{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T22:45:31Z","timestamp":1774305931948,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453420800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["276-20-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["276-20-012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ethics Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-016-9384-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T08:35:43Z","timestamp":1453451743000},"page":"65-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Using Aristotle\u2019s theory of friendship to classify online friendships: a critical counterview"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Kaliarnta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"9384_CR1","unstructured":"Aristotle (2009) Nicomachean ethics (trans: Ross, W.D.). Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"9384_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-4560.00247","volume":"58","author":"JA Bargh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bargh, J. A., McKenna, K. Y. A., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2002). Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the \u201ctrue self\u201d on the internet. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 33\u201348.","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"9384_CR3","volume-title":"Personal connections in the digital age","author":"NK Baym","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baym, N. K. (2010). Personal connections in the digital age. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press."},{"key":"9384_CR4","volume-title":"Caring: Gender-sensitive ethics London","author":"P Bowden","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bowden, P. (1997). Caring: Gender-sensitive ethics London. New York: Routledge."},{"key":"9384_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyd, D. (2006). Friends, friendsters, and top 8: Writing community into being on social network sites. First Monday, 11(12). http:\/\/firstmonday.org\/article\/view\/1418\/1336","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v11i12.1418"},{"key":"9384_CR6","volume-title":"It\u2019s complicated: The social lives of networked teens","author":"D Boyd","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boyd, D. (2014). It\u2019s complicated: The social lives of networked teens. New Haven, London: Yale University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"9384_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-008-9160-z","volume":"10","author":"A Briggle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Briggle, A. (2008). Real friends: How the internet can foster friendship. Ethics and Information Technology, 10(1), 71\u201379.","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"key":"9384_CR8","author":"W B\u00fclow","year":"2014","unstructured":"B\u00fclow, W., & Felix, C. (2014). On friendship between online equals. Philosophy and Technology. doi: 10.1007\/s13347-014-0183-6 .","journal-title":"Philosophy and Technology"},{"key":"9384_CR9","unstructured":"Butler, K. (2015) Girl posts photo on Facebook to find man she met on night out\u2014But discovers he has a girlfriend. Manchester Evening News: Newspaper. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk\/news\/greater-manchester-news\/facebook-pippa-mckinney-post-girlfriend-10199577 . Accessed November 4, 2015."},{"issue":"3","key":"9384_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407504042834","volume":"21","author":"DK-S Chan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chan, D. K.-S., & Cheng, G. H.-L. (2004). A comparison of offline and online friendship qualities at different stages of relationship development. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21(3), 305\u2013320.","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"key":"9384_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511498725.008","volume-title":"Information technology and moral philosophy","author":"D Cocking","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cocking, D. (2008). Plural selves and relational identity: Intimacy and privacy online. In J. Van den Hoven & J. Weckert (Eds.), Information technology and moral philosophy (pp. 123\u2013141). New York: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9384_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-012-9299-5","volume":"14","author":"D Cocking","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cocking, D., Van Den Hoven, J., & Timmermans, J. (2012). Introduction: One thousand friends. Ethics and Information Technology, 14, 179\u2013184.","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9384_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.9988","volume":"10","author":"H Cole","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cole, H., & Griffiths, M. K. (2007). Social interactions in massively multiplayer online role-playing gamers. CyberPsychology and Behaviour, 10(4), 575\u2013583.","journal-title":"CyberPsychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"9384_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-014-9354-5","volume":"16","author":"A Elder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elder, A. (2014). Excellent online friendships: An Aristotelian defense of social media. Ethics and Information Technology, 16, 287\u2013297.","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9384_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-011-9284-4","volume":"14","author":"B Fr\u00f6ding","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fr\u00f6ding, B., & Peterson, M. (2012). Why virtual friendship is no genuine friendship. Ethics and Information Technology, 14(3), 201\u2013207.","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9384_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1177\/146144804044331","volume":"6","author":"S Henderson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Henderson, S., & Gilding, M. (2004). \u2018I\u2019ve never clicked this much with anyone in my life\u2019: Trust and hyperpersonal communication in online friendships. New media & society, 6(4), 487\u2013506.","journal-title":"New media & society"},{"key":"9384_CR16","unstructured":"How do I add a friend? Retrieved from, https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/help\/146466588759199#How-do-I-add-a-friend ? Accessed March 28th, 2015."},{"key":"9384_CR19","unstructured":"Jones, H., & Soltren, J. H. (2005). Facebook: Threats to privacy. December 14, 2005. Retrieved from http:\/\/groups.csail.mit.edu\/mac\/classes\/6.805\/student-papers\/fall05-papers\/facebook.pdf . Accessed December 5th, 2013."},{"key":"9384_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaliarnta, S., Nihl\u00e9n Fahlquist, J., & Roeser, S. (2011). Emotions and ethical considerations of women undergoing IVF-treatments. HEC Forum, 23(4), 281\u2013293.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10730-011-9159-4"},{"key":"9384_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868310377395","volume":"15","author":"SH Konrath","year":"2011","unstructured":"Konrath, S. H., O\u2019Brien, E. H., & Hsing, C. (2011). Changes in dispositional empathy in american college students over time: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 180.","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"issue":"23","key":"9384_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.23.3073","volume":"289","author":"L Lamberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lamberg, L. (2003). Online empathy for mood disorders. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(23), 3073\u20133077.","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"9384_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lampe, C., Ellison, N., & Steinfield, C. (2006). A Face (book) in the crowd: Social searching vs. social browsing. In Proceedings of CSCW-2006 (pp. 167\u2013170). New York: ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/1180875.1180901"},{"key":"9384_CR24","unstructured":"Lange, P. G. (2007) Fostering friendship through video production: How youth use YouTube to enrich local interaction. Paper presented at the International Communication Association Conference on May 27, 2007 in San Francisco, California. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.patriciaglange.org\/page4\/assets\/Lange%20ICA%202007%20Paper.pdf . Accessed October 28th, 2015."},{"key":"9384_CR25","unstructured":"Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2007, April 18). Teens, privacy, & online social networks. Pew Internet and American Life Project Report. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/Reports\/2007\/Teens-Privacy-and-Online-Social-Networks.aspx . Accessed December 5th, 2013."},{"issue":"6","key":"9384_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1080\/0020174X.2010.526323","volume":"53","author":"I Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu, I. (2010). Love life: Aristotle on living together with friends. Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, 53(6), 579\u2013601.","journal-title":"Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"9384_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-012-9297-7","volume":"14","author":"MT McFall","year":"2012","unstructured":"McFall, M. T. (2012). Real character-friends: Aristotelian friendship, living together, and technology. Ethics and Information Technology, 14, 221\u2013230.","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9384_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-4560.00246","volume":"58","author":"KYA McKenna","year":"2002","unstructured":"McKenna, K. Y. A., Green, A. S., & Gleason, M. E. J. (2002). Relationship formation on the internet: What\u2019s the big attraction? Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 9\u201331.","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"9384_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-011-9274-6","volume":"14","author":"NJ Munn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Munn, N. J. (2012). The reality of friendship within immersive virtual worlds. Ethics and Information Technology, 14, 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"key":"9384_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452233277.n11","volume-title":"The internet and health communication: Experience and expectations","author":"J Preece","year":"2001","unstructured":"Preece, J., & Ghozati, K. (2001). Observations and explorations of empathy online. In R. R. Rice & J. E. Katz (Eds.), The internet and health communication: Experience and expectations (pp. 237\u2013260). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc."},{"key":"9384_CR31","unstructured":"Schols, M. (2015) Young, online and connected. The impact of everyday Internet use of Dutch adolescents on social cohesion. Dissertation. EUR (189 pag.) Rotterdam: ERMeCC."},{"key":"9384_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-012-9296-8","volume":"14","author":"R Sharp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharp, R. (2012). The obstacles against reaching the highest level of Aristotelian friendship online. Ethics and Information Technology, 14, 231\u2013239.","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9384_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2011.582146","volume":"30","author":"P Siriaraya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Siriaraya, P., Tang, C., Ang, C. S., Pfeil, U., & Zaphiris, P. (2011). A comparison of empathic communication pattern for teenagers and older people in online support communities. Behaviour & Information Technology, 30(5), 617\u2013628.","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"key":"9384_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-012-9294-x","volume":"14","author":"JH S\u00f8raker","year":"2012","unstructured":"S\u00f8raker, J. H. (2012a). How shall I compare thee? Comparing the prudential value of actual and virtual friendship. Ethics and Information Technology, 14, 209\u2013219.","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"key":"9384_CR35","unstructured":"S\u00f8raker, J. H. (2012b). Prudential-empirical ethics of technology (PEET)\u2014An early outline. APA Newsletter on Computing and Philosophy, 12(1), 18\u201322."},{"issue":"8","key":"9384_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.0392","volume":"16","author":"WMP Steijn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Steijn, W. M. P., & Schouten, A. P. (2013). Information sharing and relationships on social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 16(8), 582\u2013587.","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking"},{"issue":"3","key":"9384_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1089\/1094931041291295","volume":"7","author":"J Suler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(3), 321\u2013326.","journal-title":"CyberPsychology & Behavior"},{"key":"9384_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s12130-010-9117-5","volume":"23","author":"M Turilli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Turilli, M., Vaccaro, A., & Taddeosaro, M. (2010). The case of online trust. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 23, 333\u2013345.","journal-title":"Knowledge, Technology & Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"9384_CR39","first-page":"22","volume":"12","author":"DE Wittkower","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wittkower, D. E. (2012). Friend is a verb. APA Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers, 12(1), 22\u201326.","journal-title":"APA Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers"},{"key":"9384_CR40","unstructured":"Why can\u2019t I add someone as a friend? Retrieved March 28th, 2015, from https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/help\/211926158839933#Why-can\u2019t-I-add-someone-as-a-friend ."},{"issue":"2","key":"9384_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18848\/1832-3669\/CGP\/v05i02\/55977","volume":"5","author":"D Zinoviev","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zinoviev, D., & Duong, V. (2009). Toward understanding friendship in online social networks. The International Journal of Technology, Knowledge and Society, 5(2), 1\u20138.","journal-title":"The International Journal of Technology, Knowledge and Society"}],"container-title":["Ethics and Information Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-016-9384-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10676-016-9384-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-016-9384-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T15:42:41Z","timestamp":1692200561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10676-016-9384-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-016-9384-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-1957","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8439","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]]}}}