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To mitigate these repercussions, current discussions predominantly focus on changing assessment methods or policing students\u2019 use of GenAI, which greatly shapes students\u2019 GenAI use, for better or for worse. Few studies have examined how different assessment designs impact the way students use GenAI for coursework and the quality of GenAI-assisted writing. This study uncovered the relationships between assessment design and critical thinking in students\u2019 writing through analysing lecturer feedback on 51 postgraduate ChatGPT-assisted students\u2019 assignments across fourteen modules and assessment information related to the assignments. Results revealed that word limits, genres, information about organisational structures, and cognitive domains required by assessments significantly determined students\u2019 critical thinking performance in their disciplinary writing. Based on the results, we suggested (a) setting word limits based on task complexity rather than module credits, (b) designing integrated tasks with varied assessment methods to encourage critical thinking and knowledge development, (c) providing an appropriate amount of structural information to create space for critical thinking and (d) explicitly signalising cognitive domains required by assessments to address GenAI\u2019s impact on writing. We further encourage educators to critically reflect on the existing assessment guidance and practices to design assessments that cultivate critical AI users in an AI-empowered world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13870-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:20:31Z","timestamp":1768994431000},"page":"1909-1931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Transforming written assessment design to embrace AI: what needs to be changed to encourage higher-order critical thinking"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9502-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huahui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3189-7776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi Ngoc Yen","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"13870_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al Jaghoub, J., Suleiman, A., Takshe, A. 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