{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:53:13Z","timestamp":1775191993963,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]],"date-time":"2017-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499644800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["71502132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71502132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China","award":["2015JQ7274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015JQ7274"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["JB150603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JB150603"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electron Commer Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-017-9264-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]],"date-time":"2017-07-10T09:59:06Z","timestamp":1499680746000},"page":"125-141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Impact of free sampling on product diffusion based on Bass model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zongming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"9264_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1108\/07363769110034992","volume":"8","author":"HB Lammers","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lammers, H. B. (1991). The effect of free samples on immediate consumer purchase. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 8(2), 31\u201337.","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Marketing"},{"issue":"2","key":"9264_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5885.1220124","volume":"12","author":"D Jain","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jain, D., Mahajan, V., & Muller, E. (1995). An approach for determining optimal product sampling for the diffusion of a new product. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 12(2), 124\u2013135.","journal-title":"Journal of Product Innovation Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"9264_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2307\/3172529","volume":"25","author":"LJ Marks","year":"1988","unstructured":"Marks, L. J., & Kamins, M. A. (1988). The use of product sampling and advertising: Effects of sequence of exposure and degree of advertising claim exaggeration on consumers\u2019 belief strength, belief confidence, and attitudes. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(3), 266\u2013281.","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"9264_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/147078539503700202","volume":"37","author":"D McGuinness","year":"1995","unstructured":"McGuinness, D., Brennan, M., & Gendall, P. (1995). An empirical test of product sampling and couponing. Journal of the Market Research Society, 37(2), 159\u2013171.","journal-title":"Journal of the Market Research Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"9264_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2016.12.001","volume":"54","author":"X Yao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yao, X., Lu, X., Phang, C. W., et al. (2017). Dynamic sales impacts of online physical product sampling. Information & Management, 54(5), 599\u2013612.","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"9264_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.47.4.532.9832","volume":"47","author":"A Heiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Heiman, A., et al. (2001). Learning and forgetting: Modeling optimal product sampling over time. Management Science, 47(2), 532\u2013546.","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"9264_CR7","volume-title":"Sales promotion essentials: The 10 basic sales promotion techniques\u2014And how to use them","author":"DE Schultz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schultz, D. E., Robinson, W. A., & Petrison, L. (1998). Sales promotion essentials: The 10 basic sales promotion techniques\u2014And how to use them. New York: McGraw Hill Professional."},{"issue":"1","key":"9264_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1030.0044","volume":"23","author":"JM Villas-Boas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Villas-Boas, J. M. (2004). Consumer learning, brand loyalty, and competition. Marketing Science, 23(1), 134\u2013145.","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"9264_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1030.0024","volume":"23","author":"PB Seetharaman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seetharaman, P. B. (2004). Modeling multiple sources of state dependence in random utility models: A distributed lag approach. Marketing Science, 23(2), 263\u2013271.","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"9264_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4359(99)00018-4","volume":"75","author":"K Gedenk","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gedenk, K., & Neslin, S. A. (2000). The role of retail promotion in determining future brand loyalty: Its effect on purchase event feedback. Journal of Retailing, 75(4), 433\u2013459.","journal-title":"Journal of Retailing"},{"issue":"3","key":"9264_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1030.0052","volume":"23","author":"K Bawa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bawa, K., & Shoemaker, R. (2004). The effects of free sample promotions on incremental brand sales. Marketing Science, 23(3), 345\u2013363.","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"9264_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.2015.0973","volume":"35","author":"B Foubert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Foubert, B., & Gijsbrechts, E. (2016). Try it, you\u2019ll like it\u2014Or will you? The perils of early free-trial promotions for high-tech service adoption. Marketing Science, 35(5), 810\u2013826.","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"key":"9264_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-02700-4_6","volume-title":"Diffusion of technologies and social behavior","author":"V Mahajan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mahajan, V., Muller, E., & Bass, F. M. (1991). New product diffusion models in marketing: A review and directions for research. In N. Nakicenovic & A. Gr\u00fcbler (Eds.), Diffusion of technologies and social behavior (pp. 125\u2013177). Berlin: Springer."},{"issue":"10","key":"9264_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0548(96)81677-7","volume":"23","author":"HI Mesak","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mesak, H. I. (1996). Incorporating price, advertising and distribution in diffusion models of innovation: Some theoretical and empirical results. Computers Operations Research, 23(10), 1007\u20131023.","journal-title":"Computers Operations Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"9264_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10257-009-0116-6","volume":"8","author":"N Hu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hu, N., Liu, L., Bose, I., et al. (2010). Does sampling influence customers in online retailing of digital music? Information Systems and e-Business Management, 8(4), 357\u2013377.","journal-title":"Information Systems and e-Business Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"9264_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1086\/208790","volume":"7","author":"CA Scott","year":"1980","unstructured":"Scott, C. A., & Yalch, R. F. (1980). Consumer response to initial product trial: A Bayesian analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 7(1), 32\u201341.","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"9264_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2307\/3151829","volume":"20","author":"RE Smith","year":"1983","unstructured":"Smith, R. E., & Swinyard, W. R. (1983). Attitude-behavior consistency: The impact of product trial versus advertising. Journal of Marketing Research, 20(3), 257\u2013267.","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"9264_CR18","volume-title":"Sales promotion: Concepts, methods, and strategies","author":"RC Blattberg","year":"1990","unstructured":"Blattberg, R. C., & Neslin, S. A. (1990). Sales promotion: Concepts, methods, and strategies. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall."},{"issue":"2","key":"9264_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.2307\/3172828","volume":"30","author":"RE Smith","year":"1993","unstructured":"Smith, R. E. (1993). Integrating information from advertising and trial: Processes and effects on consumer response to product information. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(2), 204\u2013219.","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"9264_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/17509653.2006.10671003","volume":"1","author":"Z Hu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hu, Z. (2006). Incorporating price in optimal product sampling for product diffusion. International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management, 1(2), 119\u2013136.","journal-title":"International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"9264_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijindorg.2005.10.006","volume":"24","author":"M Peitz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peitz, M., & Waelbroeck, P. (2006). Why the music industry may gain from free downloading\u2014The role of sampling. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 24(5), 907\u2013913.","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"9264_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2009.05.011","volume":"48","author":"CA Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang, C. A., & Zhang, X. M. (2009). Sampling of information goods. Decision Support Systems, 48(1), 14\u201322.","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems"},{"key":"9264_CR23","unstructured":"Zhou, W., & Duan, W. (2012). The impact of free sampling of information goods on the dynamics of online word-of-mouth and retail sales. In AMCIS 2012 proceedings."},{"issue":"2","key":"9264_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2010.01.014","volume":"205","author":"HK Cheng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheng, H. K., & Tang, Q. C. (2010). Free trial or no free trial: Optimal software product design with network effects. European Journal of Operational Research, 205(2), 437\u2013447.","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"9264_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1110.0348","volume":"23","author":"HK Cheng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cheng, H. K., & Liu, Y. (2012). Optimal software free trial strategy: The impact of network externalities and consumer uncertainty. Information Systems Research, 23(2), 488\u2013504.","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"9264_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2013.0508","volume":"25","author":"MF Niculescu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Niculescu, M. F., & Wu, D. J. (2014). Economics of free under perpetual licensing: Implications for the software industry. Information Systems Research, 25(1), 173\u2013199.","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"9264_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.2015.0973","volume":"35","author":"B Foubert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Foubert, B., & Gijsbrechts, E. (2016). Try It, You\u2019ll Like It\u2014Or Will You? The Perils of Early Free-Trial Promotions for High-Tech Service Adoption. Marketing Science, 35(5), 810\u2013826.","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"9264_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.15.5.215","volume":"15","author":"FM Bass","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bass, F. M. (1969). A new product growth model for consumer durables. Management Science, 15(5), 215\u2013227.","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"9264_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.33.9.1069","volume":"33","author":"JA Norton","year":"1987","unstructured":"Norton, J. A., & Bass, F. M. (1987). A diffusion theory model of adoption and substitution for successive generations of high-technology products. Management Science, 33(9), 1069\u20131086.","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"9264_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8116(94)00008-C","volume":"12","author":"S Kalish","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kalish, S., Mahajan, V., & Muller, E. (1995). Waterfall and sprinkler new-product strategies in competitive global markets. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 12(2), 105\u2013119.","journal-title":"International Journal of Research in Marketing"},{"issue":"1","key":"9264_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2013.0447","volume":"16","author":"W Shen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shen, W., Duenyas, I., & Kapuscinski, R. (2013). Optimal pricing, production, and inventory for new product diffusion under supply constraints. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 16(1), 28\u201345.","journal-title":"Manufacturing & Service Operations Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"9264_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.9.4.342","volume":"9","author":"D Horsky","year":"1990","unstructured":"Horsky, D. (1990). A diffusion model incorporating product benefits, price, income and information. Marketing Science, 9(4), 342\u2013365.","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"9264_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.2307\/3172745","volume":"29","author":"PM Parker","year":"1992","unstructured":"Parker, P. M. (1992). Price elasticity dynamics over the adoption life cycle. Journal of Marketing Research, 29(3), 358.","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"9264_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2307\/3172552","volume":"27","author":"F Sultan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sultan, F., Farely, J. U., & Lehmann, D. R. (1990). A meta-analysis of applications of diffusion models. Journal of Marketing Research, 27, 70\u201377.","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"9264_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1050.0069","volume":"16","author":"RK Chellappa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chellappa, R. K., & Shivendu, S. (2005). Managing piracy: Pricing and sampling strategies for digital experience goods in vertically segmented markets. Information Systems Research, 16(4), 400\u2013417.","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"9264_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1080.0481","volume":"28","author":"PK Kannan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kannan, P. K., Pope, B. K., & Jain, S. (2009). Practice prize winner\u2014Pricing digital content product lines: A model and application for the National Academies Press. Marketing Science, 28(4), 620\u2013636.","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"9264_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2009.06.006","volume":"27","author":"J Goldenberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goldenberg, J., Libai, B., & Muller, E. (2010). The chilling effects of network externalities. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 27(1), 4\u201315.","journal-title":"International Journal of Research in Marketing"}],"container-title":["Electronic Commerce Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10660-017-9264-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10660-017-9264-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10660-017-9264-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,29]],"date-time":"2019-09-29T04:31:25Z","timestamp":1569731485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10660-017-9264-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10660-017-9264-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-5753","1572-9362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-5753","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]]}}}