{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:34:11Z","timestamp":1774528451487,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SoBigData++ Grant H2020 n. 871042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SoBigData++ Grant H2020 n. 871042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007514","name":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ethics Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rapid dynamics of COVID-19 calls for quick and effective tracking of virus transmission chains and early detection of outbreaks, especially in the \u201cphase 2\u201d of the pandemic, when lockdown and other restriction measures are progressively withdrawn, in order to avoid or minimize contagion resurgence. For this purpose, contact-tracing apps are being proposed for large scale adoption by many countries. A centralized approach, where data sensed by the app are all sent to a nation-wide server, raises concerns about citizens\u2019 privacy and needlessly strong digital surveillance, thus alerting us to the need to minimize personal data collection and avoiding location tracking. We advocate the conceptual advantage of a decentralized approach, where both contact and location data are collected exclusively in individual citizens\u2019 \u201cpersonal data stores\u201d, to be shared separately and selectively (e.g., with a backend system, but possibly also with other citizens), voluntarily, only when the citizen has tested positive for COVID-19, and with a privacy preserving level of granularity. This approach better protects the personal sphere of citizens and affords multiple benefits: it allows for detailed information gathering for infected people in a privacy-preserving fashion; and, in turn this enables both contact tracing, and, the early detection of outbreak hotspots on more finely-granulated geographic scale. The decentralized approach is also scalable to large populations, in that only the data of positive patients need be handled at a central level. Our recommendation is two-fold. First to extend existing decentralized architectures with a light touch, in order to manage the collection of location data locally on the device, and allow the user to share spatio-temporal aggregates\u2014if and when they want and for specific aims\u2014with health authorities, for instance. Second, we favour a longer-term pursuit of realizing a Personal Data Store vision, giving users the opportunity to contribute to collective good in the measure they want, enhancing self-awareness, and cultivating collective efforts for rebuilding society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-020-09572-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T07:04:26Z","timestamp":1612249466000},"page":"1-6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Give more data, awareness and control to individual citizens, and they will help COVID-19 containment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mirco","family":"Nanni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gennady","family":"Andrienko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Barab\u00e1si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Boldrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Bonchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ciro","family":"Cattuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Chiaromonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Comand\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Cot\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Dignum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Dignum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Domingo-Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Ferragina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fosca","family":"Giannotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Guidotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Helbing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kimmo","family":"Kaski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Janos","family":"Kertesz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sune","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lepri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Lukowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stan","family":"Matwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David Meg\u00edas","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Monreale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Morik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Passarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Passerini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4801-3225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dino","family":"Pedreschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Pentland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Pianesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Pratesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Rinzivillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Ruggieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arno","family":"Siebes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vicenc","family":"Torra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Trasarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jeroen van den","family":"Hoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vespignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"9572_CR6","unstructured":"Apple and Google partner on COVID-19 contact tracing technology (2020). Apple.com newsroom, 10 April 2020. https:\/\/www.apple.com\/newsroom\/2020\/04\/apple-and-google-partner-on-covid-19-contact-tracing-technology\/"},{"key":"9572_CR3","unstructured":"10 requirements for the evaluation of \u201cContact Tracing\u201d apps (2020). Chaos Computer Club. https:\/\/www.ccc.de\/en\/updates\/2020\/contact-tracing-requirements"},{"issue":"7","key":"9572_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98790","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098790","volume":"9","author":"Y-A de Montjoye","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Montjoye, Y.-A., Shmueli, E., Wang, S. S., & Pentland, A. S. (2014). openPDS: protecting the privacy of metadata through SafeAnswers. PLoS One, 9(7), e98790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0098790.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"9572_CR8","unstructured":"Digital contact tracing can slow or even stop coronavirus transmission and ease us out of lockdown (2020). Big Data Institute, Univ. of Oxford. https:\/\/www.bdi.ox.ac.uk\/news\/digital-contact-tracing-can-slow-or-even-stop-coronavirus-transmission-and-ease-us-out-of-lockdown"},{"key":"9572_CR5","unstructured":"DP3T: decentralized privacy-preserving proximity tracing (2020). https:\/\/github.com\/DP-3T\/documents"},{"key":"9572_CR17","unstructured":"European Commission (2020). COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 8.4.2020 on a common Union toolbox for the use of technology and data to combat and exit from the COVID-19 crisis, in particular concerning mobile applications and the use of anonymised mobility data. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/sites\/info\/files\/recommendation_on_apps_for_contact_tracing_4.pdf"},{"key":"9572_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferretti, L., Wymant, C., Kendall, M., Zhao, L., Nurtay, A., Bonsall, D.G., & Fraser, C. (2020). Quantifying dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests that epidemic control is feasible through instantaneous digital contact tracing. Science. https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/early\/2020\/03\/30\/science.abb6936","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.08.20032946"},{"key":"9572_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2012-01688-9","volume":"214","author":"F Giannotti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Giannotti, F., Pedreschi, D., Pentland, A., Lukowicz, P., Kossmann, D., Crowley, J., et al. (2012). A planetary nervous system for social mining and collective awareness. European Physical Journal: Special Topics, 214, 49\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjst\/e2012-01688-9.","journal-title":"European Physical Journal: Special Topics"},{"key":"9572_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lindell, Y., & Pinkas, B. (2008). Secure Multiparty Computation for Privacy-Preserving Data Mining. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive. 2008. 197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29012\/jpc.v1i1.566.","DOI":"10.29012\/jpc.v1i1.566"},{"key":"9572_CR4","unstructured":"Manancourt, V. (2020) EU data regulator calls for pan-European COVID-19 app. https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/coronavirus-europe-data-regulator-calls-for-pan-european-covid-19-app\/"},{"key":"9572_CR16","unstructured":"Meng-Chang Liu (2012). Achieving privacy-preserving distributed statistical computation. PhD Thesis, University of Manchester, UK. https:\/\/www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk\/uk-ac-man-scw:166980"},{"key":"9572_CR18","first-page":"225","volume":"2013","author":"Anna Monreale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Monreale, Anna, Wang, Wendy Hui, Pratesi, Francesca, Rinzivillo, Salvatore, Pedreschi, Dino, Andrienko, Gennady L., et al. (2013). Privacy-preserving distributed movement data aggregation. AGILE Conference, 2013, 225\u2013245.","journal-title":"AGILE Conference"},{"key":"9572_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliver, N, Barber, X., Roomp, K. & Roomp, K., (2020), \u201cThe Covid19Impact Survey: Assessing the Pulse of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain via 24 questions\u201d, arxiv:2004.01014","DOI":"10.1037\/t78148-000"},{"key":"9572_CR7","unstructured":"Pan-European privacy-preserving proximity tracing (2020). https:\/\/www.pepp-pt.org\/"},{"key":"9572_CR10","unstructured":"Raskar, R., et al. (2020). Apps gone rogue: Maintaining personal privacy in an epidemic. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.08567"},{"key":"9572_CR13","unstructured":"Study on Personal Data Stores conducted at the Cambridge University Judge Business School. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/digital-single-market\/en\/news\/study-personal-data-stores-conducted-cambridge-university-judge-business-school"},{"key":"9572_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","author":"N van Doremalen","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Doremalen, N., et al. (2020). Aerosol and surface stability of HCoV-19 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to SARS-CoV-1. The New England Journal of Medicine,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2004973.","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"9572_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zastrow, M. (2020) South Korea is reporting intimate details of COVID-19 cases: has it helped? 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