{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:37:53Z","timestamp":1786981073858,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13839-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T06:18:37Z","timestamp":1763533117000},"page":"647-673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Thorough exploration or superficial engagement: Relationship between generative artificial intelligence acceptance and college students\u2019 learning outcomes in different use contexts"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Shutao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"13839_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00444-7","volume":"21","author":"M Abbas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abbas, M., Jam, F. A., & Khan, T. I. (2024). Is it harmful or helpful? Examining the causes and consequences of gen AI usage among college students. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1), 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-024-00444-7","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"13839_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bahrini, A., Khamoshifar, M., Abbasimehr, H., Riggs, R. J., Esmaeili, M., Majdabadkohne, R. M., & Pasehvar, M. (2023, April). ChatGPT: Applications, opportunities, and threats. In 2023 Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS) (pp. 274\u2013279). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SIEDS58326.2023.10137850","DOI":"10.1109\/SIEDS58326.2023.10137850"},{"issue":"1","key":"13839_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.61969\/jai.1337500","volume":"7","author":"D Baidoo-Anu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baidoo-Anu, D., & Ansah, L. O. (2023). Education in the era of generative artificial intelligence (AI): Understanding the potential benefits of ChatGPT in promoting teaching and learning. Journal of AI, 7(1), 52\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61969\/jai.1337500","journal-title":"Journal of AI"},{"key":"13839_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baidoo-Anu, D., Asamoah, D., Amoako, I., & Mahama, I. (2024). Exploring student perspectives on generative artificial intelligence in higher education learning. Discover Education, 3(1), 98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44217-024-00173-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s44217-024-00173-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"13839_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1348\/000709901158433","volume":"71","author":"J Biggs","year":"2001","unstructured":"Biggs, J., Kember, D., & Leung, D. Y. (2001). The revised two-factor study process questionnaire: R\u2010SPQ\u20102F. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 71(1), 133\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/000709901158433","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"13839_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.4236\/ce.2024.157091","volume":"15","author":"MHY Binhammad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Binhammad, M. H. Y., Othman, A., Abuljadayel, L., Mheiri, A., Alkaabi, H., M., & Almarri, M. (2024). Investigating how gen AI can create personalized learning materials tailored to individual student needs. Creative Education, 15(7), 1499\u20131523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ce.2024.157091","journal-title":"Creative Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13839_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.7636568","volume":"18","author":"A Bozkurt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bozkurt, A., Junhong, X., Lambert, S., Pazurek, A., Crompton, H., Koseoglu, S., & Romero-Hall, E. (2023). Speculative futures on ChatGPT and generative artificial intelligence (AI): A collective reflection from the educational landscape. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 53\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.7636568","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Distance Education"},{"key":"13839_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, C. K. Y., & Hu, W. (2023). Students\u2019 voices on generative AI: perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-023-00411-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00411-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"13839_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2736(200002)37:2<109::AID-TEA3>3.0.CO;2-7","volume":"37","author":"C Chin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chin, C., & Brown, D. E. (2000). Learning in science: A comparison of deep and surface approaches. Journal of Research in Science Teaching: The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, 37(2), 109\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2736(200002)37:2%3C109::AID-TEA3%3E3.0.CO;2-7","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching: The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"13839_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100197","volume":"6","author":"TK Chiu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chiu, T. K. (2024). Future research recommendations for transforming higher education with gen AI. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6, 100197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100197","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"13839_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2023.05.002","volume":"119","author":"Y Dai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dai, Y., Liu, A., & Lim, C. P. (2023). Reconceptualizing ChatGPT and gen AI as a student-driven innovation in higher education. Procedia CIRP, 119, 84\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procir.2023.05.002","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"13839_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dai, D. W., Suzuki, S., & Chen, G. (2024). Gen AI for professional communication training in intercultural contexts: where are we now and where are we heading? Applied Linguistics Review, (0). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/applirev-2024-0184","DOI":"10.1515\/applirev-2024-0184"},{"key":"13839_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-015-9645-6","volume":"21","author":"DH Dolmans","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dolmans, D. H., Loyens, S. M., Marcq, H., & Gijbels, D. (2016). Deep and surface learning in problem-based learning: A review of the literature. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 21, 1087\u20131112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10459-015-9645-6","journal-title":"Advances in Health Sciences Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13839_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/05694345231169654","volume":"68","author":"W Geerling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geerling, W., Mateer, G. D., Wooten, J., & Damodaran, N. (2023). ChatGPT has aced the test of understanding in college economics: Now what? The American Economist, 68(2), 233\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/05694345231169654","journal-title":"The American Economist"},{"issue":"1","key":"13839_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/npjscilearn.2016.13","volume":"1","author":"JA Hattie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hattie, J. A., & Donoghue, G. M. (2016). Learning strategies: A synthesis and conceptual model. Npj Science of Learning, 1(1), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npjscilearn.2016.13","journal-title":"Npj Science of Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"13839_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info15010033","volume":"15","author":"M Hmoud","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hmoud, M., Swaity, H., Hamad, N., Karram, O., & Daher, W. (2024). Higher education students\u2019 task motivation in the generative artificial intelligence context: The case of ChatGPT. Information (Basel), 15(1), Article 33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info15010033","journal-title":"Information (Basel)"},{"key":"13839_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaboob, M., Hazaimeh, M., & Al-Ansi, A. M. (2024). Integration of gen AI techniques and applications in student behavior and cognitive achievement in Arab higher education. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2023.2300016","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2300016"},{"issue":"12","key":"13839_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3571730","volume":"55","author":"Z Ji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ji, Z., Lee, N., Frieske, R., Yu, T., Su, D., Xu, Y., & Fung, P. (2023). Survey of hallucination in natural language generation. A C M Computing Surveys, 55(12), 1\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3571730","journal-title":"A C M Computing Surveys"},{"key":"13839_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2023.3315237","volume":"99","author":"PW Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, P. W. (2023). A framework to overcome the dark side of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) like ChatGPT in social media and education. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 11(4), 5266\u20135274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSS.2023.3315237","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems"},{"key":"13839_CR20","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press."},{"key":"13839_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krause, S., Panchal, B. H., & Ubhe, N. (2024). The evolution of learning: Assessing the transformative impact of gen AI on higher education. ArXiv Preprint arXiv, 240410551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2404.10551","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2404.10551"},{"issue":"1","key":"13839_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00221546.2001.11778862","volume":"72","author":"GD Kuh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kuh, G. D., & Hu, S. (2001). Learning productivity at research universities. The Journal of Higher Education, 72(1), 1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00221546.2001.11778862","journal-title":"The Journal of Higher Education"},{"key":"13839_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-03235-8","volume":"622","author":"F Le","year":"2023","unstructured":"Le, F. (2023). How ChatGPT is transforming the postdoc experience. Nature, 622, 655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-03235-8","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"01","key":"13839_CR24","first-page":"89","volume":"30","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Y., Xu, J., Jia, C., & Zhai, X. (2024). Investigation of college students\u2019 generative ArtifcialIntelligence(GAl) usage status and its lmplication: Taking Zhejiang. Open Education Research, 30(01), 89\u201398. (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Open Education Research"},{"key":"13839_CR25","first-page":"16","volume":"10","author":"W Lin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lin, W., Li, C., Li, Y., et al. (2025). The application status of generative AI among university students in guangxi: An analysis based on a questionnaire survey of 27 undergraduate institutions. University Education, 10, 16\u201321. (in Chinese).","journal-title":"University Education"},{"issue":"7","key":"13839_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.53761\/m2v9an32","volume":"20","author":"JM Lodge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lodge, J. M., de Barba, P., & Broadbent, J. (2023a). Learning with generative artificial intelligence within a network of co-regulation. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 20(7), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53761\/m2v9an32","journal-title":"Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"13839_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.8695","volume":"39","author":"JM Lodge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lodge, J. M., Thompson, K., & Corrin, L. (2023b). Mapping out a research agenda for generative artificial intelligence in tertiary education. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 39(1), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14742\/ajet.8695","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13839_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-023-00911-4","volume":"68","author":"J Mao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mao, J., Chen, B., & Liu, J. C. (2024). Generative artificial intelligence in education and its implications for assessment. Techtrends, 68(1), 58\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11528-023-00911-4","journal-title":"Techtrends"},{"issue":"3","key":"13839_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/1475725721989489","volume":"20","author":"MA McDaniel","year":"2021","unstructured":"McDaniel, M. A., Einstein, G. O., & Een, E. (2021). Training college students to use learning strategies: A framework and pilot course. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 20(3), 364\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1475725721989489","journal-title":"Psychology Learning & Teaching"},{"issue":"4","key":"13839_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/00472395231166613","volume":"51","author":"M Mejia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mejia, M., & Sargent, J. (2023). Leveraging technology to develop students\u2019 critical thinking skills. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 51(4), 393\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00472395231166613","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology Systems"},{"key":"13839_CR31","unstructured":"Neupane, S., Fernandez, I. A., Mittal, S., & Rahimi, S. (2023). Impacts and risk of generative AI technology on cyber defense. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.13033."},{"issue":"12","key":"13839_CR32","first-page":"5","volume":"5","author":"B Obenza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Obenza, B., Salvahan, A., Rios, A. N., Solo, A., Alburo, R. A., & Gabila, R. J. (2024). College students\u2019 perception and use of chatgpt: Generative artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education. International Journal of Human Computing Studies, 5(12), 5\u201318.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human Computing Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"13839_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.12738\/estp.2019.3.005","volume":"19","author":"MYP Peng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peng, M. Y. P., & Chen, C. C. (2019). The effect of instructor\u2019s learning modes on deep approach to student learning and learning outcomes. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 19(3), 65\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12738\/estp.2019.3.005","journal-title":"Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice"},{"key":"13839_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iotcps.2023.04.003","volume":"3","author":"PP Ray","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ray, P. P. (2023). ChatGPT: A comprehensive review on background, applications, key challenges, bias, ethics, limitations and future scope. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, 3, 121\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iotcps.2023.04.003","journal-title":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems"},{"key":"13839_CR35","unstructured":"Reason, R. D., Cox, B. E., McIntosh, K., & Terenzini, P. T. (2010). Deep learning as an individual, conditional, and contextual influence on first-year student outcomes. Association for Institutional Research (NJ1), 1\u201334."},{"issue":"1","key":"13839_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2009.00234.x","volume":"4","author":"S Roccas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roccas, S., & Sagiv, L. (2010). Personal values and behavior: Taking the cultural context into account. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(1), 30\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2009.00234.x","journal-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass"},{"issue":"13","key":"13839_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16135367","volume":"16","author":"LI Ruiz-Rojas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruiz-Rojas, L. I., Salvador-Ullauri, L., & Acosta-Vargas, P. (2024). Collaborative working and critical thinking: Adoption of generative artificial intelligence tools in higher education. Sustainability, 16(13), Article 5367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16135367","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"13839_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-12-2023-0236","author":"DE Salinas-Navarro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salinas-Navarro, D. E., Vilalta-Perdomo, E., Michel-Villarreal, R., & Montesinos, L. (2024). Designing experiential learning activities with generative artificial intelligence tools for authentic assessment. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 21(4), 708-734.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ITSE-12-2023-0236","journal-title":"Interactive Technology and Smart Education"},{"issue":"8","key":"13839_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci13080410","volume":"13","author":"S Sa\u00fade","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sa\u00fade, S., Barros, J. P., & Almeida, I. (2024). Impacts of generative artificial intelligence in higher education: Research trends and students\u2019 perceptions. Social Sciences, 13(8), 410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci13080410","journal-title":"Social Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"13839_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13357","volume":"91","author":"D Schmerse","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schmerse, D. (2020). Preschool quality effects on learning behavior and later achievement in Germany: Moderation by socioeconomic status. Child Development, 91(6), 2237\u20132254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.13357","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"04","key":"13839_CR41","first-page":"9","volume":"32","author":"J Shi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shi, J., Tu, D., Wang, S., Lv, Z., Xie, M., & Zhao, L. (2011). Annual report of National College Education Survey 2009. Tsinghua Journal of Education, 32(04), 9\u201323. (in Chinese)","journal-title":"Tsinghua Journal of Education"},{"issue":"7947","key":"13839_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00340-6","volume":"614","author":"C Stokel-Walker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stokel-Walker, C., & Van Noorden, R. (2023). What ChatGPT and gen AI mean for science. Nature, 614(7947), 214\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-00340-6","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7980","key":"13839_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-02980-0","volume":"621","author":"R Van Noorden","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van Noorden, R., & Perkel, J. M. (2023). AI and science: What 1,600 researchers think. Nature, 621(7980), 672\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-02980-0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"13839_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.15678\/EBER.2023.110201","volume":"11","author":"K Wach","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wach, K., Duong, C. D., Ejdys, J., Kazlauskait\u0117, R., Korzynski, P., Mazurek, G., & Ziemba, E. (2023). The dark side of generative artificial intelligence: A critical analysis of controversies and risks of ChatGPT. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 11(2), 7\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15678\/EBER.2023.110201","journal-title":"Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review"},{"key":"13839_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, C., Wang, H., Li, Y., Dai, J., Gu, X., & Yu, T. (2024a). Factors influencing college students\u2019 behavioral intention to use generative artificial intelligence: Integrating the theory of planned behavior and AI literacy. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2024.2383033","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2024.2383033"},{"issue":"1","key":"13839_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/02188791.2024.2305156","volume":"44","author":"N Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, N., Wang, X., & Su, Y. S. (2024b). Critical analysis of the technological affordances, challenges and future directions of gen AI in education: A systematic review. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 44(1), 139\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02188791.2024.2305156","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"13839_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3703626","volume":"57","author":"T Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, T., Zhang, Y., Qi, S., Zhao, R., Xia, Z., & Weng, J. (2024c). Security and privacy on generative data in AIGC: A survey. Acm Computing Surveys, 57(4), 1\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3703626","journal-title":"Acm Computing Surveys"},{"issue":"2","key":"13839_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-020-00154-9","volume":"7","author":"C Wongwatkit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wongwatkit, C., Panjaburee, P., Srisawasdi, N., & Seprum, P. (2020). Moderating effects of gender differences on the relationships between perceived learning support, intention to use, and learning performance in a personalized e-learning. Journal of Computers in Education, 7(2), 229\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40692-020-00154-9","journal-title":"Journal of Computers in Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"13839_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.23977\/law.2024.030322","volume":"3","author":"W Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, W. (2024). Legal regulation of intellectual property rights in the digital age: A perspective from AIGC infringement. Science of Law Journal, 3(3), 164\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23977\/law.2024.030322","journal-title":"Science of Law Journal"},{"key":"13839_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100147","volume":"4","author":"R Yilmaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yilmaz, R., & Yilmaz, F. G. K. (2023). The effect of generative artificial intelligence (AI)-based tool use on students\u2019 computational thinking skills, programming self-efficacy and motivation. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, Article 100147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100147","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"13839_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2288730","author":"FGK Yilmaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yilmaz, F. G. K., Yilmaz, R., & Ceylan, M. (2023). Generative artificial intelligence acceptance scale: A validity and reliability study. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2023.2288730","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"06","key":"13839_CR52","first-page":"76","volume":"47","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan, Y., Tao, C., He, C., & Wu, J. (2024). The model of knowledge transformation in Human-IntelligenceInteraction contexts: Enriching connotations and extending dimensions. Information Studies: Theory & Application, 47(06), 76\u201384. (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Information Studies: Theory & Application"},{"issue":"59","key":"13839_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.14689\/ejer.2015.59.4","volume":"15","author":"H Yurdug\u00fcl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yurdug\u00fcl, H., & \u00c7etin, N. M. (2015). Investigation of the relationship between learning process and learning outcomes in e-learning environments. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 15(59), 57\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14689\/ejer.2015.59.4","journal-title":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"13839_CR54","unstructured":"Zeiser, K. L., Taylor, J., Rickles, J., Garet, M. S., & Segeritz, M. (2014). Evidence of deeper learning outcomes. Findings from the study of deeper learning opportunities and outcomes: Report 3. American Institutes for Research."},{"key":"13839_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhong, T., Zhu, G., Hou, C., Wang, Y., & Fan, X. (2024). The influences of ChatGPT on undergraduate students\u2019 demonstrated and perceived interdisciplinary learning. Education and Information Technologies(17). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12787-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12787-9"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13839-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13839-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13839-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T06:53:17Z","timestamp":1771915997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13839-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["13839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13839-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}