{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T11:18:13Z","timestamp":1762341493081,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT-MCTES SFRH\/BD\/108492\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-MCTES SFRH\/BD\/108492\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/CEC\/04516\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CEC\/04516\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Empir Software Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-020-09883-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T15:03:47Z","timestamp":1600441427000},"page":"5416-5453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Are there gender differences when interacting with social goal models?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3622-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Gralha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Goul\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"9883_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410602817","volume-title":"Psychophysiology: human behavior & physiological response","author":"JL Andreassi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Andreassi JL (2013) Psychophysiology: human behavior & physiological response. Psychology Press, London"},{"issue":"7","key":"9883_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.835","volume":"41","author":"M Appel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Appel M, Kronberger N, Aronson J (2011) Stereotype threat impairs ability building: Effects on test preparation among women in science and technology. Eur J Soc Psychol 41(7):904\u2013913","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9883_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1109\/32.6156","volume":"14","author":"VR Basili","year":"1988","unstructured":"Basili VR, Rombach HD (1988) The TAME project: Towards improvement-oriented software environments. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 14(6):758\u2013773","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Softw Eng"},{"key":"9883_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckwith L, Burnett M, Wiedenbeck S, Cook C, Sorte S, Hastings M (2005) Effectiveness of end-user debugging software features: are there gender issues?. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, ACM, pp 869\u2013878","DOI":"10.1145\/1054972.1055094"},{"key":"9883_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckwith L, Kissinger C, Burnett M, Wiedenbeck S, Lawrance J, Blackwell A, Cook C (2006) Tinkering and gender in end-user programmers\u2019 debugging. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, ACM, pp 231\u2013240","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124808"},{"key":"9883_CR6","unstructured":"BioSignalsPlux Wristband (2020) BioSignalsPlus Wearables. https:\/\/biosignalsplux.com\/. (Last access: May, 2020)"},{"key":"9883_CR7","unstructured":"BITalino (2020) BITalino - Biomedical Equipement Low-cost Toolkit. http:\/\/bitalino.com\/. (Last access: May, 2020)"},{"key":"9883_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnett M, Counts R, Lawrence R, Hanson H (2017) Gender hci and microsoft: Highlights from a longitudinal study. In: 2017 IEEE symposium on visual languages and human-centric computing (VL\/HCC), IEEE, pp 139\u2013143","DOI":"10.1109\/VLHCC.2017.8103461"},{"key":"9883_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnett M, Fleming SD, Iqbal S, Venolia G, Rajaram V, Farooq U, Grigoreanu V, Czerwinski M (2010) Gender differences and programming environments: across programming populations. In: Proceedings of the 2010 ACM-IEEE international symposium on empirical software engineering and measurement, pp 1\u201310","DOI":"10.1145\/1852786.1852824"},{"key":"9883_CR10","unstructured":"Burnett M, Horvath A, Oleson A (2020) Gendermag personas foundations document. http:\/\/eusesconsortium.org\/gender\/GenderMagPersona-FoundationDocuments\/Foundations.html"},{"issue":"6","key":"9883_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwv046","volume":"28","author":"M Burnett","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burnett M, Stumpf S, Macbeth J, Makri S, Beckwith L, Kwan I, Peters A, Jernigan W (2016) Gendermag: A method for evaluating software\u2019s gender inclusiveness. Interact Comput 28(6):760\u2013787","journal-title":"Interact Comput"},{"issue":"5","key":"9883_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2011.06.004","volume":"23","author":"MM Burnett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burnett MM, Beckwith L, Wiedenbeck S, Fleming SD, Cao J, Park TH, Grigoreanu V, Rector K (2011) Gender pluralism in problem-solving software. Interact Comput 23(5):450\u2013460","journal-title":"Interact Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"9883_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.3.367","volume":"125","author":"JP Byrnes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Byrnes JP, Miller DC, Schafer WD (1999) Gender differences in risk taking: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 125(3):367","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"9883_CR14","volume-title":"Gender differences in information processing: a selectivity interpretation. Cognitive and affective responses to advertising","author":"P Cafferata","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cafferata P, Tybout AM (1989) Gender differences in information processing: a selectivity interpretation. Cognitive and affective responses to advertising. Lexington Books, Lanham"},{"issue":"8","key":"9883_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2013.03.106","volume":"86","author":"NE Cagiltay","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cagiltay NE, Tokdemir G, Kilic O, Topalli D (2013) Performing and analyzing non-formal inspections of entity relationship diagram (erd). J Syst Softw 86(8):2184\u20132195","journal-title":"J Syst Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"9883_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.1.113","volume":"41","author":"A Cao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cao A, Chintamani KK, Pandya AK, Ellis RD (2009) NASA TLX: Software for assessing subjective mental workload. Behav Res Methods 41 (1):113\u2013117","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"9883_CR17","volume-title":"Physiology of Behavior","author":"NR Carlson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carlson NR (2019) Physiology of Behavior, 12th edn. Pearson, London","edition":"12th edn."},{"issue":"1","key":"9883_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2011.06.007","volume":"83","author":"G Charness","year":"2012","unstructured":"Charness G, Gneezy U (2012) Strong evidence for gender differences in risk taking. J Econ Behav Organ 83(1):50\u201358","journal-title":"J Econ Behav Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9883_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","volume":"112","author":"J Cohen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cohen J (1992) A power primer. Psychol Bull 112(1):155","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"9883_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/2.48797","volume":"23","author":"ME Crosby","year":"1990","unstructured":"Crosby ME, Stelovsky J (1990) How do we read algorithms? a case study. Computer 23(1):25\u201335","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"9883_CR21","unstructured":"Dalpiaz F, Franch X, Horkoff J (2016) iStar 2.0 language guide arXiv:1605.07767v3"},{"issue":"2","key":"9883_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(00)00085-4","volume":"37","author":"RK Dishman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dishman RK, Nakamura Y, Garcia ME, Thompson RW, Dunn AL, Blair SN (2000) Heart rate variability, trait anxiety, and perceived stress among physically fit men and women. Int J Psychophysiol 37(2):121\u2013133","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9883_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4774.2011.01015.x","volume":"9","author":"T Dohmen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dohmen T, Falk A, Huffman D, Sunde U, Schupp J, Wagner GG (2011) Individual risk attitudes: Measurement, determinants, and behavioral consequences. J Eur Econ Assoc 9(3):522\u2013550","journal-title":"J Eur Econ Assoc"},{"key":"9883_CR24","unstructured":"Duchowski A (2007) Eye tracking methodology: Theory and practice, vol 373, Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin"},{"issue":"5","key":"9883_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(02)00006-7","volume":"18","author":"A Durndell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Durndell A, Haag Z (2002) Computer self efficacy, computer anxiety, attitudes towards the internet and reported experience with the internet, by gender, in an east european sample. Comput Human Behav 18(5):521\u2013535","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"4616","key":"9883_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6612338","volume":"221","author":"P Ekman","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ekman P, Levenson RW, Friesen WV (1983) Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions. Science 221(4616):1208\u20131210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.6612338","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9883_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher A, Margolis J (2003) Unlocking the clubhouse: women in computing. In: Grissom S, Knox D, Joyce DT, Dann W (eds) Proceedings of the 34th SIGCSE technical symposium on computer science education, 2003, ACM, p 23","DOI":"10.1145\/611892.611896"},{"key":"9883_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher M, Cox A, Zhao L (2006) Using sex differences to link spatial cognition and program comprehension. In: 2006 22nd IEEE international conference on software maintenance, IEEE, pp 289\u2013298","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2006.72"},{"key":"9883_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritz T, Begel A, M\u00fcller SC, Yigit-Elliott S, Z\u00fcger M (2014) Using psycho-physiological measures to assess task difficulty in software development. In: Proceedings of the 36th international conference on software engineering, ACM, pp 402\u2013413","DOI":"10.1145\/2568225.2568266"},{"key":"9883_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galhotra S, Brun Y, Meliou A (2017) Fairness testing: testing software for discrimination. In: Proceedings of the 11th joint meeting on foundations of software engineering, ACM, pp 498\u2013510","DOI":"10.1145\/3106237.3106277"},{"issue":"6","key":"9883_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8141(98)00068-7","volume":"24","author":"JH Goldberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goldberg JH, Kotval XP (1999) Computer interface evaluation using eye movements: methods and constructs. Int J Ind Ergon 24(6):631\u2013645","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"key":"9883_CR32","unstructured":"Gralha C (2019) iStarLab Tool. http:\/\/microlina.github.io\/Framework\/tools\/iStarLab2.0\/ (Last access: May 2020)"},{"key":"9883_CR33","unstructured":"Gralha C (2019) Quality evaluation of requirements models: The case of goal models and scenarios. Ph.D. thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal"},{"key":"9883_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gralha C, Goul\u00e3o M, Ara\u00fajo J (2019) Analysing gender differences in building social goal models: a quasi-experiment. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 27th international requirements engineering conference (RE 2019), IEEE, pp 165\u2013176","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2019.00027"},{"key":"9883_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gralha C, Goul\u00e3o M, Ara\u00fajo J (2019) Are there gender differences when interacting with social goal models? Supplemental Material. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3819208 (Last access: May 2020)","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.3819208"},{"issue":"1","key":"9883_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1145\/2147783.2147788","volume":"19","author":"V Grigoreanu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grigoreanu V, Burnett M, Wiedenbeck S, Cao J, Rector K, Kwan I (2012) End-user debugging strategies: A sensemaking perspective. ACM Trans Comput Human Interact 19(1):5","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput Human Interact"},{"key":"9883_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haag A, Goronzy S, Schaich P, Williams J (2004) Emotion recognition using bio-sensors: First steps towards an automatic system. In: Proceedings of the tutorial and research workshop on affective dialogue system (ASD 2004). Springer, New York, pp 36\u201348, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-24842-2_4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24842-2_4"},{"key":"9883_CR38","unstructured":"Hancock PA, Chignell MH (1986) Toward a theory of mental workload: Stress and adaptability in human-machine systems. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics pp 378\u2013383"},{"key":"9883_CR39","volume-title":"Event-related potentials: A methods handbook","author":"TC Handy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Handy TC (2005) Event-related potentials: A methods handbook. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"9883_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hart SG (2006) Nasa-task load index (nasa-tlx); 20 years later. In: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting, vol 50. SAGE Publications, New York, pp 904\u2013908, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154193120605000909","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120605000909"},{"key":"9883_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9","volume":"52","author":"SG Hart","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hart SG, Staveland LE (1988) Development of nasa-tlx (task load index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. Adv Psychol 52:139\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9","journal-title":"Adv Psychol"},{"key":"9883_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1145\/903893.903933","volume":"46","author":"K Hartzel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hartzel K (2003) How self-efficacy and gender issues affect software adoption and use. Commun ACM 46:167\u2013171","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"9883_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou W, Kaur M, Komlodi A, Lutters WG, Boot L, Cotten SR, Morrell C, Ozok AA, Tufekci Z (2006) Girls don\u2019t waste time:pre-adolescent attitudes toward ICT. In: Olson GM, Jeffries R (eds) Extended abstracts proceedings of the 2006 conference on human factors in computing systems, CHI 2006, ACM, pp 875\u2013880","DOI":"10.1145\/1125451.1125622"},{"issue":"4","key":"9883_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.02.012","volume":"29","author":"AH Huffman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huffman AH, Whetten J, Huffman WH (2013) Using technology in higher education: the influence of gender roles on technology self-efficacy. Comput Hum Behav 29(4):1779\u20131786","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"9883_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ikutani Y, Uwano H (2014) Brain activity measurement during program comprehension with nirs. In: Proceedings of the 15th IEEE\/ACIS international conference on software engineering, artificial intelligence, networking and parallel\/distributed computing (SNPD 2014), IEEE, pp 1\u20136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SNPD.2014.6888727","DOI":"10.1109\/SNPD.2014.6888727"},{"key":"9883_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jernigan W, Horvath A, Lee M, Burnett M, Cuilty T, Kuttal S, Peters A, Kwan I, Bahmani F, Ko A (2015) A principled evaluation for a principled idea garden. In: IEEE Symposium on visual languages and human-centric computing, IEEE, pp 235\u2013243","DOI":"10.1109\/VLHCC.2015.7357222"},{"key":"9883_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitchenham B, Madeyski L, Brereton P (2019) Problems with statistical practice in human-centric software engineering experiments. In: Proceedings of the evaluation and assessment on software engineering, pp 134\u2013143","DOI":"10.1145\/3319008.3319009"},{"issue":"2","key":"9883_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-016-9437-5","volume":"22","author":"B Kitchenham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kitchenham B, Madeyski L, Budgen D, Keung J, Brereton P, Charters S, Gibbs S, Pohthong A (2017) Robust statistical methods for empirical software engineering. Empir Softw Eng 22(2):579\u2013630","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"9883_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramer AF (1991) Physiological metrics of mental workload: A review of recent progress. In: Damos DL (ed) Multiple-task performance. 1st edn. Taylor & francis, New York, pp 279\u2013328","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003069447-14"},{"key":"9883_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li M, Lu BL (2009) Emotion classification based on gamma-band eeg. In: Proceedings of the international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, IEEE, pp 1223\u20131226, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5334139","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5334139"},{"key":"9883_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2015.11.013","volume":"113","author":"A Luque-Casado","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luque-Casado A, Perales JC, C\u00e1rdenas D, Sanabria D (2016) Heart rate variability and cognitive processing: the autonomic response to task demands. Biol Psychol 113:83\u201390","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"9883_CR52","unstructured":"Martini FH, Bartholomew EF (2016) Essentials of anatomy and physiology, 7th edn., Pearson, London"},{"issue":"1","key":"9883_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2014.06.003","volume":"25","author":"J Meyers-Levy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meyers-Levy J, Loken B (2015) Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies ahead. J Consum Psychol 25(1):129\u2013149","journal-title":"J Consum Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9883_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1086\/209241","volume":"18","author":"J Meyers-Levy","year":"1991","unstructured":"Meyers-Levy J, Maheswaran D (1991) Exploring differences in males and females processing strategies. J Consum Res 18(1):63\u201370","journal-title":"J Consum Res"},{"key":"9883_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller SC, Fritz T (2015) Stuck and frustrated or in flow and happy: sensing developers\u2019 emotions and progress. In: 2015 IEEE\/ACM 37Th IEEE international conference on software engineering, IEEE, vol 1, pp 688\u2013699","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2015.334"},{"key":"9883_CR56","unstructured":"Murugappan M, Nagarajan R, Yaacob S (2009) Modified energy based time-frequency features for classifying human emotions using eeg. In: International conference on man-machine systems, pp 1\u20135"},{"key":"9883_CR57","unstructured":"Nasa (2020) TLX@NASA Ames - NASA TLX Paper\/Pencil Version. https:\/\/humansystems.arc.nasa.gov\/groups\/TLX\/tlxpaperpencil.php. (Last access: May)"},{"key":"9883_CR58","unstructured":"NeuroSky MindWave EEG headset (2020) EEG Sensors - EEG Headsets NeuroSky MindWave. http:\/\/neurosky.com\/biosensors\/eeg-sensor\/biosensors\/. (Last access: May, 2020)"},{"key":"9883_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nourbakhsh N, Wang Y, Chen F, Calvo RA (2012) Using galvanic skin response for cognitive load measurement in arithmetic and reading tasks. In: Proceedings of the 24th Australian computer-human interaction conference, ACM, pp 420\u2013423","DOI":"10.1145\/2414536.2414602"},{"key":"9883_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1099-1123.2001.00328.x","volume":"5","author":"E O\u2019Donnell","year":"2001","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell E, Johnson E (2001) Gender effects on processing effort during analytical procedures. Int J Auditing 5:91\u2013105","journal-title":"Int J Auditing"},{"issue":"4","key":"9883_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089303500412","volume":"35","author":"FGWC Paas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Paas FGWC, Van Merri\u00ebnboer JJG (1993) The efficiency of instructional conditions: an approach to combine mental effort and performance measures. Human Factors J Human Factors Ergonom Soc 35(4):737\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872089303500412","journal-title":"Human Factors J Human Factors Ergonom Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"9883_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02213420","volume":"6","author":"FGWC Paas","year":"1994","unstructured":"Paas FGWC, Van Merri\u00ebnboer JJG (1994) Instructional control of cognitive load in the training of complex cognitive tasks. Educ Psychol Rev 6(4):351\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02213420","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"9883_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.86.2.193","volume":"86","author":"F Pajares","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pajares F, Miller MD (1994) Role of self-efficacy and self-concept beliefs in mathematical problem solving: a path analysis. J Educ Psychol 86(2):193","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"9883_CR64","unstructured":"Pereira R (2020) Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da qualidade de user stories. Master\u2019s thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal"},{"key":"9883_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petrusel R, Mendling J (2013) Eye-tracking the factors of process model comprehension tasks. In: Proceedings of the 25th international conference on advanced information systems engineering, pp 224\u2013239, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-38709-8_15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38709-8_15"},{"key":"9883_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pimentel J, Castro J (2018) Pistar tool \u2013 a pluggable online tool for goal modeling. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international requirements engineering conference (RE 2018), IEEE, pp 498\u2013499, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RE.2018.00071","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2018.00071"},{"key":"9883_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-562-7.ch034","volume":"1","author":"A Poole","year":"2006","unstructured":"Poole A, Ball LJ (2006) Eye tracking in HCI and usability research. Encyclopedia Human Comput Interact 1:211\u2013219","journal-title":"Encyclopedia Human Comput Interact"},{"issue":"5","key":"9883_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-009-9125-9","volume":"15","author":"GC Porras","year":"2010","unstructured":"Porras GC, Gu\u00e9h\u00e9neuc YG (2010) An empirical study on the efficiency of different design pattern representations in uml class diagrams. Empir Softw Eng 15(5):493\u2013522","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"9883_CR69","unstructured":"Radach R, Hyona J, Deubel H (2003) The Mind\u2019s eye: Cognitive and applied aspects of eye movement research, 1st edn., Elsevier, New York"},{"issue":"3","key":"9883_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372","volume":"124","author":"K Rayner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rayner K (1998) Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychol Bull 124(3):372\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"9883_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosner D, Bean J (2009) Learning from ikea hacking: i\u2019m not one to decoupage a tabletop and call it a day. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp 419\u2013422","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518768"},{"key":"9883_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118181034","volume-title":"Case study research in software engineering: Guidelines and examples","author":"P Runeson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Runeson P, Host M, Rainer A, Regnell B (2012) Case study research in software engineering: Guidelines and examples. Wiley, New York"},{"key":"9883_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos M, Gralha C, Goul\u00e3o M, Araujo J, Moreira A (2018) On the impact of semantic transparency on understanding and reviewing social goal models. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 26th international requirements engineering conference (RE 2018), IEEE, pp 228\u2013239","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2018.00031"},{"key":"9883_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos M, Gralha C, Goul\u00e3o M, Ara\u00fajo J, Moreira A, Cambeiro J (2016) What is the impact of bad layout in the understandability of social goal models?. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 24th international requirements engineering conference (RE 2016), IEEE, pp 206\u2013215","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2016.51"},{"key":"9883_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharafi Z, Marchetto A, Susi A, Antoniol G, Gu\u00e9h\u00e9neuc YG (2013) An empirical study on the efficiency of graphical vs. textual representations in requirements comprehension. In: Proceedings of the 21st international conference on program comprehension, IEEE, pp 33\u201342","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC.2013.6613831"},{"key":"9883_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharafi Z, Shaffer T, Sharif B, et al. (2015) Eye-tracking metrics in software engineering. In: 2015 Asia-pacific software engineering conference (APSEC), IEEE, pp 96\u2013103","DOI":"10.1109\/APSEC.2015.53"},{"key":"9883_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2015.06.008","volume":"67","author":"Z Sharafi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharafi Z, Soh Z, Gu\u00e9h\u00e9neuc YG (2015) A systematic literature review on the usage of eye-tracking in software engineering. Inf Softw Technol 67:79\u2013107","journal-title":"Inf Softw Technol"},{"key":"9883_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharafi Z, Soh Z, Gu\u00e9h\u00e9neuc YG, Antoniol G (2012) Women and men \u2013 different but equal: on the impact of identifier style on source code reading. In: 20th IEEE international conference on program comprehension (ICPC), IEEE, pp 27\u201336","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC.2012.6240505"},{"key":"9883_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharif B (2011) Empirical assessment of uml class diagram layouts based on architectural importance. In: Proceeding of the 27th international conference on software maintenance, IEEE, pp 544\u2013549, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSM.2011.6080828","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2011.6080828"},{"key":"9883_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharif B, Maletic J (2010) An eye tracking study on the effects of layout in understanding the role of design patterns. In: Proceedings of the 26th IEEE international conference on software maintenance, IEEE, pp 1\u201310, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSM.2010.5609582","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2010.5609582"},{"key":"9883_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi Y, Ruiz N, Taib R, Choi E, Chen F (2007) Galvanic skin response (gsr) as an index of cognitive load, pp 2651\u20132656","DOI":"10.1145\/1240866.1241057"},{"key":"9883_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Showkat D, Grimm C (2018) Identifying gender differences in information processing style, self-efficacy, and tinkering for robot tele-operation. In: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on ubiquitous robots, IEEE, pp 443\u2013448","DOI":"10.1109\/URAI.2018.8441766"},{"key":"9883_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siegmund J, K\u00e4stner C, Apel S, Parnin C, Bethmann A, Leich T, Saake G, Brechmann A (2014) Understanding understanding source code with functional magnetic resonance imaging. In: Proceedings of the 36th international conference on software engineering (CAiSE 2014), ACM, pp 378\u2013389, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2568225.2568252","DOI":"10.1145\/2568225.2568252"},{"issue":"1","key":"9883_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1145\/506740.506744","volume":"32","author":"SJ Simon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Simon SJ (2001) The impact of culture and gender on web sites: an empirical study. Data Base 32(1):18\u201337","journal-title":"Data Base"},{"issue":"2","key":"9883_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(94)90024-8","volume":"37","author":"RP Sloan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sloan RP, Shapiro PA, Bagiella E, Boni SM, Paik M, Bigger Jr JT, Steinman RC, Gorman JM (1994) Effect of mental stress throughout the day on cardiac autonomic control. Biol Psychol 37(2):89\u201399","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"9883_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2012.01.004","volume":"79","author":"B de Smet","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Smet B, Lempereur L, Sharafi Z, Gu\u00e9h\u00e9neuc YG, Antoniol G, Habra N (2014) Taupe: Visualizing and analyzing eye-tracking data. Sci Comput Program 79:260\u2013278","journal-title":"Sci Comput Program"},{"key":"9883_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith ME, Gevins A (2005) Neurophysiologic monitoring of mental workload and fatigue during operation of a flight simulator. In: Biomonitoring for physiological and cognitive performance during military operations, International society for optics and photonics, vol 5797, pp 116\u2013127","DOI":"10.1117\/12.602181"},{"key":"9883_CR88","unstructured":"St\u00f6rrle H, Baltsen N, Christoffersen H, Maier A (2014) On the impact of diagram layout: How are models actually read?. In: International conference on model driven engineering languages and systems (moDELS), pp 31\u201335"},{"key":"9883_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szafir D, Mutlu B (2012) Pay attention!: designing adaptive agents that monitor and improve user engagement. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, ACM, pp 11\u201320","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2207679"},{"key":"9883_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan DS, Czerwinski M, Robertson G (2003) Women go with the (optical) flow. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, ACM, pp 209\u2013215","DOI":"10.1145\/642611.642649"},{"key":"9883_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/9781617051807","volume-title":"Handbook of EEG Interpretation","author":"WO Tatum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tatum WO (2014) Handbook of EEG Interpretation, 2nd edn. Demos Medical Publishing, New York","edition":"2nd edn."},{"key":"9883_CR92","unstructured":"The Eye Tribe (2020) The Eye Tribe eye-tracker. https:\/\/theeyetribe.com\/. (Last access: May, 2020)"},{"issue":"3","key":"9883_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164494054003028","volume":"54","author":"G Torkzadeh","year":"1994","unstructured":"Torkzadeh G, Koufteros X (1994) Factorial validity of a computer self-efficacy scale and the impact of computer training. Educ Psychol Measure 54 (3):813\u2013821","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Measure"},{"issue":"2","key":"9883_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2015.2467378","volume":"42","author":"S Vegas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vegas S, Apa C, Juristo N (2016) Crossover designs in software engineering experiments: Benefits and perils. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 42(2):120\u2013135","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Softw Eng"},{"key":"9883_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vorvoreanu M, Zhang L, Huang Y, Hilderbrand C, Steine-Hanson Z, Burnett M (2019) From gender biases to gender-inclusive design: an empirical investigation. In: ACM SIGCHI","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300283"},{"issue":"4","key":"9883_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.414","volume":"15","author":"EU Weber","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weber EU, Blais AR, Betz NE (2002) A domain-specific risk-attitude scale: Measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. J Behav Decision Making 15(4):263\u2013290","journal-title":"J Behav Decision Making"},{"issue":"3","key":"9883_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137808931710","volume":"21","author":"AT Welford","year":"1978","unstructured":"Welford AT (1978) Mental workload as a function of demand, capacity, strategy and skill. Ergonomics 21(3):151\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140137808931710","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"9883_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29044-2","volume-title":"Experimentation in software engineering","author":"C Wohlin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wohlin C, Runeson P, H\u00f6st M, Ohlsson MC, Regnell B, Wessl\u00e9n A (2012) Experimentation in software engineering, 2nd edn. Springer, London","edition":"2nd edn."},{"issue":"1","key":"9883_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088803000110","volume":"30","author":"YY Yeh","year":"1988","unstructured":"Yeh YY, Wickens CD (1988) Dissociation of performance and subjective measures of workload. Human Factors J Human Factors Ergonom Soc 30(1):111\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872088803000110","journal-title":"Human Factors J Human Factors Ergonom Soc"},{"key":"9883_CR100","unstructured":"Yu E (1995) Modelling strategic relationships for process reengineering. Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, Canada"},{"key":"9883_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu E (1997) Towards modelling and reasoning support for early-phase requirements engineering. In: Proceedings of ISRE\u201997: 3rd IEEE international symposium on requirements engineering, IEEE, pp 226\u2013235","DOI":"10.1109\/ISRE.1997.566873"},{"key":"9883_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusuf S, Kagdi H, Maletic J, et al. (2007) Assessing the comprehension of uml class diagrams via eye tracking. In: Proceeding of the 15th international conference on program comprehension, IEEE, pp 113\u2013122","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC.2007.10"}],"container-title":["Empirical Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10664-020-09883-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10664-020-09883-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10664-020-09883-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T23:14:43Z","timestamp":1631920483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10664-020-09883-y"}},"subtitle":["A quasi-experiment"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["9883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10664-020-09883-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1382-3256"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7616"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}