{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T15:21:33Z","timestamp":1777648893481,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lincoln University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electron Commer Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The significant growth of internet users has driven businesses to develop their capacity in e-commerce and meet the increasing demand for e-consumption, e-services, and e-business. To gain the benefits of e-business, firms may choose to extend or transit their offline-operated businesses to online or hybrid modes. Opportunities are accompanied by risks in this process. Therefore, it is important to understand how business owners\u2019 financial risk preferences affect their choice of business operation models, namely, online and offline operations. Using data from the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) in 2017 and 2019, this study examined the impacts of business owners\u2019 risk preferences on e-business adoption, considering social insurance as a moderator on the relationship between risk effect and online business operation. In addition, we used heterogeneity examination to test for regional differences between rural and urban areas. Our results show that, compared to high-risk takers, low-risk takers are less likely to choose online or hybrid businesses; and having social insurance reduces the effect of risk preference on adopting e-business. This finding indicates social insurance may provide financial security to business owners with low-risk preferences and makes them more likely to adopt online business, whilst it may distort adoption incentives for high- and medium-risk groups. Results of the heterogeneity examination suggest a discrepancy in the risk preference effect on the adoption of e-business between the rural and urban areas: the impact of risk preference is found to be significantly higher on businesses in the rural area than those in the urban area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-023-09755-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T10:01:53Z","timestamp":1695290513000},"page":"1375-1394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Online or not online: the impact of business owner\u2019s risk preference on the adoption of e-business"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1046-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"9755_CR1","unstructured":"Bischoff, P. (2014). China\u2019s mobile internet users now outnumber its PC internet users. Tech in Asia, 22."},{"key":"9755_CR2","unstructured":"Bu, L., Wang, J., Wang, S. K. W., & Zipser, D. (2019). China digital consumer trends 2019. McKinsey Digital, September."},{"issue":"6","key":"9755_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2016.01.006","volume":"40","author":"M Hilbert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hilbert, M. (2016). The bad news is that the digital access divide is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986\u20132014. Telecommunications Policy, 40(6), 567\u2013581.","journal-title":"Telecommunications Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"9755_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00009-5","volume":"39","author":"MG Martinsons","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martinsons, M. G. (2002). Electronic commerce in China: Emerging success stories. Information & Management, 39(7), 571\u2013579.","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"key":"9755_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.06.038","volume":"139","author":"J Kwak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwak, J., Zhang, Y., & Yu, J. (2019). Legitimacy building and e-commerce platform development in China: The experience of Alibaba. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 139, 115\u2013124.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"9755_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.06.423","volume":"195","author":"R Rahayu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rahayu, R., & Day, J. (2015). Determinant factors of e-commerce adoption by SMEs in developing country: Evidence from Indonesia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 142\u2013150.","journal-title":"Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"9755_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2016.08.002","volume":"54","author":"JS Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang, J. S., Pan, S. L., & Liu, J. (2017). Boundary permeability and online\u2013offline hybrid organization: A case study of Suning, China. Information & Management, 54(3), 304\u2013316.","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"key":"9755_CR8","unstructured":"Baller, S., Dutta, S., & Lanvin, B. (2016). Global information technology report 2016. Ouranos Geneva."},{"key":"9755_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawson, R., Alcock, C., Cooper, J., & Burgess, L. (2003). Factors affecting adoption of electronic commerce technologies by SMEs: An australian study. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development.","DOI":"10.1108\/14626000310489727"},{"issue":"3","key":"9755_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2007.04.001","volume":"44","author":"J Tan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tan, J., Tyler, K., & Manica, A. (2007). Business-to-business adoption of eCommerce in China. Information & Management, 44(3), 332\u2013351.","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"9755_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-013-9110-7","volume":"13","author":"I Sila","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sila, I. (2013). Factors affecting the adoption of B2B e-commerce technologies. Electronic Commerce Research, 13(2), 199\u2013236.","journal-title":"Electronic Commerce Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"9755_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-018-5945-5","volume":"103","author":"AN Khan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khan, A. N., & Ali, A. (2018). Factors affecting retailer\u2019s adopti on of mobile payment systems: A SEM-neural network modeling approach. Wireless Personal Communications, 103(3), 2529\u20132551.","journal-title":"Wireless Personal Communications"},{"key":"9755_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaynak, E., Tatoglu, E., & Kula, V. (2005). An analysis of the factors affecting the adoption of electronic commerce by SMEs: Evidence from an emerging market. International Marketing Review.","DOI":"10.1108\/02651330510630258"},{"issue":"5","key":"9755_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2016.04.018","volume":"36","author":"DK Maduku","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maduku, D. K., Mpinganjira, M., & Duh, H. (2016). Understanding mobile marketing adoption intention by south african SMEs: A multi-perspective framework. International Journal of Information Management, 36(5), 711\u2013723.","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"9755_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3390\/su10010247","volume":"10","author":"JM M\u00fcller","year":"2018","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, J. M., Kiel, D., & Voigt, K. I. (2018). What drives the implementation of industry 4.0? The role of opportunities and challenges in the context of sustainability. Sustainability, 10(1), 247.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"9755_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/23270012.2020.1852895","volume":"8","author":"H Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, H., Li, L., & Chen, Y. (2021). Explore success factors that impact artificial intelligence adoption on telecom industry in China. Journal of Management Analytics, 8(1), 36\u201368.","journal-title":"Journal of Management Analytics"},{"key":"9755_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pozzi, R., Rossi, T., & Secchi, R. (2021). Industry 4.0 technologies: Critical success factors for implementation and improvements in manufacturing companies. Production Planning & Control, 1\u201321.","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2021.1891481"},{"issue":"4","key":"9755_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/02681102.2017.1390437","volume":"25","author":"AM AlBar","year":"2019","unstructured":"AlBar, A. M., & Hoque, M. R. (2019). Factors affecting the adoption of information and communication technology in small and medium enterprises: A perspective from rural Saudi Arabia. Inf Technol Dev, 25(4), 715\u2013738.","journal-title":"Inf Technol Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"9755_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215824401986885","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244019868858","volume":"9","author":"Q Farooq","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farooq, Q., Fu, P., Ahmad, S., Zhang, Y., & Hao, Y. (2019). Assessing human factor in the adoption of computer-based information systems as the internal corporate social responsibility. Sage Open, 9(3), 2158244019868858.","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"key":"9755_CR20","unstructured":"Patuwo, B. E., & Hu, M. Y. (1998). The human factor in advanced manufacturing technology adoption: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Operations & Production Management."},{"issue":"3","key":"9755_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1300\/J046v18n03_03","volume":"18","author":"J Richards","year":"2006","unstructured":"Richards, J., & Shen, D. (2006). E-commerce adoption among chinese consumers: An exploratory study. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 18(3), 33\u201355.","journal-title":"Journal of International Consumer Marketing"},{"issue":"2","key":"9755_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.15415\/jtmge.2011.22009","volume":"2","author":"SK Jain","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jain, S. K., & Jain, M. (2011). Exploring impact of consumer and product characteristics on e-commerce adoption: A study of consumers in India. Journal of Technology Management for Growing Economies, 2(2), 35\u201364.","journal-title":"Journal of Technology Management for Growing Economies"},{"key":"9755_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soeng, R., Cuyvers, L., & Soeung, M. (2019). E-commerce development and internet banking adoption in Cambodia. Developing the Digital Economy in ASEAN (pp. 176\u2013199). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429504853-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"9755_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2008.11.006","volume":"8","author":"MC Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee, M. C. (2009). Factors influencing the adoption of internet banking: An integration of TAM and TPB with perceived risk and perceived benefit. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 8(3), 130\u2013141.","journal-title":"Electronic Commerce Research and Applications"},{"key":"9755_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., & Xie, W. (2012). A strategic framework for determining e-commerce adoption. Journal of Technology Management in China.","DOI":"10.1108\/17468771211207321"},{"key":"9755_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, J., & Sun, X. (2010). A conceptual model of factors affecting e-commerce adoption by SMEs in China. 2010 International Conference on Management of E-Commerce and e-Government, 172\u2013175.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMeCG.2010.43"},{"issue":"2","key":"9755_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/08276331.2019.1616256","volume":"32","author":"L Bollweg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bollweg, L., Lackes, R., Siepermann, M., & Weber, P. (2020). Drivers and barriers of the digitalization of local owner operated retail outlets. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 32(2), 173\u2013201.","journal-title":"Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship"},{"issue":"1","key":"9755_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1108\/17410390910932803","volume":"22","author":"A Scupola","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scupola, A. (2009). SMEs\u2019e-commerce adoption: Perspectives from Denmark and Australia. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 22(1), 152\u2013166.","journal-title":"Journal of Enterprise Information Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"9755_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00111-3","volume":"59","author":"MS Featherman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Featherman, M. S., & Pavlou, P. A. (2003). Predicting e-services adoption: A perceived risk facets perspective. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 59(4), 451\u2013474.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"9755_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2017.08.004","volume":"70","author":"SM Ho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ho, S. M., Ocasio-Vel\u00e1zquez, M., & Booth, C. (2017). Trust or consequences? Causal effects of perceived risk and subjective norms on cloud technology adoption. Computers & Security, 70, 581\u2013595.","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"issue":"1","key":"9755_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20750","volume":"29","author":"J Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park, J., Amendah, E., Lee, Y., & Hyun, H. (2019). M-payment service: Interplay of perceived risk, benefit, and trust in service adoption. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 29(1), 31\u201343.","journal-title":"Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries"},{"issue":"1","key":"9755_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2013.06.002","volume":"34","author":"C Martins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martins, C., Oliveira, T., & Popovi\u010d, A. (2014). Understanding the internet banking adoption: A unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application. International Journal of Information Management, 34(1), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"9755_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-012-9090-z","volume":"12","author":"P Hanafizadeh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hanafizadeh, P., & Khedmatgozar, H. R. (2012). The mediating role of the dimensions of the perceived risk in the effect of customers\u2019 awareness on the adoption of internet banking in Iran. Electronic Commerce Research, 12, 151\u2013175.","journal-title":"Electronic Commerce Research"},{"key":"9755_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2013.06.014","volume":"97","author":"BL Barham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barham, B. L., Chavas, J. P., Fitz, D., Salas, V. R., & Schechter, L. (2014). The roles of risk and ambiguity in technology adoption. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 97, 204\u2013218.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization"},{"key":"9755_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, W., Shen, J., Hogarth, N. J., & Chen, Q. (2021). Risk preferences significantly affect household investment in timber forestry: Empirical evidence from Fujian, China. Forest Policy and Economics, 125, 102421. [31] J. P. Wu and Q. Cui, \u201cThe evolution of retail channels in China since 2000,\u201d J. Inter-Organizational Relationships, vol.\u00a027, no. 1\u20132, pp.\u00a038\u201352, 2021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forpol.2021.102421"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9755_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/1046669X.2021.1885243","volume":"27","author":"JP Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, J. P., & Cui, Q. (2021). The evolution of retail channels in China since 2000. Journal of Inter-Organizational Relationships, 27(1\u20132), 38\u201352.","journal-title":"Journal of Inter-Organizational Relationships"},{"issue":"1","key":"9755_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2007.03.005","volume":"45","author":"I Im","year":"2008","unstructured":"Im, I., Kim, Y., & Han, H. J. (2008). The effects of perceived risk and technology type on users\u2019 acceptance of technologies. Information & Management, 45(1), 1\u20139.","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"key":"9755_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.05.044","volume":"105","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Gu, J., Wang, S., & Wang, J. (2019). Understanding consumers\u2019 willingness to use ride-sharing services: The roles of perceived value and perceived risk. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 105, 504\u2013519.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"issue":"8","key":"9755_CR39","first-page":"3249","volume":"31","author":"J Hwang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hwang, J., & Choe, J. Y. (2019). Exploring perceived risk in building successful drone food delivery services. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(8), 3249\u20133269.","journal-title":"International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management"},{"key":"9755_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2016.12.008","volume":"151","author":"E Ert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ert, E., & Haruvy, E. (2017). Revisiting risk aversion: Can risk preferences change with experience? Economics Letters, 151, 91\u201395.","journal-title":"Economics Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"9755_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.414","volume":"15","author":"EU Weber","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weber, E. U., Blais, A. R., & Betz, N. E. (2002). A domain-specific risk\u2010attitude scale: Measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 15(4), 263\u2013290.","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making"},{"issue":"2","key":"9755_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.43.2.123","volume":"43","author":"EU Weber","year":"1997","unstructured":"Weber, E. U., & Milliman, R. A. (1997). Perceived risk attitudes: Relating risk perception to risky choice. Management Science, 43(2), 123\u2013144.","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"9755_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828053828545","volume":"95","author":"BM Feldstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Feldstein, B. M. (2005). Rethinking Social Insurance. The American Economic Review, 95(1), 1\u201324.","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"key":"9755_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cottle Hunt, E., & Caliendo, F. N. (2022). Social security and risk sharing: A survey of four decades of economic analysis. Journal of Economic Surveys.","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12492"},{"key":"9755_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2013.07.003","volume":"27","author":"J Rickne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rickne, J. (2013). Labor market conditions and social insurance in China. China Economic Review, 27, 52\u201368.","journal-title":"China Economic Review"},{"key":"9755_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, X., Zhang, C., & Zhao, Y. (2013). Incentive problems in China\u2019s new rural pension program. Labor market issues in China (37 vol., pp. 181\u2013201). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1108\/S0147-9121(2013)0000037010"},{"issue":"4","key":"9755_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2012.03.001","volume":"33","author":"G Van de Venter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van de Venter, G., Michayluk, D., & Davey, G. (2012). A longitudinal study of financial risk tolerance. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(4), 794\u2013800.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9755_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2554","volume":"33","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Su, A., Liu, X., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Social health insurance vs private health insurance in China: Revisit crowd-out effect based on a multiple mediation analysis. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 33(4), 996\u20131012.","journal-title":"The International Journal of Health Planning and Management"},{"key":"9755_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2019.06.003","volume":"60","author":"M Eliason","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eliason, M., Johansson, P., & Nilsson, M. (2019). Forward-looking moral hazard in social insurance. Labour Economics, 60, 84\u201398.","journal-title":"Labour Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"9755_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(83)90056-7","volume":"22","author":"MD Whinston","year":"1983","unstructured":"Whinston, M. D. (1983). Moral hazard, adverse selection, and the optimal provision of social insurance. Journal of Public Economics, 22(1), 49\u201371.","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"key":"9755_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126656","volume":"297","author":"W Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, W., Qi, J., Arif, M., Liu, M., & Lu, Y. (2021). Impact of information acquisition on farmers\u2019 willingness to recycle plastic mulch film residues in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 297, 126656.","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"5","key":"9755_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e09500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09500","volume":"8","author":"GM Kanyenji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kanyenji, G. M., Oluoch-Kosura, W., Onyango, C. M., & Karanja Ng\u2019ang\u2019a, S. (2022). Does the adoption of soil carbon enhancing practices translate to increased farm yields? A case of maize yield from western Kenya. Heliyon, 8(5), e09500.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"4","key":"9755_CR53","first-page":"32","volume":"1","author":"DF Cox","year":"1964","unstructured":"Cox, D. F., & Rich, S. U. (1964). Perceived risk and consumer decision-making\u2014the case of telephone shopping. Journal of Marketing Research, 1(4), 32\u201339.","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"9755_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-021-00856-0","volume":"8","author":"R Albrecht","year":"2021","unstructured":"Albrecht, R., Jarecki, J. B., Meier, D. S., & Rieskamp, J. (2021). Risk preferences and risk perception affect the acceptance of digital contact tracing. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 1\u20139.","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"9755_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5940","volume":"33","author":"PS Boonstra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boonstra, P. S., Bondarenko, I., Park, S. K., Vokonas, P. S., & Mukherjee, B. (2014). Propensity score-based diagnostics for categorical response regression models. Statistics in Medicine, 33(3), 455\u2013469.","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"9755_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgette, L., Griffin, B. A., & McCaffrey, D. (2017). Propensity scores for multiple treatments: A tutorial for the mnps function in the twang package. R Package. Rand Corporation.","DOI":"10.7249\/TL136.2"},{"key":"9755_CR57","unstructured":"Schoemaker, P. J. (1982). The expected utility model: Its variants, purposes, evidence and limitations. Journal of Economic Literature, 529\u2013563."},{"key":"9755_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harless, D. W., & Camerer, C. F. (1994). The predictive utility of generalized expected utility theories. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1251\u20131289.","DOI":"10.2307\/2951749"},{"issue":"4","key":"9755_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022994314982","volume":"14","author":"JE Grable","year":"2000","unstructured":"Grable, J. E. (2000). Financial risk tolerance and additional factors that affect risk taking in everyday money matters. Journal of Business and Psychology, 14(4), 625\u2013630.","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Psychology"},{"key":"9755_CR60","unstructured":"Guo, F., Kong, T., Wang, J. Y., Zhang, X., Cheng, Z. Y., Ruan, F. Y., Sun, T., & Wang, F. (2016). The index system and compilation of Chinese digital inclusive finance. Working paper of Institute of Digital Finance, Peking University."},{"key":"9755_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2019.09.027","volume":"86","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, J., Wu, Y., & Xiao, J. J. (2020). The impact of digital finance on household consumption: Evidence from China. Economic Modelling, 86, 317\u2013326.","journal-title":"Economic Modelling"},{"issue":"1","key":"9755_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1681-4835.2007.tb00213.x","volume":"31","author":"FME Uzoka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Uzoka, F. M. E., Shemi, A. P., & Seleka, G. G. (2007). Behavioral influences on e-commerce adoption in a developing country context. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 31(1), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries"},{"issue":"6","key":"9755_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2014.989996","volume":"51","author":"PS Ward","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ward, P. S., & Singh, V. (2015). Using field experiments to elicit risk and ambiguity preferences: Behavioural factors and the adoption of new agricultural technologies in rural India. The Journal of Development Studies, 51(6), 707\u2013724.","journal-title":"The Journal of Development Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"9755_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/0268396022000018409","volume":"17","author":"EM Daniel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Daniel, E. M., & Grimshaw, D. J. (2002). An exploratory comparison of electronic commerce adoption in large and small enterprises. Journal of Information Technology, 17(3), 133\u2013147.","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9755_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2016.1160286","volume":"35","author":"S Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu, S., & Chen, J. (2016). E-commerce use in urbanising China: The role of normative social influence. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35(5), 357\u2013367.","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9755_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/17544750.2019.1609539","volume":"12","author":"C Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, C., & Wang, L. (2019). Does national broadband plan narrow regional digital divide? Evidence from China. Chinese Journal of Communication, 12(4), 449\u2013466.","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Communication"},{"key":"9755_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2017.04.009","volume":"49","author":"X Shi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shi, X., & Yan, Z. (2018). Urbanization and risk preference in China: A decomposition of self-selection and assimilation effects. China Economic Review, 49, 210\u2013228.","journal-title":"China Economic Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"9755_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1177\/17480485211029019","volume":"83","author":"P Yan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yan, P. (2021). Fed with the wrong stuff\u2019: Information overload (?) And the everyday use of the internet in rural and urban China. International Communication Gazette, 83(5), 404\u2013427.","journal-title":"International Communication Gazette"},{"issue":"1","key":"9755_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1681-4835.2009.tb00253.x","volume":"36","author":"MWL Fong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fong, M. W. L. (2009). Digital divide between urban and rural regions in China. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 36(1), 1\u201312.","journal-title":"The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries"}],"container-title":["Electronic Commerce Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10660-023-09755-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10660-023-09755-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10660-023-09755-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T09:02:42Z","timestamp":1748941362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10660-023-09755-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10660-023-09755-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-5753","1572-9362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-5753","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 August 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}