{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T15:54:56Z","timestamp":1778169296867,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Empir Software Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-022-10244-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T16:11:09Z","timestamp":1667923869000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Developer discussion topics on the adoption and barriers of low code software development platforms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7136-5045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Abdullah Al","family":"Alamin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gias","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Malakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Afroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tameem","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anindya","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"10244_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdellatif A, Costa D, Badran K, Abdalkareem R, Shihab E (2020) Challenges in chatbot development: a study of stack overflow posts. In: Proceedings of the 17th international conference on mining software repositories, MSR \u201920. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 174\u2013185","DOI":"10.1145\/3379597.3387472"},{"key":"10244_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adrian B, Hinrichsen S, Nikolenko A (2020) App development via low-code programming as part of modern industrial engineering education. In: International conference on applied human factors and ergonomics. Springer, pp 45\u201351","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51369-6_7"},{"key":"10244_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2018.02.005","volume":"98","author":"A Agrawal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agrawal A, Fu W, Menzies T (2018) What is wrong with topic modeling? And how to fix it using search-based software engineering. Inf Softw Technol 98:74\u201388","journal-title":"Inf Softw Technol"},{"key":"10244_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed S, Bagherzadeh M (2018) What do concurrency developers ask about? A large-scale study using stack overflow. In: Proceedings of the 12th ACM\/IEEE international symposium on empirical software engineering and measurement, ESEM \u201918. Association for Computing Machinery, New York","DOI":"10.1145\/3239235.3239524"},{"key":"10244_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2020.102534","volume":"200","author":"PA Akiki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akiki P A, Akiki P A, Bandara A K, Yu Y (2020) Eud-mars: end-user development of model-driven adaptive robotics software systems. Sci Comput Program 200:102534","journal-title":"Sci Comput Program"},{"key":"10244_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alamin M A A, Malakar S, Uddin G, Afroz S, Haider T B, Iqbal A (2021) An empirical study of developer discussions on low-code software development challenges. In: 2021 IEEE\/ACM 18th international conference on mining software repositories (MSR). IEEE, pp 46\u201357","DOI":"10.1109\/MSR52588.2021.00018"},{"key":"10244_CR7","unstructured":"Alonso A N, Abreu J, Nunes D, Vieira A, Santos L, Soares T, Pereira J (2020) Towards a polyglot data access layer for a low-code application development platform. arXiv:2004.13495"},{"issue":"3","key":"10244_CR8","first-page":"123","volume":"31","author":"HA Alsaadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alsaadi H A, Radain D T, Alzahrani M M, Alshammari W F, Alahmadi D, Fakieh B (2021) Factors that affect the utilization of low-code development platforms: survey study. Romanian J Inf Sci Autom Control 31(3):123\u2013140","journal-title":"Romanian J Inf Sci Autom Control"},{"key":"10244_CR9","unstructured":"Amazon Honeycode Platform Overview (2022) Available: https:\/\/www.honeycode.aws\/. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR10","unstructured":"App Engine (2021) A fully managed, serverless platform for developing and hosting web applications at scale. Available: https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/appengine\/docs. (Online; accessed 13-December-2021)"},{"key":"10244_CR11","unstructured":"AppSheet (2021) Low-code application development. Available: https:\/\/www.appsheet.com. (Online; accessed 13-December-2021)"},{"key":"10244_CR12","unstructured":"Appian Platform Overview (2022) Available: https:\/\/www.appian.com\/. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arun R, Suresh V, Madhavan C V, Murthy M N (2010) On finding the natural number of topics with latent dirichlet allocation: Some observations. In: Pacific-asia conference on knowledge discovery and data mining. Springer, pp 391\u2013402","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13657-3_43"},{"key":"10244_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asaduzzaman M, Mashiyat A S, Roy C K, Schneider K A (2013) Answering questions about unanswered questions of stack overflow. In: 2013 10th Working conference on mining software repositories (MSR). IEEE, pp 97\u2013100","DOI":"10.1109\/MSR.2013.6624015"},{"key":"10244_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asuncion H U, Asuncion A U, Taylor R N (2010) Software traceability with topic modeling. In: 2010 ACM\/IEEE 32nd international conference on software engineering, vol 1. IEEE, pp 95\u2013104","DOI":"10.1145\/1806799.1806817"},{"key":"10244_CR16","unstructured":"AWS Amplify Studio Overview (2022) Available: https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/amplify\/studio\/. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagherzadeh M, Khatchadourian R (2019) Going big: a large-scale study on what big data developers ask. In: Proceedings of the 2019 27th ACM joint meeting on European softwa engineering conference and symposium on the foundations of software engineering, ESEC\/FSE 2019. ACM, New York, pp 432\u2013442","DOI":"10.1145\/3338906.3338939"},{"key":"10244_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajaj K, Pattabiraman K, Mesbah A (2014) Mining questions asked by web developers. In: Proceedings of the 11th working conference on mining software repositories, pp 112\u2013121","DOI":"10.1145\/2597073.2597083"},{"key":"10244_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandeira A, Medeiros C A, Paixao M, Maia P H (2019) We need to talk about microservices: an analysis from the discussions on stackoverflow. In: 2019 IEEE\/ACM 16th international conference on mining software repositories (MSR). IEEE, pp 255\u2013259","DOI":"10.1109\/MSR.2019.00051"},{"issue":"3","key":"10244_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-012-9231-y","volume":"19","author":"A Barua","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barua A, Thomas S W, Hassan A E (2014) What are developers talking about? An analysis of topics and trends in stack overflow. Empir Softw Eng 19 (3):619\u2013654","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"10244_CR21","unstructured":"Basciani F, Iovino L, Pierantonio A, et al. (2014) Mdeforge: an extensible web-based modeling platform. In: 2nd International workshop on model-driven engineering on and for the cloud, cloudMDE 2014, co-located with the 17th international conference on model driven engineering languages and systems, moDELS 2014, vol 1242. CEUR-WS, pp 66\u201375"},{"key":"10244_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basil V R, Turner A J (1975) Iterative enhancement: a practical technique for software development. IEEE Trans Softw Eng (4):390\u2013396","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1975.6312870"},{"issue":"7","key":"10244_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2013.60","volume":"40","author":"G Bavota","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bavota G, Oliveto R, Gethers M, Poshyvanyk D, Lucia A D (2014) Methodbook: recommending move method refactorings via relational topic models. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 40(7):671\u2013694","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Softw Eng"},{"key":"10244_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayer J, Muthig D (2006) A view-based approach for improving software documentation practices. In: 13th Annual IEEE international symposium and workshop on engineering of computer-based systems (ECBS\u201906). IEEE, p 10pp","DOI":"10.1109\/ECBS.2006.18"},{"key":"10244_CR25","unstructured":"Beck K, Beedle M, Van Bennekum A, Cockburn A, Cunningham W, Fowler M, Grenning J, Highsmith J, Hunt A, Jeffries R et al (2001) Manifesto for agile software development"},{"issue":"3","key":"10244_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ejis.3000325","volume":"8","author":"P Beynon-Davies","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beynon-Davies P, Carne C, Mackay H, Tudhope D (1999) Rapid application development (rad): an empirical review. Eur J Inf Syst 8(3):211\u2013223","journal-title":"Eur J Inf Syst"},{"issue":"5","key":"10244_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2006.137","volume":"23","author":"JM Bhat","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bhat J M, Gupta M, Murthy S N (2006) Overcoming requirements engineering challenges: lessons from offshore outsourcing. IEEE Softw 23(5):38\u201344","journal-title":"IEEE Softw"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"10244_CR28","first-page":"993","volume":"3","author":"DM Blei","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blei D M, Ng A Y, Jordan M I (2003) Latent dirichlet allocation. J Mach Learn Res 3(4-5):993\u20131022","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"10244_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botterweck G (2006) A model-driven approach to the engineering of multiple user interfaces. In: International conference on model driven engineering languages and systems. Springer, pp 106\u2013115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69489-2_14"},{"issue":"1","key":"10244_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"M Brambilla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brambilla M, Cabot J, Wimmer M (2017) Model-driven software engineering in practice. Synth Lect Comput Sci 3(1):1\u2013207","journal-title":"Synth Lect Comput Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10244_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13174-017-0064-1","volume":"8","author":"M Brambilla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brambilla M, Umuhoza E, Acerbis R (2017) Model-driven development of user interfaces for iot systems via domain-specific components and patterns. J Internet Serv Appl 8(1):1\u201321","journal-title":"J Internet Serv Appl"},{"key":"10244_CR32","first-page":"14","volume":"28","author":"MM Burnett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Burnett M M, McIntyre D W (1995) Visual programming. COmputer-Los Alamitos- 28:14\u201314","journal-title":"COmputer-Los Alamitos-"},{"key":"10244_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborty P, Shahriyar R, Iqbal A, Uddin G (2021) How do developers discuss and support new programming languages in technical q&a site? An empirical study of go, swift, and rust in stack overflow. Inf Softw Technol (IST) 19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2021.106603"},{"key":"10244_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T -H, Thomas S W, Nagappan M, Hassan A E (2012) Explaining software defects using topic models. In: 9th Working conference on mining software repositories, pp 189\u2013198","DOI":"10.1109\/MSR.2012.6224280"},{"issue":"5","key":"10244_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-015-9402-8","volume":"21","author":"T-HP Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen T -H P, Thomas S W, Hassan A E (2016) A survey on the use of topic models when mining software repositories. Empir Softw Eng 21 (5):1843\u20131919","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"10244_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-008-9095-3","volume":"14","author":"B Cleary","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cleary B, Exton C, Buckley J, English M (2009) An empirical analysis of information retrieval based concept location techniques in software comprehension. Empir Softw Eng 14:93\u2013130","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"10244_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2007.904776","volume":"37","author":"MF Costabile","year":"2007","unstructured":"Costabile M F, Fogli D, Mussio P, Piccinno A (2007) Visual interactive systems for end-user development:, a model-based design methodology. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst Part A: Syst Hum 37(6):1029\u20131046","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst Part A: Syst Hum"},{"key":"10244_CR38","unstructured":"Dahlberg D (2020) Developer experience of a low-code platform: an exploratory study"},{"issue":"5","key":"10244_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-013-9285-5","volume":"19","author":"A De Lucia","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Lucia A, Di Penta M, Oliveto R, Panichella A, Panichella S (2014) Labeling source code with information retrieval methods: an empirical study. Empir Softw Eng 19(5):1383\u20131420","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"10244_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Sipio C, Di Ruscio D, Nguyen P T (2020) Democratizing the development of recommender systems by means of low-code platforms. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM\/IEEE international conference on model driven engineering languages and systems: companion proceedings, pp 1\u20139","DOI":"10.1145\/3417990.3420202"},{"key":"10244_CR41","unstructured":"Enterprise Low-Code Application Platforms (LCAP) Reviews and Ratings (2022) Available: https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/reviews\/market\/enterprise-low-code-application-platform. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR42","unstructured":"Exchange S (2020) Stack exchange data dump. Available: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/stackexchange. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10244_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0394.2005.00299.x","volume":"22","author":"S Fincher","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fincher S, Tenenberg J (2005) Making sense of card sorting data. Expert Syst 22(3):89\u201393","journal-title":"Expert Syst"},{"issue":"9","key":"10244_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1145\/1015864.1015884","volume":"47","author":"G Fischer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fischer G, Giaccardi E, Ye Y, Sutcliffe A G, Mehandjiev N (2004) Meta-design: a manifesto for end-user development. Commun ACM 47 (9):33\u201337","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"10244_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fors N (2016) The design and implementation of Bloqqi-a feature-based diagram programming language. PhD thesis, Lund University","DOI":"10.1145\/2986012.2986026"},{"issue":"6","key":"10244_CR46","first-page":"119","volume":"34","author":"M Fryling","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fryling M (2019) Low code app development. J Comput Sci Coll 34(6):119","journal-title":"J Comput Sci Coll"},{"key":"10244_CR47","unstructured":"Google App Maker Platform Overview (2020) Available: https:\/\/developers.google.com\/appmaker. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR48","unstructured":"Google App Maker will be shut down on January 19 2021 (2021) https:\/\/workspaceupdates.googleblog.com\/2020\/01\/app-maker-update.html. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR49","unstructured":"Halbert D C (1984) Programming by example. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley"},{"issue":"4","key":"10244_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-020-09819-6","volume":"25","author":"J Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han J, Shihab E, Wan Z, Deng S, Xia X (2020) What do programmers discuss about deep learning frameworks. Empir Softw Eng 25(4):2694\u20132747","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"10244_CR51","unstructured":"How many Low-Code\/No-Code platforms are out there? (2022) Available: https:\/\/www.spreadsheetweb.com\/how-many-low-code-no-code-platforms-are-out-there\/. (Online; accessed 5-August-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu J, Sun X, Lo D, Li B (2015) Modeling the evolution of development topics using dynamic topic models. In: IEEE 22nd international conference on software analysis, evolution, and reengineering, pp 3\u201312","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER.2015.7081810"},{"key":"10244_CR53","unstructured":"IBM Lotus Software (2022) Available: https:\/\/help.hcltechsw.com\/. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ihirwe F, Di Ruscio D, Mazzini S, Pierini P, Pierantonio A (2020a) Low-code engineering for internet of things: a state of research. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM\/IEEE international conference on model driven engineering languages and systems: companion proceedings, pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1145\/3417990.3420208"},{"key":"10244_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ihirwe F, Di Ruscio D, Mazzini S, Pierini P, Pierantonio A (2020b) Low-code engineering for internet of things: a state of research. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM\/IEEE international conference on model driven engineering languages and systems: companion proceedings, MODELS \u201920. Association for Computing Machinery, New York","DOI":"10.1145\/3417990.3420208"},{"key":"10244_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacinto A, Louren\u00e7o M, Ferreira C (2020) Test mocks for low-code applications built with outsystems. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM\/IEEE international conference on model driven engineering languages and systems: companion proceedings, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1145\/3417990.3420209"},{"issue":"1","key":"10244_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/30.1-2.81","volume":"30","author":"MG Kendall","year":"1938","unstructured":"Kendall M G (1938) A new measure of rank correlation. Biometrika 30(1):81\u201393","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10244_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan J Y, Khondaker M T I, Uddin G, Iqbal A (2021a) Automatic detection of five api documentation smells: Practitioners\u2019 perspectives. In: 2021 IEEE International conference on software analysis, evolution and reengineering (SANER). IEEE, pp 318\u2013329","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER50967.2021.00037"},{"key":"10244_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan J Y, Khondaker M T I, Uddin G, Iqbal A (2021b) Automatic detection of five api documentation smells: Practitioners\u2019 perspectives. In: IEEE International conference on software analysis, evolution and reengineering (SANER), p 12","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER50967.2021.00037"},{"key":"10244_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khorram F, Mottu J -M, Suny\u00e9 G (2020) Challenges & opportunities in low-code testing. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM\/IEEE international conference on model driven engineering languages and systems: companion proceedings, MODELS \u201920. Association for Computing Machinery, New York","DOI":"10.1145\/3417990.3420204"},{"key":"10244_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kourouklidis P, Kolovos D, Matragkas N, Noppen J (2020) Towards a low-code solution for monitoring machine learning model performance. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM\/IEEE international conference on model driven engineering languages and systems: companion proceedings, pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1145\/3417990.3420196"},{"issue":"279","key":"10244_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1957.10501395","volume":"52","author":"WH Kruskal","year":"1957","unstructured":"Kruskal WH (1957) Historical notes on the wilcoxon unpaired two-sample test. J Am Stat Assoc 52(279):356\u2013360","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"10244_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lethbridge TC (2021) Low-code is often high-code, so we must design low-code platforms to enable proper software engineering. In: International symposium on leveraging applications of formal methods. Springer, pp 202\u2013212","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-89159-6_14"},{"key":"10244_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-018-9595-8","volume":"23","author":"H Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li H, Chen T-HP, Shang W, Hassan AE (2018) Studying software logging using topic models. Empir Softw Eng 23:2655\u20132694","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"issue":"10","key":"10244_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.2993293","volume":"108","author":"G Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin G, Wen S, Han Q -L, Zhang J, Xiang Y (2020) Software vulnerability detection using deep neural networks: a survey. Proc IEEE 108(10):1825\u20131848","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"10244_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linares-V\u00e1squez M, Dit B, Poshyvanyk D (2013) An exploratory analysis of mobile development issues using stack overflow. In: 2013 10th Working conference on mining software repositories (MSR). IEEE, pp 93\u201396","DOI":"10.1109\/MSR.2013.6624014"},{"key":"10244_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loper E, Bird S (2002) Nltk: the natural language toolkit. arXiv:cs\/0205028","DOI":"10.3115\/1118108.1118117"},{"key":"10244_CR68","unstructured":"Low-Code Development Platform (2022) Available: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Low-code_development_platform. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo Y, Liang P, Wang C, Shahin M, Zhan J (2021) Characteristics and challenges of low-code development: the practitioners\u2019 perspective. In: Proceedings of the 15th ACM\/IEEE international symposium on empirical software engineering and measurement (ESEM), pp 1\u201311","DOI":"10.1145\/3475716.3475782"},{"key":"10244_CR70","unstructured":"McCallum A K (2002) Mallet: a machine learning for language toolkit. http:\/\/mallet.cs.umass.edu"},{"issue":"3","key":"10244_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","volume":"22","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McHugh ML (2012) Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochem Medica 22(3):276\u2013282","journal-title":"Biochem Medica"},{"key":"10244_CR72","unstructured":"Mendix Platform Overview (2022) Available: https:\/\/www.mendix.com\/. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10244_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1145\/1118890.1118892","volume":"37","author":"M Mernik","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mernik M, Heering J, Sloane AM (2005) When and how to develop domain-specific languages. ACM Comput Surv (CSUR) 37(4):316\u2013344","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv (CSUR)"},{"key":"10244_CR74","unstructured":"Microsoft Power Apps Platform Overview (2022) Available: https:\/\/powerapps.microsoft.com\/en-us\/. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR75","unstructured":"Microsoft Power FX (2021) Available: https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/power-platform\/power-fx\/overview. (Online; accessed 13-December-2021)"},{"key":"10244_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myers BA, Ko AJ, Burnett MM (2006) Invited research overview: end-user programming. In: CHI\u201906 Extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems, pp 75\u201380","DOI":"10.1145\/1125451.1125472"},{"key":"10244_CR77","unstructured":"Ness C, Hansen M E (2019) Potential of low-code in the healthcare sector: an exploratory study of the potential of low-code development in the healthcare sector in Norway. Master\u2019s thesis"},{"key":"10244_CR78","unstructured":"OneBlink Platform Overview (2022) Available: https:\/\/www.oneblink.io\/. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR79","unstructured":"Oracle Apex Platform (2022) Available: https:\/\/apex.oracle.com\/. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overeem M, Jansen S (2021) Proposing a framework for impact analysis for low-code development platforms. In: 2021 ACM\/IEEE International conference on model driven engineering languages and systems companion (MODELS-c). IEEE, pp 88\u201397","DOI":"10.1109\/MODELS-C53483.2021.00020"},{"key":"10244_CR81","unstructured":"Overflow S (2020) Stack Overflow Questions. https:\/\/stackoverflow.com\/questions\/. Last accessed on 14 November 2020"},{"key":"10244_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pane J, Myers B (2006) More natural programming languages and environments. Springer, pp 31\u201350","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-5386-X_3"},{"key":"10244_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patern\u00f2 F (2013) End user development: survey of an emerging field for empowering people. International Scholarly Research Notices","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/532659"},{"key":"10244_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phalake V S, Joshi S D (2021) Low code development platform for digital transformation. In: Information and communication technology for competitive strategies (ICTCS 2020). Springer, pp 689\u2013697","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-0882-7_61"},{"key":"10244_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pleuss A, Wollny S, Botterweck G (2013) Model-driven development and evolution of customized user interfaces. In: Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCHI symposium on engineering interactive computing systems, pp 13\u201322","DOI":"10.1145\/2494603.2480298"},{"key":"10244_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponzanelli L, Mocci A, Bacchelli A, Lanza M, Fullerton D (2014) Improving low quality stack overflow post detection. In: 2014 IEEE International conference on software maintenance and evolution. IEEE, pp 541\u2013544","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSME.2014.90"},{"issue":"6","key":"10244_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2007.1016","volume":"33","author":"D Poshyvanyk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Poshyvanyk D, Gu\u00e9h\u00e9neuc Y -G, Marcus A, Antoniol G, Rajlich V T (2007) Feature location using probabilistic ranking of methods based on execution scenarios and information retrieval. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 33(6):420\u2013432","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Softw Eng"},{"key":"10244_CR88","unstructured":"Programming Gains Speed as Developers Turn to Low-Code During the Pandemic (2022) Available: https:\/\/www.designnews.com\/automation\/programming-gains-speed-developers-turn-low-code-during-pandemic. (Online; accessed 5-August-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR89","unstructured":"Quickbase Platform Overview (2022) Available: https:\/\/www.quickbase.com\/product\/product-overview. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10244_CR90","first-page":"4536","volume":"2","author":"C Ramasubramanian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ramasubramanian C, Ramya R (2013) Effective pre-processing activities in text mining using improved porter\u2019s stemming algorithm. Int J Adv Res Comput Commun Eng 2(12):4536\u20134538","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res Comput Commun Eng"},{"key":"10244_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao S, Kak A C (2011) Retrieval from software libraries for bug localization: a comparative study of generic and composite text models. In: 8th Working conference on mining software repositories, pp 43\u201352","DOI":"10.1145\/1985441.1985451"},{"key":"10244_CR92","unstructured":"Rehurek R, Sojka P (2010) Software framework for topic modelling with large corpora. In: Proceedings of the LREC 2010 workshop on new challenges for NLP frameworks. Citeseer"},{"key":"10244_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren X, Xing Z, Xia X, Li G, Sun J (2019) Discovering, explaining and summarizing controversial discussions in community q&a sites. In: 2019 34th IEEE\/ACM international conference on automated software engineering (ASE). IEEE, pp 151\u2013162","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2019.00024"},{"issue":"11","key":"10244_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1145\/1592761.1592779","volume":"52","author":"M Resnick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Resnick M, Maloney J, Monroy-Hern\u00e1ndez A, Rusk N, Eastmond E, Brennan K, Millner A, Rosenbaum E, Silver J, Silverman B et al (2009) Scratch: programming for all. Commun ACM 52(11):60\u201367","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"10244_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robillard M P, Bodden E, Kawrykow D, Mezini M, Ratchford T (2012) Automated API property inference techniques. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 28","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2012.63"},{"key":"10244_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f6der M, Both A, Hinneburg A (2015) Exploring the space of topic coherence measures. In: Proceedings of the eighth ACM international conference on Web search and data mining, pp 399\u2013408","DOI":"10.1145\/2684822.2685324"},{"key":"10244_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosen C, Shihab E (2015) What are mobile developers asking about? A large scale study using stack overflow. Empir Softw Eng 33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-015-9379-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"10244_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-015-9379-3","volume":"21","author":"C Rosen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rosen C, Shihab E (2016) What are mobile developers asking about? A large scale study using stack overflow. Empir Softw Eng 21(3):1192\u20131223","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"10244_CR99","unstructured":"Rymer J R, Koplowitz R, Leaders S A (2019) The forrester wave(tm) low-code development platforms for ad&d professionals, vol q1, 2019"},{"key":"10244_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahay A, Indamutsa A, Di Ruscio D, Pierantonio A (2020) Supporting the understanding and comparison of low-code development platforms. In: 2020 46th Euromicro conference on software engineering and advanced applications (SEAA). IEEE, pp 171\u2013178","DOI":"10.1109\/SEAA51224.2020.00036"},{"key":"10244_CR101","unstructured":"Salesforce Platform Overview (2022) Available: https:\/\/www.salesforce.com\/in\/?ir=1. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha G, Shahi R, Shankar M (2010) Human computer interaction. In: 2010 3rd International conference on emerging trends in engineering and technology. IEEE, pp 1\u20134","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETET.2010.85"},{"key":"10244_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2015.05.003","volume":"66","author":"X Sun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sun X, Li B, Leung H, Li B, Li Y (2015a) Msr4sm: using topic models to effectively mining software repositories for software maintenance tasks. Inf Softw Technol 66:671\u2013694","journal-title":"Inf Softw Technol"},{"key":"10244_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun X, Li B, Li Y, Chen Y (2015b) What information in software historical repositories do we need to support software maintenance tasks? An approach based on topic model. Comput Inf Sci 22\u201337","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10509-3_3"},{"key":"10244_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun X, Liu X, Li B, Duan Y, Yang H, Hu J (2016) Exploring topic models in software engineering data analysis: a survey. In: 17th IEEE\/ACIS international conference on software engineering, artificial intelligence, networking and parallel\/distributed computing, pp 357\u2013362","DOI":"10.1109\/SNPD.2016.7515925"},{"key":"10244_CR106","unstructured":"The Best Low-Code Development Platforms (2022) Available: https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/picks\/the-best-low-code-development-platforms. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas SW, Adams B, Hassan AE, Blostein D (2011) Modeling the evolution of topics in source code histories. In: 8th Working conference on mining software repositories, pp 173\u2013182","DOI":"10.1145\/1985441.1985467"},{"issue":"B","key":"10244_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2012.08.003","volume":"80","author":"SW Thomas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thomas S W, Adams B, Hassan A E, Blostein D (2014) Studying software evolution using topic models. Sci Comput Program 80(B):457\u2013479","journal-title":"Sci Comput Program"},{"key":"10244_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian K, Revelle M, Poshyvanyk D (2009) Using latent dirichlet allocation for automatic categorization of software. In: 6th International working conference on mining software repositories, pp 163\u2013166","DOI":"10.1109\/MSR.2009.5069496"},{"key":"10244_CR110","unstructured":"Torres C (2018) Demand for programmers hits full boil as us job market simmers. Bloomberg Com"},{"key":"10244_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treude C, Barzilay O, Storey M -A (2011) How do programmers ask and answer questions on the web?(nier track). In: Proceedings of the 33rd international conference on software engineering, pp 804\u2013807","DOI":"10.1145\/1985793.1985907"},{"key":"10244_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uddin G, Khomh F (2017a) Automatic summarization of api reviews. In: 2017 32nd IEEE\/ACM international conference on automated software engineering (ASE). IEEE, pp 159\u2013170","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2017.8115629"},{"key":"10244_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uddin G, Khomh F (2017b) Automatic summarization of API reviews. In: Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE\/ACMinternational conference on automated software engineering, pp 12","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2017.8115629"},{"key":"10244_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uddin G, Khomh F (2017c) Opiner: a search and summarization engine for API reviews. In: Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE\/ACM international conference on automated software engineering, pp 6","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2017.8115715"},{"key":"10244_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uddin G, Khomh F (2019) Automatic opinion mining from API reviews from stack overflow. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2020.106277"},{"issue":"4","key":"10244_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2014.80","volume":"32","author":"G Uddin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uddin G, Robillard M P (2015a) How api documentation fails. IEEE Softw 32(4):68\u201375","journal-title":"IEEE Softw"},{"issue":"4","key":"10244_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2014.80","volume":"32","author":"G Uddin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uddin G, Robillard M P (2015b) How api documentation fails. IEEE Softw 32(4):76\u201383","journal-title":"IEEE Softw"},{"key":"10244_CR118","unstructured":"Uddin G, Baysal O, Guerroj L, Khomh F (2019) Understanding how and why developers seek and analyze api related opinions. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 40"},{"key":"10244_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uddin G, Khomh F, Roy C K (2020a) Automatic api usage scenario documentation from technical q&a sites. ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol 43","DOI":"10.1145\/3439769"},{"key":"10244_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uddin G, Khomh F, Roy C K (2020b) Automatic mining of api usage scenarios from stack overflow. Inf Softw Technol (IST) 16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2020.106277"},{"issue":"3","key":"10244_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3439769","volume":"30","author":"G Uddin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uddin G, Khomh F, Roy C K (2021a) Automatic api usage scenario documentation from technical q&a sites. ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol (TOSEM) 30(3):1\u201345","journal-title":"ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol (TOSEM)"},{"key":"10244_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-021-10021-5","volume":"26","author":"G Uddin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uddin G, Sabir F, Gu\u00e9h\u00e9neuc Y -G, Alam O, Khomh F (2021b) An empirical study of iot topics in iot developer discussions on stack overflow. Empir Softw Eng 26:11","journal-title":"Empir Softw Eng"},{"key":"10244_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ur B, McManus E, Pak Yong Ho M, Littman M L (2014) Practical trigger-action programming in the smart home. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp 803\u2013812","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557420"},{"issue":"6","key":"10244_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1145\/352029.352035","volume":"35","author":"A Van Deursen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Van Deursen A, Klint P, Visser J (2000) Domain-specific languages: an annotated bibliography. ACM Sigplan Not 35(6):26\u201336","journal-title":"ACM Sigplan Not"},{"key":"10244_CR125","unstructured":"Vincent P, Lijima K, Driver M, Wong J, Natis Y (2019) Magic quadrant for enterprise low-code application platforms. Retrieved December 18, 2019"},{"key":"10244_CR126","unstructured":"Vinyl Platform Overview (2022) Available: https:\/\/zudy.com\/. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"},{"key":"10244_CR127","unstructured":"Wan Z, Xia X, Hassan A E (2019) What is discussed about blockchain? A case study on the use of balanced lda and the reference architecture of a domain to capture online discussions about blockchain platforms across the stack exchange communities. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"},{"key":"10244_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.10.060","volume":"52","author":"R Waszkowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Waszkowski R (2019) Low-code platform for automating business processes in manufacturing. IFAC-PapersOnLine 52:376\u2013381","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"10244_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolber D (2011) App inventor and real-world motivation. In: Proceedings of the 42nd ACM technical symposium on computer science education, pp 601\u2013606","DOI":"10.1145\/1953163.1953329"},{"key":"10244_CR130","unstructured":"Wong J, Driver M, Vincent P (2019) Low-code development technologies evaluation guide"},{"issue":"9","key":"10244_CR131","first-page":"960","volume":"6","author":"M Woo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Woo M (2020) The rise of no\/low code software development\u2014no experience needed? Engineering (Beijing China) 6(9):960","journal-title":"Engineering (Beijing China)"},{"key":"10244_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang D, Hussain A, Lopes C V (2016a) From query to usable code: an analysis of stack overflow code snippets. In: 2016 IEEE\/ACM 13th working conference on mining software repositories (MSR). IEEE, pp 391\u2013401","DOI":"10.1145\/2901739.2901767"},{"issue":"5","key":"10244_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-016-1672-0","volume":"31","author":"X-L Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang X -L, Lo D, Xia X, Wan Z -Y, Sun J -L (2016b) What security questions do developers ask? A large-scale study of stack overflow posts. J Comput Sci Technol 31(5):910\u2013924","journal-title":"J Comput Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10244_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2016.81","volume":"33","author":"L Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu L, Bass L, Champlin-Scharff G (2016) Devops and its practices. IEEE Softw 33(3):32\u201334","journal-title":"IEEE Softw"},{"key":"10244_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang W, Gan X, Wen Y, Zhang S (2021) Easyfl: a low-code federated learning platform for dummies. arXiv:2105.07603","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3143842"},{"key":"10244_CR136","unstructured":"Zoho Creator Platform Overview (2022) Available: https:\/\/www.zoho.com\/creator\/. (Online; accessed 5-January-2022)"}],"container-title":["Empirical Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10664-022-10244-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10664-022-10244-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10664-022-10244-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T13:35:02Z","timestamp":1744205702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10664-022-10244-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10664-022-10244-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1382-3256","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7616","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 September 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"4"}}