{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T18:38:02Z","timestamp":1772649482537,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008675","name":"Zayed University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R23082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R23082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13705-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T08:34:08Z","timestamp":1754037248000},"page":"23729-23759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["CheatGuard: A cybersecurity inspired anti-cheating platform for higher education"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9062-025X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Taj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sifan","family":"Waktole Dadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Samer Wazan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Laborde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulhadi","family":"Shoufan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"13705_CR1","unstructured":"Adam, A. R. (2014). Plagiarism detection algorithm using natural language processing based on grammar analyzing. Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology, 63."},{"key":"13705_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11816-3","volume":"28","author":"AS Al-Adwan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Adwan, A. S., Li, N., Al-Adwan, A., Abbasi, G. A., Albelbisi, N. A., & Habibi, A. (2023). Extending the technology acceptance model (tam) to predict university students\u2019 intentions to use metaverse-based learning platforms. Education and Information Technologies, 28, 15381\u201315413.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13705_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3687300","volume":"57","author":"B Al-Sada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Sada, B., Sadighian, A., & Oligeri, G. (2024). Mitre att &ck: State of the art and way forward. ACM Computing Surveys, 57, 1\u201337.","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"13705_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-021-00277-8","volume":"18","author":"F Alvi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alvi, F., Stevenson, M., & Clough, P. (2021). Paraphrase type identification for plagiarism detection using contexts and word embeddings. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18, 42.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"13705_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.01.017","volume":"134","author":"A Amigud","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amigud, A., & Lancaster, T. (2019). 246 reasons to cheat: An analysis of students\u2019 reasons for seeking to outsource academic work. Computers & Education, 134, 98\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.01.017","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"13705_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amzalag, M., Shapira, N., & Dolev, N. (2021). Two sides of the coin: Lack of academic integrity in exams during the corona pandemic, students\u2019 and lecturers\u2019 perceptions. Journal of Academic Ethics, 1\u201321.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10805-021-09413-5"},{"key":"13705_CR7","unstructured":"Anagaw, M., & Markos, D. (2019). Written exam cheating and prevention and detection strategies: The case of dmu. Journal of Education and Practice, 60\u201370."},{"key":"13705_CR8","first-page":"92","volume":"13","author":"LZ Bain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bain, L. Z. (2015). How students use technology to cheat and what faculty can do about it. Information Systems Education Journal, 13, 92.","journal-title":"Information Systems Education Journal"},{"key":"13705_CR9","first-page":"559","volume":"13","author":"K Baseer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baseer, K., Pasha, M. J., Reddy, A. R. K., Rekha, K., & Begum, M. S. (2022). Smart online examination monitoring system. Journal of Algebraic Statistics, 13, 559\u2013570.","journal-title":"Journal of Algebraic Statistics"},{"key":"13705_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saana, Bayaa Martin, & S. B., Ablordeppey, E., Mensah, N. J., & Karikari, T. K. (2016). Academic dishonesty in higher education: Students\u2019 perceptions and involvement in an african institution. BMC Research Notes, 9, 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2044-0"},{"key":"13705_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/00405841.2017.1308173","volume":"56","author":"T Bertram Gallant","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bertram Gallant, T. (2017). Academic integrity as a teaching & learning issue: From theory to practice. Theory Into Practice, 56, 88\u201394.","journal-title":"Theory Into Practice"},{"key":"13705_CR12","unstructured":"Bloomington, I. U. (2024). Creating open book exams: Quick guides: Teaching resources: Center for innovative teaching and learning: Indiana University Bloomington \u2014 citl.indiana.edu. https:\/\/citl.indiana.edu\/teaching-resources\/guides\/openbook.html"},{"key":"13705_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2018.1462788","volume":"44","author":"T Bretag","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bretag, T., Harper, R., Burton, M., Ellis, C., Newton, P., Rozenberg, P., Saddiqui, S., & van Haeringen, K. (2019). Contract cheating: A survey of australian university students. Studies in Higher Education, 44, 1837\u20131856.","journal-title":"Studies in Higher Education"},{"key":"13705_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10805-014-9214-2","volume":"12","author":"P Busch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Busch, P., & Bilgin, A. (2014). Student and staff understanding and reaction: Academic integrity in an australian university. Journal of Academic Ethics, 12, 227\u2013243.","journal-title":"Journal of Academic Ethics"},{"key":"13705_CR15","unstructured":"Carmichael, J. (2024). Predicting threats to academic integrity: A text-mining and scenario modeling framework. Ph.D. thesis. Carleton University. Ottawa, ON, Canada."},{"key":"13705_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s40979-023-00125-4","volume":"19","author":"\u00d6 \u00c7elik","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00c7elik, \u00d6., & Raz\u0131, S. (2023). Facilitators and barriers to creating a culture of academic integrity at secondary schools: An exploratory case study. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 19, 4.","journal-title":"International Journal for Educational Integrity"},{"key":"13705_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s40979-020-00069-z","volume":"17","author":"WD Chala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chala, W. D. (2021). Perceived seriousness of academic cheating behaviors among undergraduate students: An ethiopian experience. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 17, 2.","journal-title":"International Journal for Educational Integrity"},{"key":"13705_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00408-3","volume":"20","author":"CKY Chan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan, C. K. Y. (2023). A comprehensive ai policy education framework for university teaching and learning. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20, 38.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"13705_CR19","unstructured":"Cornell-University, U. (2025). Open-book exams\u2013 Learning strategies center \u2014 lsc.cornell.edu. https:\/\/lsc.cornell.edu\/how-to-study\/studying-for-and-taking-exams\/open-book-exams\/"},{"key":"13705_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2023.2190148","volume":"61","author":"DR Cotton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cotton, D. R., Cotton, P. A., & Shipway, J. R. (2024). Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of chatgpt. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 61, 228\u2013239.","journal-title":"Innovations in Education and Teaching International"},{"key":"13705_CR21","unstructured":"Coward, C. (2024). Teachers beware: This calculator mod makes cheating ridiculously easy \u2014 hackster.io. https:\/\/www.hackster.io\/news\/teachers-beware-this-calculator-mod-makes-cheating-ridiculously-easy-72f42bb62bde"},{"key":"13705_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D., C. P. (1979). Review of L. S. Vygotsky: Mind in Society. The development of higher psychological processes; Recent trends in soviet psycholinguistics. The American Journal of Psychology, 92, 166\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1421493","DOI":"10.2307\/1421493"},{"key":"13705_CR23","first-page":"37","volume":"14","author":"J Dontoh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dontoh, J., Annan-Brew, R., Kpodoe, I., & Dadzie, J. (2023). Navigating academic integrity in the digital era: Challenges, strategies, and solutions. Journal of Education and Practice, 14, 37\u201342.","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Practice"},{"key":"13705_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s40979-021-00081-x","volume":"17","author":"M Draper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Draper, M., Lancaster, T., Dann, S., Crockett, R., & Glendinning, I. (2021). Essay mills and other contract cheating services: To buy or not to buy and the consequences of students changing their minds. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 17, 13.","journal-title":"International Journal for Educational Integrity"},{"key":"13705_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.54216\/JCIM.050104","volume":"5","author":"AA Elngar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elngar, A. A., Gamal, M., Fathy, A., Moustafa, B., Mahmoud, O., & Shaban, M. (2021). Plagiarism detection algorithm model based on nlp technology. Journal of Cybersecurity and Information Management, 5, 43\u201361.","journal-title":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Information Management"},{"key":"13705_CR26","unstructured":"Fundamental, T. (1999). Values of academic integrity."},{"key":"13705_CR27","unstructured":"Glendinning, I. (2016). Management of academic integrity in Higher Education across the European Union \u2014 IIEP Unesco - Etico \u2014 Platform on ethics and corruption in education \u2014 etico.iiep.unesco.org. https:\/\/etico.iiep.unesco.org\/en\/management-academic-integrity-higher-education-across-european-union"},{"key":"13705_CR28","unstructured":"Goldman, Z. (2016). Why Do Students Cheat? \u2014 gse.harvard.edu. https:\/\/www.gse.harvard.edu\/ideas\/usable-knowledge\/16\/07\/why-do-students-cheat"},{"key":"13705_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287917","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2023.2287917","volume":"11","author":"A Gr\u00e1jeda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gr\u00e1jeda, A., Burgos, J., C\u00f3rdova, P., & Sanjin\u00e9s, A. (2024). Assessing student-perceived impact of using artificial intelligence tools: Construction of a synthetic index of application in higher education. Cogent Education, 11, 2287917.","journal-title":"Cogent Education"},{"key":"13705_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/soc15010011","volume":"15","author":"D Guruge","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guruge, D., Kadel, R., Shailendra, S., & Sharma, A. (2025). Building academic integrity: Evaluating the effectiveness of a new framework to address and prevent contract cheating. Societies, 15, 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/soc15010011","journal-title":"Societies"},{"key":"13705_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13020148","volume":"13","author":"DB Guruge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guruge, D. B., & Kadel, R. (2023). Towards an holistic framework to mitigate and detect contract cheating within an academic institute-a proposal. Education Sciences, 13, 148.","journal-title":"Education Sciences"},{"key":"13705_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holden, O. L., Norris, M. E., & Kuhlmeier, V. A. (2021). Academic integrity in online assessment: A research review. In Frontiers in education, Frontiers Media SA (p. 639814).","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2021.639814"},{"key":"13705_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v24i2.2096","volume":"24","author":"DC Ison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ison, D. C. (2020). Detection of online contract cheating through stylometry: A pilot study. Online Learning, 24, 142\u2013165.","journal-title":"Online Learning"},{"key":"13705_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Komalasari, M. D., Sukadari, & Widyaningsih, N. (2022). The academic integrity of college students. In Proceedings of the 1st UPY International Conference on Education and Social Science (UPINCESS 2022) (pp. 253\u2013258). Atlantis Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/978-2-494069-39-8_24","DOI":"10.2991\/978-2-494069-39-8_24"},{"key":"13705_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuhail, M. A., Taj, I., Alimamy, S., & Abu Shawar, B. (2025). A review on polyadic chatbots: trends, challenges, and future research directions. Knowledge and Information Systems, 67(1), 109\u2013165.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10115-024-02287-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-024-02287-0"},{"key":"13705_CR36","unstructured":"Lal, K. K., & Sharma, B. (2023). Research integrity & ethics: Scientific misconduct."},{"key":"13705_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lancaster, T., & Clarke, R. (2016). Contract cheating: The outsourcing of assessed student work.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-287-098-8_17"},{"key":"13705_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lester, J. (2021). Ai and the future of education. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia (p. 3642). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3474085.3475715","DOI":"10.1145\/3474085.3475715"},{"key":"13705_CR39","unstructured":"Lorenzen, S., Hjuler, N., & Alstrup, S. (2019). Investigating writing style development in high school. arXiv:1906.03072"},{"key":"13705_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3908","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00348-0","volume":"40","author":"E Mathes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mathes, E. (2021). An evolutionary perspective on kohlberg\u2019s theory of moral development. Current Psychology, 40, 3908\u20133921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-019-00348-0","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"13705_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavroeidis, V., & Bromander, S. (2017). Cyber threat intelligence model: An evaluation of taxonomies, sharing standards, and ontologies within cyber threat intelligence. In 2017 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference (EISIC) (pp. 91\u201398). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/EISIC.2017.20"},{"key":"13705_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327019EB1103_2","volume":"11","author":"DL McCabe","year":"2001","unstructured":"McCabe, D. L., Trevi\u00f1o, L. K., & Butterfield, K. D. (2001). Cheating in academic institutions: A decade of research. Ethics & Behavior, 11, 219\u2013232.","journal-title":"Ethics & Behavior"},{"key":"13705_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLachlan, J. C., & Penier, I. (2022). Academic cheating: How can we detect and discourage it?. In Technologies in biomedical and life sciences education: Approaches and evidence of efficacy for learning (pp. 287\u2013311). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-95633-2_10"},{"key":"13705_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s40979-018-0038-5","volume":"14","author":"EJ Morris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morris, E. J. (2018). Academic integrity matters: Five considerations for addressing contract cheating. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 14, 15.","journal-title":"International Journal for Educational Integrity"},{"key":"13705_CR45","first-page":"13","volume":"2088\u20138708","author":"G Moukhliss","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moukhliss, G., Hilali, R. F., & Belhadaoui, H. (2023). Intelligent solution for automatic online exam monitoring. International Journal of Electrical & Computer Engineering, 2088\u20138708, 13.","journal-title":"International Journal of Electrical & Computer Engineering"},{"key":"13705_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-10927-7","volume":"27","author":"F Noorbehbahani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noorbehbahani, F., Mohammadi, A., & Aminazadeh, M. (2022). A systematic review of research on cheating in online exams from 2010 to 2021. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 8413\u20138460.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13705_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perkins, M. (2023). Academic integrity considerations of ai large language models in the post-pandemic era: Chatgpt and beyond. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 20.","DOI":"10.53761\/1.20.02.07"},{"key":"13705_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perkins, M., Furze, L., Roe, J., & MacVaugh, J. (2024). The artificial intelligence assessment scale (aias): A framework for ethical integration of generative ai in educational assessment. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 21.","DOI":"10.53761\/q3azde36"},{"key":"13705_CR49","unstructured":"Perkins, M., Roe, J., Postma, D., McGaughran, J., & Hickerson, D. (2023). Game of tones: Faculty detection of gpt-4 generated content in university assessments. arXiv:2305.18081"},{"key":"13705_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552760","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2025.155276","volume":"10","author":"D Petko","year":"2025","unstructured":"Petko, D., Priyanda, P., & M\u00fcller, L. (2025). Exploring teachers\u2019 pedagogical reasoning in mathematics education: An updated tpack framework. Frontiers in Education, 10, 1552760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2025.155276","journal-title":"Frontiers in Education"},{"key":"13705_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rasul, T., Nair, S., Kalendra, D., Balaji, M., Santini, F., & d. O., Ladeira, W. J., Rather, R. A., Yasin, N., Rodriguez, R. V., Kokkalis, P., Murad, M. W., & Hossain, M. U. (2024). Enhancing academic integrity among students in genai era:a holistic framework. The International Journal of Management Education, 22, Article 101041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijme.2024.101041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijme.2024.101041"},{"key":"13705_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40979-017-0021-6","volume":"13","author":"AM Rogerson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rogerson, A. M. (2017). Detecting contract cheating in essay and report submissions: Process, patterns, clues and conversations. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 13, 1\u201317.","journal-title":"International Journal for Educational Integrity"},{"key":"13705_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-81351-1_5","volume-title":"Social learning theory-Albert Bandura","author":"A Rumjaun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rumjaun, A., & Narod, F. (2025). Social learning theory-Albert Bandura. Springer, Cham: Springer Texts in Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-81351-1_5"},{"key":"13705_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397200","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2024.2397200","volume":"11","author":"G Sawalha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sawalha, G., Taj, I., & Shoufan, A. (2024). Analyzing student prompts and their effect on chatgpt\u2019s performance. Cogent Education, 11, 2397200.","journal-title":"Cogent Education"},{"key":"13705_CR55","first-page":"2","volume":"12","author":"BK Sharma","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sharma, B. K. (2007). Plagiarism among university students: Intentional or accidental. Journal of NELTA, 12, 2.","journal-title":"Journal of NELTA"},{"key":"13705_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sozon, M., Alkharabsheh, O. H. M., Fong, P. W., & Chuan, S. B. (2024). Cheating and plagiarism in higher education institutions (heis): A literature review. F1000Research, 13, 788. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11489843\/,https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/F1000RESEARCH.147140.2","DOI":"10.12688\/F1000RESEARCH.147140.2"},{"key":"13705_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.52547\/johepal.3.1.109","volume":"3","author":"E Spruin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spruin, E. (2022). Mitigating the risk of contract cheating in uk higher education: A multi-level solution. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Leadership Studies, 3, 109\u2013120.","journal-title":"Journal of Higher Education Policy and Leadership Studies"},{"key":"13705_CR58","unstructured":"Strom, B. E., Applebaum, A., Miller, D. P., Nickels, K. C., Pennington, A. G., & Thomas, C. B. (2018). Mitre att &ck: Design and philosophy. In Technical report. The MITRE Corporation."},{"key":"13705_CR59","unstructured":"Strom, B. E., Battaglia, J. A., Kemmerer, M. S., Kupersanin, W., Miller, D. P., Wampler, C., Whitley, S. M., & Wolf, R. D. (2017). Finding cyber threats with att &ck-based analytics. The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA, Technical Report No. MTR170202."},{"key":"13705_CR60","unstructured":"UCL. (2025). Preparing for open book assessments \u2014 ucl.ac.uk. https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/students\/exams-and-assessments\/assessment-success-guide\/preparing-open-book-assessments"},{"key":"13705_CR61","unstructured":"University-of Lincoln, U. (2025). Assessment Types \u2014 oqsp.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk. https:\/\/oqsp.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk\/assessment-types\/"},{"key":"13705_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00448-3","volume":"21","author":"Y Walter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Walter, Y. (2024). Embracing the future of artificial intelligence in the classroom: The relevance of ai literacy, prompt engineering, and critical thinking in modern education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21, 15.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"13705_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4236\/jis.2019.104015","volume":"10","author":"G Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, G., Huo, Y., & Ma, Z. M. (2019). Research on university\u2019s cyber threat intelligence sharing platform based on new types of stix and taxii standards. Journal of Information Security, 10, 263\u2013277.","journal-title":"Journal of Information Security"},{"key":"13705_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-65691-0_18","author":"A Wazan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wazan, A., Taj, I., Shoufan, A., Laborde, R., & Venant, R. (2024). How to design and deliver courses for higher education in the AI era? Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-65691-0_18","journal-title":"Springer, Cham."},{"key":"13705_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10805-022-09457-1","volume":"21","author":"Y Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, Y., & Li, W. (2023). The causes and prevention of commercial contract cheating in the era of digital education: A systematic & critical review. Journal of Academic Ethics, 21, 303\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10805-022-09457-1","journal-title":"Journal of Academic Ethics"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13705-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13705-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13705-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T06:41:10Z","timestamp":1764744070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13705-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["13705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13705-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No potential conflict of interest is reported by the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure statement"}}]}}