{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T16:12:47Z","timestamp":1784995967548,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"SIDA\/BRIGHT"},{"name":"seco-assist","award":["FWO-Vlaanderen and F.R.S.-FNRS via the EOS project 30446992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWO-Vlaanderen and F.R.S.-FNRS via the EOS project 30446992"]}]},{"name":"Swedish research council and Wallenberg Academy"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Empir Software Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the rise of social coding platforms that rely on distributed version control systems, software reuse is also on the rise. Many software developers leverage this reuse by creating variants through forking, to account for different customer needs, markets, or environments. Forked variants then form a so-called software family; they share a common code base and are maintained in parallel by same or different developers. As such, software families can easily arise within software ecosystems, which are large collections of interdependent software components maintained by communities of collaborating contributors. However, little is known about the existence and characteristics of such families within ecosystems, especially about their maintenance practices. Improving our empirical understanding of such families will help build better tools for maintaining and evolving such families. We empirically explore maintenance practices in such fork-based software families within ecosystems of open-source software. Our focus is on three of the largest software ecosystems existence today: , , and . We identify and analyze software families that are maintained together and that exist both on the official distribution platform (Google play, , and ) as well as on GitHub , allowing us to analyze reuse practices in depth. We mine and identify <jats:italic>38 software families<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>526 software families<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>8,837 software families<\/jats:italic> from the ecosystems of , , and , to study their characteristics and code-propagation practices. We provide scripts for analyzing code integration within our families. Interestingly, our results show that there is little code integration across the studied software families from the three ecosystems. Our studied families also show that techniques of direct integration using <jats:italic>git<\/jats:italic> outside of GitHub is more commonly used than GitHub pull requests. Overall, we hope to raise awareness about the existence of software families within larger ecosystems of software, calling for further research and better tools support to effectively maintain and evolve them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-021-10078-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T15:55:15Z","timestamp":1646409315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Reuse and maintenance practices among divergent forks in three software ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3206-7085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Businge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Openja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Nadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"10078_CR1","unstructured":"Online appendix (2020) https:\/\/github.com\/johnxu21\/emse2020"},{"key":"10078_CR2","unstructured":"GitHub I. (2020). About pull request merges. https:\/\/help.github.com\/en\/github\/collaborating-with-issues-and-pull-requests\/about-pull-request-mergeshttps:\/\/help.github.com\/en\/github\/collaborating-with-"},{"key":"10078_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apel S, Batory D, Ka\u0307stner C, Saake G (2013) Feature-oriented software product lines, Springer, Berlin","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37521-7"},{"issue":"11","key":"10078_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2014.05.005","volume":"56","author":"T Berger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berger T, Pfeiffer R, Tartler R, Dienst S, Czarnecki K, Wasowski A, She S (2014) Variability mechanisms in software ecosystems. Inf Softw Technol 56(11):1520\u20131535","journal-title":"Inf Softw Technol"},{"key":"10078_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-019-09787-6","volume":"25","author":"T Berger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berger T, Stegh\u00f6fer JP, Ziadi T, Robin J, Martinez J (2020) The state of adoption and the challenges of systematic variability management in industry. Empir Softw Eng 25:1755\u20131797","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"10078_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brun Y, Holmes R, Ernst MD, Notkin D (2011) Proactive detection of collaboration conflicts. In: Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGSOFT symposium and the 13th European conference on foundations of software engineering, ESEC\/FSE \u201911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2025113.2025139. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 168\u2013178","DOI":"10.1145\/2025113.2025139"},{"key":"10078_CR7","unstructured":"Businge J, Decan A, Zerouali A, Mens T, Demeyer S (2020) An empirical investigation of forks as variants in the npm package distribution. In: Papadakis M, Cordy M (eds) Proceedings of the 19th Belgium-Netherlands software evolution workshop, BENEVOL 2020, Luxembourg, December 3-4, 2020, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 2912. CEUR-WS.org. http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2912\/.\/paper1.pdf"},{"key":"10078_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Businge J, Kawuma S, Bainomugisha E, Khomh F, Nabaasa E (2017) Code authorship and fault-proneness of open-source android applications: An empirical study. In: Proceedings of the 13th international conference on predictive models and data analytics in software engineering, PROMISE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3127005.3127009. ACM, New York, pp 33\u201342","DOI":"10.1145\/3127005.3127009"},{"key":"10078_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Businge J, Kawuma S, Openja M, Bainomugisha E, Serebrenik A (2019) How stable are eclipse application framework internal interfaces?. In: 2019 IEEE 26th international conference on software analysis, evolution and reengineering (SANER). pp 117\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SANER.2019.8668018","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER.2019.8668018"},{"key":"10078_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Businge J, Openja M, Kavaler D, Bainomugisha E, Khomh F, Filkov V (2019) Studying android app popularity by cross-linking github and google play store. In: SANER","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER.2019.8667998"},{"key":"10078_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Businge J, Openja M, Nadi S, Bainomugisha E, Berger T (2018) Clone-based variability management in the android ecosystem. In: 2018 IEEE international conference on software maintenance and evolution, ICSME 2018, Madrid, Spain, September 23-29, 2018, pp 625\u2013634","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSME.2018.00072"},{"key":"10078_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Businge J, Serebrenik A, van den Brand M (2012) Compatibility prediction of eclipse third-party plug-ins in new eclipse releases. In: 12th IEEE international working conference on source code analysis and manipulation, SCAM 2012, Riva del Garda, Italy, September 23-24, 2012, pp 164\u2013173","DOI":"10.1109\/SCAM.2012.10"},{"key":"10078_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Businge J, Serebrenik A, van den Brand M (2012) Survival of eclipse third-party plug-ins. In: 28th IEEE international conference on software maintenance, ICSM 2012, Trento, Italy, September 23-28, 2012, pp 368\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSM.2012.6405295","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2012.6405295"},{"key":"10078_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Businge J, Serebrenik A, van den Brand M (2013) Analyzing the eclipse API usage: Putting the developer in the loop. In: 17th European conference on software maintenance and reengineering, CSMR 2013, Genova, Italy, March 5-8, 2013. pp 37\u201346","DOI":"10.1109\/CSMR.2013.14"},{"key":"10078_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Businge J, Serebrenik A, van den Brand MGJ (2010) An empirical study of the evolution of Eclipse third-party plug-ins. In: EVOL-IWPSE\u201910. ACM, pp 63\u201372","DOI":"10.1145\/1862372.1862389"},{"issue":"1","key":"10078_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11219-013-9221-3","volume":"23","author":"J Businge","year":"2015","unstructured":"Businge J, Serebrenik A, van den Brand MGJ (2015) Eclipse API usage: the good and the bad. Softw Qual J 23(1):107\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11219-013-9221-3","journal-title":"Softw Qual J"},{"key":"10078_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chacon S, Straub B (2014) git tools - rewriting history. https:\/\/git-scm.com\/book\/en\/v2\/Git-Tools-Rewriting-Historyhttps:\/\/git-scm.com\/book\/en\/v2\/Git-Tools-","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-0076-6_7"},{"key":"10078_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chacon S, Straub B (2014) Pro Git Apress","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-0076-6"},{"key":"10078_CR19","unstructured":"Chua BB (2017) A survey paper on open source forking motivation reasons and challenges. In: Alias RA, Ling PS, Bahri S, Finnegan P, Sia CL (eds) 21st Pacific Asia conference on information systems, PACIS 2017, Langkawi, Malaysia, July 16-20, 2017. p 75"},{"key":"10078_CR20","unstructured":"Czarnecki K Ban\u00e2tre JP, Fradet P, Giavitto JL, Michel O (eds) (2005) Overview of generative software development. Springer, Berlin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10078_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-017-9589-y","volume":"24","author":"A Decan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Decan A, Mens T, Grosjean P (2019) An empirical comparison of dependency network evolution in seven software packaging ecosystems. Empir Softw Eng 24(1):381\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10664-017-9589-y","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"10078_CR22","unstructured":"Dixion J (2009) Different kinds of open source forks \u2013 salad, dinner, and fish. https:\/\/jamesdixon.wordpress.com\/2009\/05\/13\/different-kinds-of-open-source-forks-salad-dinner-and-fish\/"},{"key":"10078_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubinsky Y, Rubin J, Berger T, Duszynski S, Becker M, Czarnecki K (2013) An exploratory study of cloning in industrial software product lines. In: CSMR","DOI":"10.1109\/CSMR.2013.13"},{"key":"10078_CR24","unstructured":"Ernst NA, Easterbrook SM, Mylopoulos J (2010) Code forking in open-source software: a requirements perspective. arXiv:1004.2889"},{"key":"10078_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2013.11.1077","volume":"89","author":"J Gamalielsson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gamalielsson J, Lundell B (2014) Sustainability of open source software communities beyond a fork: How and why has the libreoffice project evolved? J Syst Softw 89:128\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2013.11.1077. http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0164121213002744","journal-title":"J Syst Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"10078_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-014-9356-2","volume":"21","author":"DM German","year":"2016","unstructured":"German DM, Adams B, Hassan AE (2016) Continuously mining distributed version control systems: An empirical study of how linux uses git. Empir Softw Eng 21(1):260\u2013299","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"10078_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jang J, Agrawal A, Brumley D (2012) Redebug: Finding unpatched code clones in entire OS distributions. In: IEEE symposium on security and privacy, SP 2012, 21-23 May 2012, San Francisco, California, USA. IEEE Computer Society, pp 48\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SP.2012.13","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2012.13"},{"issue":"1","key":"10078_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-016-9436-6","volume":"22","author":"J Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang J, Lo D, He J, Xia X, Kochhar PS, Zhang L (2017) Why and how developers fork what from whom in github. Empir Softw Eng 22 (1):547\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10664-016-9436-6","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"10078_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalliamvakou E, Gousios G, Blincoe K, Singer L, German DM, Damian D (2014) The promises and perils of mining github. In: MSR","DOI":"10.1145\/2597073.2597074"},{"key":"10078_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kawuma S, Businge J, Bainomugisha E (2016) Can we find stable alternatives for unstable eclipse interfaces?. In: 2016 IEEE 24th international conference on program comprehension (ICPC), pp. 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICPC.2016.7503716","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC.2016.7503716"},{"key":"10078_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kononenko O, Rose T, Baysal O, Godfrey M, Theisen D, de Water B (2018) Studying pull request merges: a case study of shopify\u2019s active merchant. In: Proceedings of the 40th international conference on software engineering: software engineering in practice, ICSE-SEIP \u201918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3183519.3183542. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 124\u2013133","DOI":"10.1145\/3183519.3183542"},{"key":"10078_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krueger J, Berger T (2020) Activities and costs of re-engineering cloned variants into an integrated platform. In: 14th international working conference on variability modelling of software-intensive systems (VaMoS)","DOI":"10.1145\/3377024.3377044"},{"key":"10078_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krueger J, Berger T (2020) An empirical analysis of the costs of clone- and platform-oriented software reuse. In: 28th ACM SIGSOFT international symposium on the foundations of software engineering (FSE)","DOI":"10.1145\/3368089.3409684"},{"key":"10078_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krueger J, Mahmood W, Berger T (2020) Promote-pl: A round-trip engineering process model for adopting and evolving product lines. In: 24th ACM international systems and software product line conference (SPLC)","DOI":"10.1145\/3382025.3414970"},{"key":"10078_CR35","volume-title":"Understanding open source and free software licensing","author":"AS Laurent","year":"2008","unstructured":"Laurent AS (2008) Understanding open source and free software licensing. O\u2019Reilly Media, Newton"},{"key":"10078_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li L, Martinez J, Ziadi T, Bissyand\u00e9 TF, Klein J, Traon YL (2016) Mining families of android applications for extractive spl adoption. In: SPLC","DOI":"10.1145\/2934466.2946047"},{"key":"10078_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lillack M, Stanciulescu S, Hedman W, Berger T, Wasowski A (2019) Intention-based integration of software variants. In: 41st international conference on software engineering (ICSE)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2019.00090"},{"key":"10078_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmood W, Chagama M, Berger T, Hebig R (2020) Causes of merge conflicts: A case study of elasticsearch. In: 14th international working conference on variability modelling of software-intensive systems (VaMoS)","DOI":"10.1145\/3377024.3377047"},{"issue":"2","key":"10078_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2013.142","volume":"31","author":"IJ Mojica","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mojica IJ, Adams B, Nagappan M, Dienst S, Berger T, Hassan AE (2014) A large scale empirical study on software reuse in mobile apps. IEEE Softw 31(2):78\u201386","journal-title":"IEEE Softw"},{"key":"10078_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukelabai M, Berger T, Borba P (2021) Semi-automated test-case propagation in fork ecosystems. In: 43rd international conference on software engineering, new ideas and emerging results track (ICSE\/NIER)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-NIER52604.2021.00018"},{"issue":"6","key":"10078_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-017-9512-6","volume":"22","author":"N Munaiah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Munaiah N, Kroh S, Cabrey C, Nagappan M (2017) Curating GitHub for engineered software projects. Empir Softw Eng 22(6):3219\u20133253","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"10078_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyman L (2014) Hackers on forking. In: Proceedings of The international symposium on open collaboration. pp 1\u201310","DOI":"10.1145\/2641580.2641590"},{"key":"10078_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.22215\/timreview\/644","volume":"3","author":"L Nyman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nyman L, Lindman J (2013) Code forking, governance, and sustainability in open source software. Technol Innov Manag Rev 3:7\u201312","journal-title":"Technol Innov Manag Rev"},{"key":"10078_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyman L, Mikkonen T (2011) To fork or not to fork: Fork motivations in sourceforge projects. In: Open source systems: grounding research. pp 259\u2013268","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24418-6_18"},{"key":"10078_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyman L, Mikkonen T, Lindman J, Foug\u00e8re M (2012) Perspectives on code forking and sustainability in open source software. In: Open source systems: long-term sustainability. pp 274\u2013 279","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33442-9_21"},{"key":"10078_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Openja M, Adams B, Khomh F (2020) Analysis of modern release engineering topics : \u2013 a large-scale study using stackoverflow \u2013. In: 2020 IEEE international conference on software maintenance and evolution (ICSME). pp 104\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSME46990.2020.00020","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSME46990.2020.00020"},{"key":"10078_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paix\u00e3o M, Maia P (2019) Rebasing in code review considered harmful: A large-scale empirical investigation. In: 2019 19th international working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM). pp 45\u201355","DOI":"10.1109\/SCAM.2019.00014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10078_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1976.233797","volume":"2","author":"DL Parnas","year":"1976","unstructured":"Parnas DL (1976) On the design and development of program families. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 2(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSE.1976.233797","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Softw Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"10078_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1145\/383876.383878","volume":"10","author":"DE Perry","year":"2001","unstructured":"Perry DE, Siy HP, Votta LG (2001) Parallel changes in large-scale software development: An observational case study. ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol 10(3):308\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/383876.383878","journal-title":"ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol"},{"key":"10078_CR50","volume-title":"The Cathedral & the Bazaar: Musings on linux and open source by an accidental revolutionary","author":"ES Raymond","year":"2001","unstructured":"Raymond ES (2001) The Cathedral & the Bazaar: Musings on linux and open source by an accidental revolutionary. Newton, O\u2019Reilly Media Inc"},{"key":"10078_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren L, Zhou S, Kastner\u0308 C (2018) Poster: forks insight: providing an overview of github forks. In: 2018 IEEE\/ACM 40th international conference on software engineering: companion (ICSE-Companion). pp 179\u2013180","DOI":"10.1145\/3183440.3195085"},{"key":"10078_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robles G, Gonz\u00e1lez-Barahona JM (2012) A comprehensive study of software forks: dates, reasons and outcomes. In: Open source systems: long-term sustainability. pp 1\u201314","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33442-9_1"},{"key":"10078_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10515-017-0228-z","volume":"25","author":"F Sattler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sattler F, von Rhein A, Berger T, Johansson NS, Hard\u00f8 MM, Apel S (2018) Lifting inter-app data-flow analysis to large app sets. Autom Softw Eng 25:315\u2013346","journal-title":"Autom Softw Eng"},{"key":"10078_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva LD, Borba P, Mahmood W, Berger T, Moisakis J (2020) Detecting semantic conflicts via automated behavior change detection. In: 36th IEEE international conference on software maintenance and evolution (ICSME)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSME46990.2020.00026"},{"key":"10078_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sousa M, Dillig I, Lahiri SK (2018) Verified three-way program merge. Proc ACM Program Lang 2(OOPSLA). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3276535","DOI":"10.1145\/3276535"},{"key":"10078_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Souza CRB, Redmiles D, Dourish P. (2003) Breaking the code, moving between private and public work in collaborative software development. In: Proceedings of the 2003 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on supporting group work, GROUP \u201903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/958160.958177. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 105\u2013114","DOI":"10.1145\/958160.958177"},{"key":"10078_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanciulescu S, Schulze S, Wasowski A (2015) Forked and integrated variants in an open-source firmware project. In: IEEE international conference on software maintenance and evolution (ICSME), ICSME \u201915","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2015.7332461"},{"key":"10078_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sung C, Lahiri SK, Kaufman M, Choudhury P, Wang C (2020) Towards understanding and fixing upstream merge induced conflicts in divergent forks: An industrial case study. In: Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE 42nd international conference on software engineering: software engineering in practice, ICSE-SEIP \u201920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3377813.3381362. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 172\u2013181","DOI":"10.1145\/3377813.3381362"},{"key":"10078_CR59","unstructured":"Vandehey S (2019) Rebase and merge. https:\/\/cloudfour.com\/thinks\/squashing-your-pull-requests\/"},{"key":"10078_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viseur R (2012) Forks impacts and motivations in free and open source projects. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl - IJACSA 3(2)","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2012.030221"},{"key":"10078_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou S, St\u0103nciulescu C, Le\u00dfenich O, Xiong Y, Wasowski A, K\u00e4stner C (2018) Identifying features in forks. In: Proceedings of the 40th international conference on software engineering. pp 105\u2013116","DOI":"10.1145\/3180155.3180205"},{"key":"10078_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou S, Vasilescu B, K\u00e4stner C (2019) What the fork: A study of inefficient and efficient forking practices in social coding. In: Proceedings of the 2019 27th ACM joint meeting on european software engineering conference and symposium on the foundations of software engineering. pp 350\u2013361","DOI":"10.1145\/3338906.3338918"},{"key":"10078_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou S, Vasilescu B, K\u00e4stner C (2020) How has forking changed in the last 20 years? a study of hard forks on github. In: Proceedings of the 42nd international conference on software engineering. Accepted","DOI":"10.1145\/3377811.3380412"}],"container-title":["Empirical Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10664-021-10078-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10664-021-10078-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10664-021-10078-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T13:32:38Z","timestamp":1649770358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10664-021-10078-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10664-021-10078-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1382-3256","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7616","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 October 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"54"}}