{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:03:41Z","timestamp":1791176621576,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,11]],"date-time":"2013-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386720000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Empir Software Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-013-9289-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,10]],"date-time":"2013-12-10T07:37:56Z","timestamp":1386661076000},"page":"1335-1382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["An empirical study on the impact of static typing on software maintainability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Hanenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Kleinschmager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Robbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9ric","family":"Tanter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Stefik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"9289_CR1","volume-title":"Foundations of object-oriented languages: types and semantics","author":"KB Bruce","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bruce KB (2002) Foundations of object-oriented languages: types and semantics. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"9289_CR2","volume-title":"An introduction to functional programming","author":"R Bird","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bird R, Wadler P (1988) An introduction to functional programming. Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd., Hertfordshire"},{"key":"9289_CR3","first-page":"2208","volume-title":"The computer science and engineering handbook, chap 103","author":"L Cardelli","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cardelli L (1997) Type systems. In: Tucker AB (ed) The computer science and engineering handbook, chap 103. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 2208\u20132236"},{"issue":"6","key":"9289_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-012-9203-2","volume":"18","author":"O Calla\u00fa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calla\u00fa O, Robbes R, Tanter \u00c9, R\u00f6thlisberger D (2013) How (and Why) developers use the dynamic features of programming languages: the case of small talk. Empir Softw Eng 18(6):1156\u20131194","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"9289_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-70536-5.50009-9","volume-title":"Handbook of human-computer interaction","author":"B Curtis","year":"1988","unstructured":"Curtis B (1988) Five paradigms in the psychology of programming. In: Helander M (ed) Handbook of human-computer interaction. Elsevier, North-Holland, pp 87\u2013106"},{"key":"9289_CR6","unstructured":"Daly MT, Sazawal V, Foster JS (2009) Work in progress: an empirical study of static typing in ruby. Workshop on evaluation and usability of programming languages and tools (PLATEAU). Orlando, Florida, October 2009"},{"key":"9289_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denny P, Luxton-Reilly A, Tempero E (2012) All syntax errors are not equal. In: Proceedings of the 17th ACM annual conference on innovation and technology in computer science education, ITiCSE \u201912. ACM, New York, pp 75\u201380","DOI":"10.1145\/2325296.2325318"},{"key":"9289_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endrikat S, Hanenberg S (2011) Is aspect-oriented programming a rewarding investment into future code changes? A socio-technical study on development and maintenance time. In: The 19th IEEE international conference on program comprehension, ICPC 2011, Kingston, ON, Canada, June 22\u201324, 2011, pp 51\u201360","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC.2011.46"},{"key":"9289_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feigenspan J, K\u00e4stner C, Liebig J, Apel S, Hanenberg S (2012) Measuring programming experience. In: IEEE 20th international conference on program comprehension, ICPC 2012, Passau, Germany, June 11\u201313, 2012. ICPC\u201912, pp 73\u201382","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC.2012.6240511"},{"issue":"8","key":"9289_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1145\/359763.359800","volume":"20","author":"JD Gannon","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gannon JD (1977) An experimental evaluation of data type conventions. Commun ACM 20(8):584\u2013595","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"issue":"4","key":"9289_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1145\/355137.355142","volume":"11","author":"E Gat","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gat E (2000) Point of view: LISP as an alternative to Java. Intelligence 11(4):21\u201324","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"9289_CR12","unstructured":"Gravetter FJ, Wallnau LB (2009) Statistics for the behavioral sciences. Wadsworth Cengage Learning"},{"key":"9289_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanenberg S (2010) An experiment about static and dynamic type systems: doubts about the positive impact of static type systems on development time. In: Proceedings of the ACM international conference on object oriented programming systems languages and applications, OOPSLA \u201910. ACM, New York, pp 22\u201335","DOI":"10.1145\/1869459.1869462"},{"key":"9289_CR14","unstructured":"Hanenberg S (2011) A chronological experience report from an initial experiment series on static type systems. In: 2nd workshop on empirical evaluation of software composition techniques (ESCOT). Lancaster"},{"key":"9289_CR15","unstructured":"Hudak P, Jones MP (1994) Haskell vs. ada vs. c++ vs. awk vs.... an experiment in software prototyping productivity. Technical report"},{"key":"9289_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanenberg S, Kleinschmager S, Josupeit-Walter M (2009) Does aspect-oriented programming increase the development speed for crosscutting code? An empirical study. In: Proceedings of the 2009 3rd international symposium on empirical software engineering and measurement, ESEM \u201909, Lake Buena Vista. IEEE Computer Society, Florida, pp 156\u2013167","DOI":"10.1109\/ESEM.2009.5316028"},{"issue":"3","key":"9289_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026586415054","volume":"5","author":"M H\u00f6st","year":"2000","unstructured":"H\u00f6st M, Regnell B, Wohlin C (2000) Using students as subjects\u2014a comparative study of students and professionals in lead-time impact assessment. Empir Softw Eng 5(3):201\u2013214","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"9289_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juristo N, Moreno AM (2001) Basics of software engineering experimentation. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3304-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"9289_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-010-9141-9","volume":"16","author":"NJ Juzgado","year":"2011","unstructured":"Juzgado NJ, Vegas S (2011) The role of non-exact replications in software engineering experiments. Empir Softw Eng 16(3):295\u2013324","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"9289_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitchenham B, Al-Khilidar H, Ali Babar M, Berry M, Cox K, Keung J, Kurniawati F, Staples M, Zhang H, Zhu L (2006) Evaluating guidelines for empirical software engineering studies. In: ISESE \u201906: proceedings of the 2006 ACM\/IEEE international symposium on Empirical software engineering. ACM, New York, pp 38\u201347","DOI":"10.1145\/1159733.1159742"},{"key":"9289_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinschmager S, Hanenberg S, Robbes R, Tanter \u00c9, Stefik A (2012) Do static type systems improve the maintainability of software systems? An empirical study. In: IEEE 20th international conference on program comprehension, ICPC 2012, Passau, Germany, June 11\u201313, 2012, pp 153\u2013162","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC.2012.6240483"},{"key":"9289_CR22","unstructured":"Kleinschmager S (2011) An empirical study using Java and Groovy about the impact of static type systems on developer performance when using and adapting software systems. Master thesis at the institute for computer science and business information systems, University of Duisburg-Essen"},{"issue":"12","key":"9289_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2006.116","volume":"32","author":"AJ Ko","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ko AJ, Myers BA, Coblenz MJ, Aung HH (2006) An exploratory study of how developers seek, relate, and collect relevant information during software maintenance tasks. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 32(12):971\u2013987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Softw Eng"},{"key":"9289_CR24","unstructured":"McConnell S (2010) What does 10x mean? Measuring variations in programmer productivity. In: Oram A, Wilson G (eds) Making software: what really works, and why we believe it, O\u2019Reilly series. O\u2019Reilly Media, pp 567\u2013575"},{"key":"9289_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer C, Hanenberg S, Robbes R, Tanter \u00c9, Stefik A (2012) An empirical study of the influence of static type systems on the usability of undocumented software. In: ACM SIGPLAN conference on object-oriented programming systems and applications, OOPSLA \u201912","DOI":"10.1145\/2384616.2384666"},{"key":"9289_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nierstrasz O, Bergel A, Denker M, Ducasse S, G\u00e4lli M, Wuyts R (2005) On the revival of dynamic languages. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on software composition, SC\u201905. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 1\u201313","DOI":"10.1007\/11550679_1"},{"key":"9289_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02249052","volume":"1","author":"SL Pfleeger","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pfleeger SL (1995) Experimental design and analysis in software engineering. Ann Softw Eng 1:219\u2013253","journal-title":"Ann Softw Eng"},{"key":"9289_CR28","volume-title":"Types and programming languages","author":"BC Pierce","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pierce BC (2002) Types and programming languages. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"9289_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1109\/2.876288","volume":"33","author":"L Prechelt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Prechelt L (2000) An empirical comparison of seven programming languages, IEEE computer (33). Computer 33:23\u201329","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"9289_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59463-2","volume-title":"Kontrollierte experimente in der softwaretechnik","author":"L Prechelt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Prechelt L (2001) Kontrollierte experimente in der softwaretechnik. Springer, Berlin"},{"issue":"4","key":"9289_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1109\/32.677186","volume":"24","author":"L Prechelt","year":"1998","unstructured":"Prechelt L, Tichy WF (1998) A controlled experiment to assess the benefits of procedure argument type checking. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 24(4):302\u2013312","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Softw Eng"},{"key":"9289_CR32","unstructured":"Richards G, Hammer C, Burg B, Vitek J (2011) The eval that men do - a large-scale study of the use of eval in javascript applications. In: ECOOP 2011 - object-oriented programming - 25th European conference, Lancaster, UK, July 25\u201329, 2011 Proceedings, pp 52\u201378"},{"key":"9289_CR33","unstructured":"Rosenthal R, Rosnow R (2008) Essentials of behavioral research: methods and data analysis. McGraw-Hill higher education. McGraw-Hill Companies, Incorporated"},{"key":"9289_CR34","unstructured":"Steinberg M, Hanenberg S (2012) What is the impact of static type systems on debugging type errors and semantic errors? An empirical study of differences in debugging time using statically and dynamically typed languages - unpublished work in progress"},{"key":"9289_CR35","unstructured":"Stuchlik A, Hanenberg S (2011) Static vs. dynamic type systems: an empirical study about the relationship between type casts and development time. In: Proceedings of the 7th symposium on dynamic languages, DLS 2011, October 24, 2011, Portland, OR, USA. ACM, pp 97\u2013106"},{"issue":"9","key":"9289_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2005.97","volume":"31","author":"DIK Sj\u00f8berg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sj\u00f8berg DIK, Hannay JE, Hansen O, Kampenes VB, Karahasanovi\u0107 A, Liborg N-L, Rekdal AC (2005) A survey of controlled experiments in software engineering. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 31(9):733\u2013753","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Softw Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"9289_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009844119158","volume":"5","author":"WF Tichy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tichy WF (2000) Hints for reviewing empirical work in software engineering. Empir Softw Eng 5(4):309\u2013312","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"9289_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2458(09)01205-4","volume":"77","author":"L Tratt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tratt L (2009) Dynamically typed languages. Adv Comput 77:149\u2013184","journal-title":"Adv Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"9289_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2005.10.006","volume":"60","author":"A van Deursen","year":"2006","unstructured":"van Deursen A, Moonen L (2006) Documenting software systems using types. Sci Comput Program 60(2):205\u2013220","journal-title":"Sci Comput Program"},{"key":"9289_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4625-2","volume-title":"Experimentation in software engineering: an introduction","author":"C Wohlin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wohlin C, Runeson P, H\u00f6st M, Ohlsson MC, Regnell B, Wessl\u00e9n A (2000) Experimentation in software engineering: an introduction. Kluwer, Norwell"}],"container-title":["Empirical Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10664-013-9289-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10664-013-9289-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10664-013-9289-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,4]],"date-time":"2019-08-04T18:54:00Z","timestamp":1564944840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10664-013-9289-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["9289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10664-013-9289-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1382-3256","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7616","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,11]]}}}