technologies, 29(15), 19505\u201319536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12621-2","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13667_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4312418","author":"X Zhai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhai, X. (2022). ChatGPT user experience: Implications for education. SSRN Electronic Journal Advance Online Publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4312418","journal-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal Advance Online Publication"},{"key":"13667_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhai, X., Chu, X., Chai, C. S., Jong, M. S. Y., Istenic, A., Spector, M., Liu, J. B., Yuan, J., & Li, Y. (2021). A review of artificial intelligence (AI) in education from 2010 to 2020. Complexity, 2021(1), 8812542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/8812542","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8812542"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13667-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13667-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13667-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T06:41:05Z","timestamp":1764744065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13667-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["13667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13667-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article has been approved by the Ethics Association of the Department of Science and Technology of Zhaoqing University. All participating teachers have received formal written notice regarding risks, benefits, and rights. No one has any verbal or written objections to participating.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}