{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T15:28:37Z","timestamp":1781191717051,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Educ Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-026-13906-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T07:52:53Z","timestamp":1771660373000},"page":"2599-2625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhancing doctoral students\u2019 innovative behaviors through artificial intelligence literacy: a mixed-methods study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5139-1164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Weikang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Chenghua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"13906_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100131","volume":"4","author":"C Adams","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adams, C., Pente, P., Lemermeyer, G., & Rockwell, G. (2023). Ethical principles for artificial intelligence in K-12 education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100131","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"3","key":"13906_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/0001839205054293","volume":"50","author":"TM Amabile","year":"2005","unstructured":"Amabile, T. M., Barsade, S. G., Mueller, J. S., & Staw, B. M. (2005). Affect and creativity at work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3), 367\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0001839205054293","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"13906_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411","volume":"103","author":"JC Anderson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"124","key":"13906_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031819100037943","volume":"33","author":"GEM Anscombe","year":"1985","unstructured":"Anscombe, G. E. M. (1985). Moral philosophy. Philosophy, 33(124), 1\u201319.","journal-title":"Philosophy"},{"key":"13906_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530721","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2025.1530721","volume":"10","author":"AM Ayyoub","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ayyoub, A. M., Khlaif, Z. N., Shamali, M., Abu Eideh, B., Assali, A., Hattab, M. K., Barham, K. A., & Bsharat, T. R. K. (2025). Advancing higher education with genai: Factors influencing educator AI literacy. Frontiers in Education, 10, 1530721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2025.1530721","journal-title":"Frontiers in Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"13906_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/031289628801300210","volume":"13","author":"A Bandura","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1988). Organizational application of social cognitive theory. Australian Journal of Management, 13(2), 275\u2013302.","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Management"},{"key":"13906_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179"},{"issue":"4","key":"13906_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2021.100179","volume":"2","author":"X Bo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bo, X., Li, Y., Wang, J., & Zhang, H. (2021). Artificial intelligence: A powerful paradigm for scientific research. The Innovation, 2(4), 100179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xinn.2021.100179","journal-title":"The Innovation"},{"key":"13906_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100114","volume":"4","author":"A Carolus","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carolus, A., Augustin, Y., Markus, A., & Wienrich, C. (2023). Digital interaction literacy model-Conceptualizing competencies for literate interactions with voice-based AI systems. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100114","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"13906_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2021.3063606","volume":"71","author":"D Cetindamar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cetindamar, D., Kitto, K., Wu, M., Zhang, Y., Abedin, B., & Knight, S. (2022). Explicating AI literacy of employees at digital workplaces. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 71, 810\u2013823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TEM.2021.3063606","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"13906_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1177\/14639491231195373","volume":"25","author":"JJ Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, J. J., & Lin, J. C. (2024). Artificial intelligence as a double-edged sword: Wielding the POWER principles to maximize its positive effects and minimize its negative effects. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 25(1), 146\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14639491231195373","journal-title":"Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood"},{"issue":"16","key":"13906_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6597","DOI":"10.3390\/su12166597","volume":"12","author":"Y Dai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dai, Y., Chai, C. S., Lin, P. Y., Jong, M. S. Y., Guo, Y., & Qin, J. (2020). Promoting students\u2019 well-being by developing their readiness for the artificial intelligence age. Sustainability, 12(16), 6597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12166597","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"13906_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2271-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"13906_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.2307\/259297","volume":"24","author":"R Drazin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Drazin, R., Glynn, M. A., & Kazanjian, R. K. (1999). Multilevel theorizing about creativity in organizations: A sensemaking perspective. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 286\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/259297","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"13906_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-021-00724-2","volume":"35","author":"A Eguchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eguchi, A., Okada, H., & Muto, Y. (2021). Contextualizing AI education for K-12 students to enhance their learning of AI literacy through culturally responsive approaches. KI-K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz, 35(2), 153\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13218-021-00724-2","journal-title":"KI-K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz"},{"issue":"1","key":"13906_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","volume":"18","author":"C Fornell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002224378101800104","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"13906_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2024.106337","volume":"142","author":"N Francesca","year":"2024","unstructured":"Francesca, N., Michela, C., Sara, D. P., Nicola, P., Milko, Z., Gianluca, C., Giuseppe, A., Lisa, G., Loredana, S., & Annamaria, B. (2024). Pedagogical strategies to improve emotional competencies in nursing students: A systematic review. Nurse Education Today, 142, 106337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2024.106337","journal-title":"Nurse Education Today"},{"issue":"4","key":"13906_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01548-8","volume":"38","author":"P Fyfe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fyfe, P. (2023). How to cheat on your final paper: Assigning AI for student writing. AI & Society, 38(4), 1395\u20131405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01548-8","journal-title":"AI & Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"13906_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3102\/01623737011003255","volume":"11","author":"JC Greene","year":"1989","unstructured":"Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11(3), 255\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/01623737011003255","journal-title":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis"},{"key":"13906_CR21","unstructured":"Hair, J. F., Ortinau, D. J., & Harrison, D. E. (2021). Essentials of marketing research (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education."},{"issue":"1","key":"13906_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-11-2018-0203","volume":"31","author":"JF Hair","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., et al. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/EBR-11-2018-0203","journal-title":"European Business Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"13906_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-021-00726-0","volume":"35","author":"J Henry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henry, J., Hernalesteen, A., & Collard, A. S. (2021). Teaching artificial intelligence to K-12 through a role-playing game questioning the intelligence concept. KI-K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz, 35(2), 171\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13218-021-00726-0","journal-title":"KI-K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz"},{"key":"13906_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hossain, S., Khanam, S., Haniya, S., & Ragab Nasr, N. (2025). AI literacy and LLM engagement in higher education: A cross-national quantitative study [Preprint]. arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2507.03020","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2507.03020"},{"key":"13906_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13437-4","volume":"30","author":"Y Ji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ji, Y., Zhong, M., Lyu, S., Li, T., Niu, S., & Zhan, Z. (2025). How does AI literacy affect individual innovative behavior: The mediating role of psychological need satisfaction, creative self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning. Education and Information Technologies, 30, 16133\u201316162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13437-4","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"13906_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kandlhofer, M., Steinbauer, G., Hirschmugl-Gaisch, S., & Huber, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence and computer science in education: From kindergarten to university. In 2016 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp. 1\u20139). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FIE.2016.7757748","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2016.7757748"},{"key":"13906_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-3085(88)80007-6","volume":"10","author":"RM Kanter","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kanter, R. M. (1988). When a 1000 flowers bloom: Structural, collective, and social conditions for innovation in organization. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 169\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0191-3085(88)80007-6","journal-title":"Research in Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"13906_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcci.2022.100539","volume":"34","author":"MH Kaspersen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaspersen, M. H., Bilstrup, K. E. K., Van Mechelen, M., Hjort, A., Bouvin, N. O., & Petersen, M. G. (2022). High school students exploring machine learning and its societal implications: Opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 34, 100539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcci.2022.100539","journal-title":"International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"3","key":"13906_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1108\/14691930110409508","volume":"2","author":"RF Kleysen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kleysen, R. F., & Street, C. T. (2001). Toward a multi-dimensional measure of individual innovative behavior. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2(3), 284\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/14691930110409508","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Capital"},{"key":"13906_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100101","volume":"3","author":"MC Laupichler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laupichler, M. C., Aster, A., Schirch, J., & Raupach, T. (2022). Artificial intelligence literacy in higher and adult education: A scoping literature review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100101","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"13906_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, J. H., & Jeon, J. H. (2025). Examining the impact of AI literacy and its antecedents on job performance in the context of South Korea. Asia Pacific Business Review, 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13602381.2025.2487780","DOI":"10.1080\/13602381.2025.2487780"},{"key":"13906_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107539","volume":"139","author":"B Leichtmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leichtmann, B., Humer, C., Hinterreiter, A., Streit, M., & Mara, M. (2023). Effects of explainable artificial intelligence on trust and human behavior in a high-risk decision task. Computers in Human Behavior, 139, 107539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107539","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"13906_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lesh, J., & Lancaster, J. (2024). AI-assisted academia: Unveiling doctoral students\u2019 perspectives on dissertation in practice innovation. Bulletin of Educational Studies, 3(2), 113\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61326\/bes.v3i2.288","DOI":"10.61326\/bes.v3i2.288"},{"issue":"3","key":"13906_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.14705\/ets2020.12.004","volume":"24","author":"CH Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin, C. H., Yu, C. C., Shih, P. K., & Wu, L. Y. (2021). STEM based artificial intelligence learning in general education for non-engineering undergraduate students. Educational Technology & Society, 24(3), 224\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14705\/ets2020.12.004","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"13906_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Long, D., Blunt, T., & Magerko, B. (2021). Co-designing AI literacy exhibits for informal learning spaces. In Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 1\u201335). ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3458305","DOI":"10.1145\/3458305"},{"key":"13906_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100095","volume":"3","author":"P Mertala","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mertala, P., Fagerlund, J., & Calderon, O. (2022). Finnish 5th and 6th grade students\u2019 pre-instructional conceptions of artificial intelligence (AI) and their implications for AI literacy education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100095","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"13906_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, K. W. S., & Qiao, M. S. (2021). AI literacy: Definition, teaching, evaluation and ethical issues. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 58(1), 504\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pra2.517","DOI":"10.1002\/pra2.517"},{"key":"13906_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ng, D. T. K., Lee, M., Tan, R. J. Y., Hu, X., Downie, J. S., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023a). A review of AI teaching and learning from 2000 to 2020. Education and Information Technologies, 28(7), 8445\u20138501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11553-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11553-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"13906_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-022-10276-7","volume":"71","author":"DTK Ng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Su, J., Ng, R. C. W., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023b). Teachers\u2019 AI digital competencies and twenty-first century skills in the post-pandemic world. Educational Technology Research and Development, 71(1), 137\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-022-10276-7","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"13906_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Su, M. J., Yim, I. H. Y., Qiao, M. S., & Chu, S. (2022). AI literacy in K-16 classrooms (pp. 78\u201380). Springer. K. W.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-18880-0"},{"key":"13906_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2024.100184","volume":"6","author":"O Ng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ng, O., Leung, S., & Chang, D. (2024). Combining human and artificial intelligence for enhanced AI literacy in higher education. Computers and Education Open, 6, 100184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeo.2024.100184","journal-title":"Computers and Education Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"13906_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2012.02619.x","volume":"72","author":"JL Perry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perry, J. L. (2012). How can we improve our science to generate more usable knowledge for public professionals? Public Administration Review, 72(4), 479\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2012.02619.x","journal-title":"Public Administration Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"13906_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2006.20273014","volume":"49","author":"JE Perry-Smith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Perry-Smith, J. E. (2006). Social yet creative: The role of social relationships in facilitating individual creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 49(1), 85\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amj.2006.20273014","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"13906_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/014920638601200408","volume":"12","author":"M. P. Philip","year":"1986","unstructured":"Philip,M. P., & Dennis, W. O. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/014920638601200408","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"13906_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","volume":"88","author":"PM Podsakoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"13906_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Polat, E. (2025). Artificial intelligence literacy, lifelong learning, and fear of innovation: Identification of profiles and relationships. Education and Information Technologies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-025-13548-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13548-y"},{"issue":"2","key":"13906_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/job.767","volume":"33","author":"C Porath","year":"2012","unstructured":"Porath, C., Spreitzer, G., Gibson, C., & Garnett, F. G. (2012). Thriving at work: Toward its measurement, construct validation, and theoretical refinement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 250\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.767","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"13906_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15040465","volume":"15","author":"J Qian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qian, J., Chen, J., & Zhao, S. (2025). Remaining vigilant while enjoying prosperity: How artificial intelligence usage impacts employees\u2019 innovative behavior and proactive skill development. Behavioral Sciences, 15(4), 465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs15040465","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"13906_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/0734371X16688823","volume":"37","author":"E Raimondo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raimondo, E., & Newcomer, K. E. (2017). Mixed-methods inquiry in public administration: The interaction of theory, methodology, and praxis. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 37(2), 183\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734371X16688823","journal-title":"Review of Public Personnel Administration"},{"issue":"4","key":"13906_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2009.07.004","volume":"26","author":"W Reinartz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J. (2009). An empirical comparison of the efficacy of covariance-based and variance-based SEM. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(4), 332\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2009.07.004","journal-title":"International Journal of Research in Marketing"},{"issue":"3","key":"13906_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.2307\/256862","volume":"37","author":"SG Scott","year":"1994","unstructured":"Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 580\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/256862","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"13906_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-11-2018-0494","volume":"29","author":"WL Shiau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shiau, W. L., Sarstedt, M., & Hair, J. F. (2019). Internet research using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Internet Research, 29(3), 398\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IntR-11-2018-0494","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"13906_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2017.1386201","volume":"21","author":"J Sim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sim, J., Saunders, B., Waterfield, J., & Kingstone, T. (2018). Can sample size in qualitative research be determined a priori? International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 21(5), 619\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13645579.2017.1386201","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Research Methodology"},{"issue":"2","key":"13906_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.5502\/ijw.v3i2.1","volume":"3","author":"GR Slemp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Slemp, G. R., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2013). The job crafting questionnaire: A new scale to measure the extent to which employees engage in job crafting. International Journal of Wellbeing, 3(2), 126\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5502\/ijw.v3i2.1","journal-title":"International Journal of Wellbeing"},{"key":"13906_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100127","volume":"4","author":"J Southworth","year":"2023","unstructured":"Southworth, J., Migliaccio, K., Glover, J., Reed, D., McCarty, C., Brendemuhl, J., Thomas, A., & Glover, J. (2023). Developing a model for AI across the curriculum: Transforming the higher education landscape via innovation in AI literacy. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100127","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"5","key":"13906_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1050.0146","volume":"16","author":"G Spreitzer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Spreitzer, G., Sutcliffe, K., Dutton, J., et al. (2005). A socially embedded model of thriving at work. Organization Science, 16(5), 537\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/orsc.1050.0146","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"key":"13906_CR59","unstructured":"Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage."},{"key":"13906_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100072","volume":"3","author":"J Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su, J., & Zhong, Y. (2022). Artificial intelligence (AI) in early childhood education: Curriculum design and future directions. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100072","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"13906_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4","volume":"12","author":"J Sweller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"13906_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654315588885","volume":"85","author":"M Thurlings","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thurlings, M., Evers, A. T., & Vermeulen, M. (2015). Toward a model of explaining teachers\u2019 innovative behavior: A literature review. Review of Educational Research, 85(3), 430\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0034654315588885","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"13906_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Timon, S., & Tremmel, A. (2024). Teaching AI literacy for innovation: Work in progress. In Proceedings of the 2024 Computers and People Research Conference (SIGMIS-CPR \u201824) (Article 23, pp. 1\u20134). ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3632634.3655874","DOI":"10.1145\/3632634.3655874"},{"key":"13906_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Walter, Y. (2024). Embracing the future of artificial intelligence in the classroom: The relevance of AI literacy, prompt engineering, and critical thinking in modern education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(15). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-024-00448-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00448-3"},{"issue":"9","key":"13906_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2068364","volume":"42","author":"B. Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, B., Rau, P. L. P., & Yuan, T. (2022). Measuring user competence in using artificial intelligence: Validity and reliability of artificial intelligence literacy scale. Behaviour & Information Technology, 42(9), 1324\u20131337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2068364","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"key":"13906_CR66","unstructured":"West, M. A., & Farr, J. L. (1990). Innovation and creativity at work: Psychological and organizational strategies. Wiley."},{"key":"13906_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685277","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2021.685277","volume":"3","author":"C Wienrich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wienrich, C., & Carolus, A. (2021). Development of an instrument to measure conceptualizations and competencies about conversational agents on the example of smart speakers. Frontiers in Computer Science, 3, 685277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcomp.2021.685277","journal-title":"Frontiers in Computer Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"13906_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2297(92)90015-R","volume":"12","author":"A Wigfield","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (1992). The development of achievement task values: A theoretical analysis. Developmental Review, 12(3), 265\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0273-2297(92)90015-R","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"13906_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2019.07.003","volume":"50","author":"D Wiljer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wiljer, D., & Hakim, Z. (2019). Developing an artificial intelligence-enabled health care practice: Rewiring health care professions for better care. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, 50(4), S8\u2013S14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmir.2019.07.003","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"13906_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-022-00343-5","volume":"33","author":"R Williams","year":"2023","unstructured":"Williams, R., Ali, S., Devasia, N., Dipaola, D., Hong, J., Kaputsos, S. P., Jordan, B., & Breazeal, C. (2023). AI\u2009+\u2009ethics curricula for middle school youth: Lessons learned from three project-based curricula. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 33(2), 325\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-022-00343-5","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"13906_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0323349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323349","volume":"20","author":"D Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu, D., & Zhang, J. (2025). Generative artificial intelligence in secondary education: Applications and effects on students\u2019 innovation skills and digital literacy. PLOS One, 20(5), e0323349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0323349","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"13906_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206320928096","volume":"48","author":"T Xiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiao, T., Makhija, M., & Karim, S. (2022). A knowledge recombination perspective of innovation: Review and new research directions. Journal of Management, 48(6), 1724\u20131777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206320928096","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"13906_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2023.100525","volume":"4","author":"Y Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Wang, F., An, Z., Wang, Q., & Zhang, Z. (2023). Artificial intelligence for science\u2014bridging data to wisdom. The Innovation, 4(6), 100525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xinn.2023.100525","journal-title":"The Innovation"},{"issue":"5","key":"13906_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100061","volume":"3","author":"W Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, W. (2022). Artificial intelligence education for young children: Why, what, and how in curriculum design and implementation. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3(5), 100061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100061","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"13906_CR75","first-page":"353","volume":"12","author":"Y Yi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yi, Y. (2021). Establishing the concept of AI literacy. JAHR-European Journal of Bioethics, 12(2), 353\u2013368.","journal-title":"JAHR-European Journal of Bioethics"},{"key":"13906_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuekun, Y., & Hui, Y. (2021). A study on the impact of organizational justice on the innovative behavior of scientific and technological talents: The role of insider identity cognition and job embeddedness. Leadership Science, (2), 68\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1003-2606.2021.02.019","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1003-2606.2021.02.019"},{"key":"13906_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548817","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1548817","volume":"16","author":"X Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Sun, K., Zhu, K., Feng, L., Sun, Q., & Zhong, D. (2025). The impact of digital literacy on university students\u2019 innovation capability: Evidence from Ningbo, China. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1548817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1548817","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"}],"container-title":["Education and Information Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-026-13906-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-026-13906-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10639-026-13906-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T23:54:54Z","timestamp":1779494094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10639-026-13906-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["13906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-026-13906-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2357","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure"}},{"value":"The author has no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Financial interests"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}