{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:58:40Z","timestamp":1781139520233,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13873-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T08:09:53Z","timestamp":1768205393000},"page":"1793-1808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluating ChatGPT accuracy in answering a basketball common content knowledge test in physical education"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3529-3571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Albaloul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8018-7615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chad","family":"Killian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"13873_CR1","unstructured":"Achiam, J., Adler, S., Agarwal, S., Ahmad, L., Akkaya, I., Aleman, F. L., Almeida, D., Altenschmidt, J., Altman, S., Anadkat, S., Avila, R., Babuschkin, I., Balaji, S., Balcom, V., Baltescu, P., Bao, H., Bavarian, M., Belgum, J., Bello, I., \u2026 McGrew, B. (2023). GPT-4 technical report ( arXiv:2303.08774). arXiv"},{"key":"13873_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334066","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1334066","volume":"15","author":"O Albaloul","year":"2024","unstructured":"Albaloul, O., Kulinna, P. H., & van der Mars, H. (2024a). Comparing the impact of the Sport Education model on student motivation in Kuwaiti and American students. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1334066.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"13873_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2024.2378776","volume":"95","author":"O Albaloul","year":"2024","unstructured":"Albaloul, O., Marttinen, R., & Killian, C. (2024b). Unlocking educational potential: How physical education teachers can thoughtfully benefit from using ChatGPT for planning, instruction, and assessment. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 95(7), 32\u201341.","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance"},{"key":"13873_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender, E. M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A., & Shmitchell, S. (2021, March). On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big?. In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 610\u2013623).","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922"},{"key":"13873_CR5","unstructured":"Berkeley & Berlin. (2023). How AI could change computing, culture and the course of history?utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=17457116054&ppcadID=1383392483 55&ppcgclID=Cj0KCQjwj_ajBhCqARIsAA37s0yNvy0x4bMzz0WCAKIgePEquK0caVYcIFy4mayCt- AZry9fEjATHyEaAgFFEALw_wcB&gclid=Cj0KCQjwj_ajBhCqARIsAA37s0yNvy0x4bMzz0WCAKIgePEquK0c aVYcIFy4mayCt-AZry9fEjATHyEaAgFFEALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds"},{"key":"13873_CR6","unstructured":"Bhatia, A. (2023). Let us show you how GPT works\u2014Using Jane Austen. The New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2023\/04\/26\/upshot\/gpt-from-scratch.html"},{"issue":"3","key":"13873_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2023-0203","volume":"43","author":"M Bilgi\u00e7","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bilgi\u00e7, M., U\u011furlu, A., Devrilmez, E., Dervent, F., & Ward, P. (2024). Validation of a common content knowledge test for hiking and camping. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 43(3), 483\u2013489.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13873_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1080\/13573322.2016.1226792","volume":"22","author":"A Casey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Casey, A., Goodyear, V. A., & Armour, K. M. (2017). Rethinking the relationship between pedagogy, technology, and learning in health and physical education. Sport, Education and Society, 22(2), 288\u2013304.","journal-title":"Sport, Education and Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"13873_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2020.1743252","volume":"25","author":"SH Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang, S. H., Ward, P., & Goodway, J. D. (2020). The effect of a content knowledge teacher professional workshop on enacted pedagogical content knowledge and student learning in a throwing unit. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 25(5), 493\u2013508.","journal-title":"Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy"},{"key":"13873_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherner, T., Foulger, T. S., & Donnelly, M. (2024). Introducing a generative AI decision tree for higher education: A synthesis of ethical considerations from published frameworks & guidelines. TechTrends, 1\u201316","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-024-01023-3"},{"issue":"aop","key":"13873_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"WS Chey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chey, W. S., Ward, P., Dillon, L., Watanabe, R., Meyerhoff, S., & Arroyo-Rojas, F. (2024). The effectiveness of content knowledge instruction in tennis and badminton in physical education teacher education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 1(aop), 1\u201311.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"key":"13873_CR12","unstructured":"Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2019). Applied behavior analysis. Pearson."},{"key":"13873_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahri, N. A., Yahaya, N., Vighio, M. S., & Jumaat, N. F. (2025). Exploring the impact of ChatGPT on teaching performance: findings from SOR theory, SEM and IPMA analysis approach.\u00a0Education and Information Technologies, 1\u201336.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13539-z"},{"key":"13873_CR14","unstructured":"Dao, X. Q., Le, N. B., Phan, X. D., & Ngo, B. B. (2023). Can ChatGPT pass the Vietnamese National High School Graduation Examination? arXiv preprint\u00a0arXiv:2306.09170."},{"issue":"3","key":"13873_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X211072489","volume":"28","author":"F Dervent","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dervent, F., Kurucan, A., Devrilmez, E., & Ward, P. (2022). Relationships between university instructors\u2019 and preservice teachers\u2019 content knowledge. European Physical Education Review, 28(3), 686\u2013703.","journal-title":"European Physical Education Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"13873_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X17751232","volume":"25","author":"E Devrilmez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Devrilmez, E., Dervent, F., Ward, P., & Ince, M. L. (2019). A test of common content knowledge for gymnastics: A Rasch analysis. European Physical Education Review, 25(2), 512\u2013523.","journal-title":"European Physical Education Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"13873_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9986139","DOI":"10.1155\/hbe2\/9986139","volume":"2025","author":"A ElSayary","year":"2025","unstructured":"ElSayary, A., Kuhail, M. A., & Hojeij, Z. (2025). Examining the role of prompt engineering in utilizing generative AI tools for lesson planning: Insights from teachers\u2019 experiences and perceptions. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2025(1), 9986139.","journal-title":"Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"13873_CR18","unstructured":"Gee, J. P. (2013). The anti-education era: Creating smarter students through digital learning. Macmillan."},{"issue":"3","key":"13873_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/00317217241295428","volume":"106","author":"JP Gee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gee, J. P., & Zhang, Q. A. (2024). Cybersapien literacy: Integrating AI and human. Phi Delta Kappan, 106(3), 32\u201338.","journal-title":"Phi Delta Kappan"},{"key":"13873_CR20","unstructured":"Graber, K. C. (2001). Research on teaching in physical education. In Handbook of research on teaching (pp. 491\u2013519). American Educational Research Association."},{"issue":"1","key":"13873_CR21","first-page":"3","volume":"24","author":"T Ha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ha, T., Yu, H., Lim, B., Jung, H. Y., Brooks, C., Krause, J., & Dauenhauer, B. (2024). Using chatgpt in the field of kinesiology: Opportunities and considerations. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 24(1), 3\u201312.","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Education and Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"13873_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2017-0188","volume":"37","author":"S Harvey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harvey, S., & Hyndman, B. (2018). An investigation into the reasons physical education professionals use Twitter. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37(4), 383\u2013396.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"13873_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2012.754005","volume":"19","author":"S Harvey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harvey, S., & Jarrett, K. (2014). A review of the game-centred approaches to teaching and coaching literature since 2006. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 19(3), 278\u2013300.","journal-title":"Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy"},{"issue":"1","key":"13873_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2016-0182","volume":"36","author":"PA Hastie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hastie, P. A. (2017). Revisiting the national physical education content standards: What do we really know about our achievement of the physically educated\/literate person? Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 36(1), 3\u201319.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13873_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2020-0221","volume":"41","author":"PA Hastie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hastie, P. A. (2021). A primer on content knowledge in physical education research. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 41(1), 165\u2013170.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"issue":"aop","key":"13873_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"PA Hastie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hastie, P. A., Alshuraymi, A. N., & Correia, F. (2025). The feasibility of Sport Education for implementation with third-grade students: Proof of concept. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 1(aop), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"13873_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2022.2026866","volume":"94","author":"PA Hastie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hastie, P. A., Li, P., Liu, H., Zhou, X., & Kong, L. (2023). The impact of sport education on Chinese physical education majors\u2019 volleyball content knowledge and performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 94(3), 618\u2013626.","journal-title":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport"},{"key":"13873_CR28","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Routledge handbook of physical education pedagogies","author":"PA Hastie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hastie, P. A., & Mesquita, I. (2016). Sport-based physical education. In C. Ennis (Ed.), Routledge handbook of physical education pedagogies (pp. 367\u2013379). Routledge."},{"issue":"1","key":"13873_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.19.1.22","volume":"19","author":"PA Hastie","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hastie, P. A., & Vlaisavljevic, N. (1999). The relationship between subject-matter expertise and accountability in instructional tasks. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 19(1), 22\u201333.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"13873_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2017-0204","volume":"37","author":"Y He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He, Y., Ward, P., & Wang, X. (2018). Validation of a common content knowledge test for soccer. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37(4), 407\u2013412.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"13873_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.6917","volume":"142","author":"AS Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang, A. S., Hirabayashi, K., Barna, L., Parikh, D., & Pasquale, L. R. (2024). Assessment of a large language model\u2019s responses to questions and cases about glaucoma and retina management. JAMA Ophthalmology, 142(4), 371\u2013375.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"13873_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2025.2538378","volume":"96","author":"CM Killian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Killian, C. M. (2025). Resist the temptation to just \u201cRoll Out the Bots\u201d: A brief defense of human-driven physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 96(8), 5\u20136.","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance"},{"issue":"3","key":"13873_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2023-0058","volume":"42","author":"CM Killian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Killian, C. M., Marttinen, R., Howley, D., Sargent, J., & Jones, E. M. (2023). Knock, knock\u2026 Who\u2019s there?\u201d ChatGPT and artificial intelligence-powered large language models: Reflections on potential impacts within health and physical education teacher education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 42(3), 385\u2013389.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"key":"13873_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2013-0166","volume":"34","author":"I Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim, I., Lee, Y. S., Ward, P., & Li, W. (2015). A critical examination of movement content knowledge courses in physical education teacher education programs. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 34, 59\u201375.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13873_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2017-0168","volume":"37","author":"I Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, I., Ward, P., Sinelnikov, O., Ko, B., Iserbyt, P., Li, W., & Curtner-Smith, M. (2018). The influence of content knowledge on pedagogical content knowledge: An evidence-based practice for physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37(2), 133\u2013143.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"key":"13873_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5548684","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5548684","volume":"2023","author":"D Kirk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kirk, D., van Eijnatten, E., & Camps, G. (2023). Comparison of answers between chatGPT and human dieticians to common nutrition questions. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2023, 5548684.","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"13873_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2024.2444586","volume":"96","author":"Y Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee, Y., & Kim, D. (2025). Evolving professionalism in the AI era: Implementing generative AI in physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 96(3), 8\u201313.","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance"},{"key":"13873_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60807","DOI":"10.2196\/60807","volume":"26","author":"M Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, M., Okuhara, T., Chang, X., Shirabe, R., Nishiie, Y., Okada, H., & Kiuchi, T. (2024). Performance of ChatGPT across different versions in medical licensing examinations worldwide: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26, e60807.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"13873_CR39","first-page":"278","volume":"35","author":"N McEvilly","year":"2014","unstructured":"McEvilly, N., Verheul, M., Atencio, M., & Jess, M. (2014). Physical education for health and wellbeing: A discourse analysis of Scottish physical education curricular documentation. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 35(2), 278\u2013293.","journal-title":"Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"13873_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","volume":"22","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276\u2013282.","journal-title":"Biochemia Medica"},{"issue":"4","key":"13873_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2025.2459561","volume":"96","author":"S McNamara","year":"2025","unstructured":"McNamara, S., Killian, C., & Weiner, B. (2025). ChatGPT in adapted physical education: A useful tool that may not comply with all individualized elements within special education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 96(4), 5\u20136.","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance"},{"issue":"6","key":"13873_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x","volume":"108","author":"P Mishra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017\u20131054.","journal-title":"Teachers College Record"},{"issue":"4","key":"13873_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/21532974.2023.2247480","volume":"39","author":"P Mishra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mishra, P., Warr, M., & Islam, R. (2023). TPACK in the age of ChatGPT and generative AI. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 39(4), 235\u2013251.","journal-title":"Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education"},{"key":"13873_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, P., Margerum-Leys, J., Trainin, G., Hill-Jackson, V., Bobley, L., Bedesem, P. L., ... & Craig, C. J. (2025). Teacher education in the age of generative artificial intelligence: Introducing the special issue. Journal of Teacher Education, 76(3), 225\u2013229.","DOI":"10.1177\/00224871251324713"},{"issue":"1","key":"13873_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13065-4","volume":"30","author":"WK Monib","year":"2025","unstructured":"Monib, W. K., Qazi, A., & Mahmud, M. M. (2025). Exploring learners\u2019 experiences and perceptions of chatgpt as a learning tool in higher education. Education and Information Technologies, 30(1), 917\u2013939.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13873_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naik, I., Naik, D., & Naik, N. (2023). Chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT): Comprehending its operational structure, AI techniques, working, features and limitations. In Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on ICT in Business Industry & Government (ICTBIG) (pp. 1\u20139). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTBIG59752.2023.10456201"},{"key":"13873_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naik, D., Naik, I., & Naik, N. (2024). Sorry, I am an AI language model: Understanding the limitations of ChatGPT. In Proceedings of The International Conference on Computing, Communication, Cybersecurity & AI (pp. 26\u201342). Springer Nature Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-74443-3_2"},{"key":"13873_CR48","unstructured":"OpenAI. (2025). Introducing OpenAI o3 and o4mini: The smartest models we\u2019ve released to date. OpenAI. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/introducing-o3-and-o4-mini\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"13873_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-024-00992-9","volume":"68","author":"N Oster","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oster, N., Henriksen, D., & Mishra, P. (2024). ChatGPT for teachers: Insights from online discussions. TechTrends, 68(4), 640\u2013646.","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"issue":"4","key":"13873_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2020-0001","volume":"39","author":"KAR Richards","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richards, K. A. R., Killian, C. M., Kinder, C. J., Badshah, K., & Cushing, C. (2020). Twitter as a professional development platform among US physical education teachers. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 39(4), 454\u2013463.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13873_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2019-0138","volume":"40","author":"JA Santiago","year":"2020","unstructured":"Santiago, J. A., & Morrow, J. R. (2020). A study of preservice physical education teachers\u2019 content knowledge of health-related fitness. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 40(1), 118\u2013125.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"key":"13873_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savelka, J., Agarwal, A., Bogart, C., Song, Y., & Sakr, M. (2023, June). Can generative pre-trained transformers (GPT) pass assessments in higher education programming courses? In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1 (pp. 117\u2013123).","DOI":"10.1145\/3587102.3588792"},{"issue":"4","key":"13873_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12532","volume":"57","author":"N Selwyn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Selwyn, N. (2022). The future of AI and education: Some cautionary notes. European Journal of Education, 57(4), 620\u2013631.","journal-title":"European Journal of Education"},{"key":"13873_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen,\u202fC., Cheng,\u202fL., Nguyen,\u202fX.\u202fP., You,\u202fY., & Bing,\u202fL. (2023). Large language models are not yet human-level evaluators for abstractive summarization. arXiv Preprint arXiv:2305.13091.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.278"},{"key":"13873_CR55","unstructured":"Siedentop, D. (2009). Research on teaching physical education: Celebrating our past and focusing on our future. In Historic traditions and future directions of research on teaching and teacher education in physical education (pp. 3\u201314)."},{"key":"13873_CR56","unstructured":"Siedentop, D., Hastie, P., & Van der Mars, H. (2020). Complete guide to sport education. Human Kinetics."},{"issue":"4","key":"13873_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.21.4.368","volume":"21","author":"D Siedentop","year":"2002","unstructured":"Siedentop, D. (2002). Content knowledge for physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 21(4), 368\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jtpe.21.4.368","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13873_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/17408980902729362","volume":"15","author":"OA Sinelnikov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sinelnikov, O. A., & Hastie, P. (2010). A motivational analysis of a season of sport education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 15(1), 55\u201369.","journal-title":"Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy"},{"key":"13873_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snigdha, N. T., Batul, R., Karobari, M. I., Adil, A. H., Dawasaz, A. A., Hameed, M. S., \u2026 & Noorani, T. Y. (2024). Assessing the performance of ChatGPT 3.5 and ChatGPT 4 in operative dentistry and endodontics: An exploratory study. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2024(1), 1119816.","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/1119816"},{"issue":"6","key":"13873_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2024.2355869","volume":"95","author":"E Tsuda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tsuda, E., Ward, P., Hastie, P., Ko, B., Santiago, J. A., Kim, I., & Ressler, J. D. (2024). Strategies for the teaching of content courses in physical education teacher education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 95(6), 20\u201325.","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance"},{"issue":"1","key":"13873_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/24711616.2021.2010624","volume":"7","author":"E Tsuda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tsuda, E., Ward, P., Ressler, J. D., Wyant, J., He, Y., Kim, I., & Santiago, J. A. (2023). Basketball common content knowledge instrument validation. International Journal of Kinesiology in Higher Education, 7(1), 35\u201347.","journal-title":"International Journal of Kinesiology in Higher Education"},{"key":"13873_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00dcnal, D., Erdem, Z. \u00c7., & \u015eahin, Z. G. (2025). Will artificial intelligence succeed in passing this test? Creating an achievement test utilizing ChatGPT. Education and Information Technologies, 1-25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13461-4"},{"key":"13873_CR63","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Analyzing physical education and sport instruction","author":"H van der Mars","year":"1989","unstructured":"van der Mars, H. (1989). Observer reliability: Issues and procedures. In P. W. Darst, D. B. Zakrajsek, & V. H. Mancini (Eds.), Analyzing physical education and sport instruction (pp. 53\u201380). Human Kinetics."},{"issue":"1","key":"13873_CR64","first-page":"1923981","volume":"2023","author":"T Waltzer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Waltzer, T., Cox, R. L., & Heyman, G. D. (2023). Testing the ability of teachers and students to differentiate between essays generated by ChatGPT and high school students. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2023(1), 1923981.","journal-title":"Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"13873_CR65","unstructured":"Ward, P. (2009). Content matters: Knowledge that alters teaching. In Historic traditions and future directions of research on teaching and teacher education in physical education (pp. 345\u2013356)."},{"key":"13873_CR66","unstructured":"Ward, P., & Lehwald, H. (2018). Effective physical education content and instruction: An evidence-based and teacher-tested approach. Human Kinetics."},{"key":"13873_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2016-0037","volume":"35","author":"P Ward","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ward, P., & Ayvazo, S. (2016). Pedagogical content knowledge: Conceptions and findings in physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 35, 194\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jtpe.2016-0037","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"13873_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2016-0059","volume":"36","author":"P Ward","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ward, P., Dervent, F., Lee, Y. S., Ko, B., Kim, I., & Tao, W. (2017). Using content maps to measure content development in physical education: Validation and application. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 36(1), 20\u201331.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"issue":"aop","key":"13873_CR69","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"P Ward","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ward, P., & Kim, I. (2024). Unpacking pedagogical content knowledge in physical education: What we know and do not know. Kinesiology Review, 1(aop), 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Kinesiology Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"13873_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2014.987908","volume":"86","author":"P Ward","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ward, P., Kim, I., Ko, B., & Li, W. (2015). Effects of improving teachers\u2019 content knowledge on teaching and student learning in physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 86(2), 130\u2013139.","journal-title":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"13873_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2021.1979186","volume":"94","author":"P Ward","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ward, P., Kim, I., Li, W., Ko, B., Iserbyt, P., Sinelnikov, O., & Curtner-Smith, M. (2023). The role of content knowledge in influencing student physical activity, on-task behavior, and skill performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 94(2), 322\u2013330.","journal-title":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"13873_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2016-0196","volume":"37","author":"P Ward","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ward, P., Tsuda, E., Dervent, F., & Devrilmez, E. (2018). Differences in the content knowledge of those taught to teach and those taught to play. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37(1), 59\u201368.","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"key":"13873_CR73","unstructured":"West, C. G. (2023). AI and the FCI: Can ChatGPT project an understanding of introductory physics? arXiv preprint\u00a0arXiv:2303.01067."},{"key":"13873_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C. H., & Ho, V. T. (2025). Critical factors for why ChatGPT enhances learning engagement and outcomes. Education and Information Technologies, 1\u201332.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13346-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"13873_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2023.100005","volume":"1","author":"R Yilmaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yilmaz, R., & Yilmaz, F. G. K. (2023). Augmented intelligence in programming learning: Examining student views on the use of ChatGPT for programming learning. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, 1(2), 100005.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans"},{"key":"13873_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Li, S., Hauer, B., Shi, N., & Kondrak, G. (2023). Don't trust ChatGPT when your question is not in English: a study of multilingual abilities and types of LLMs.\u00a0arXiv preprint\u00a0arXiv:2305.16339.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.491"},{"key":"13873_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, Y., Lian, J., Huang, H., & Deng, H. (2025). Affordances, constraints, and implications of ChatGPT in education from a social-ecological perspective: A data mining approach.\u00a0Education and Information Technologies, 1-34.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13237-2"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13873-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13873-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13873-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:10:11Z","timestamp":1776399011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13873-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["13873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13873-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}