{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T15:59:16Z","timestamp":1776527956529,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004702","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004702","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ethics Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rescue operations taking place in disaster settings can be fraught with ethical challenges. Further ethical challenges will likely be introduced by the use of robots, which are expected to soon become commonplace in search and rescue missions and disaster recovery efforts. To help focus timely reflection on the ethical considerations associated with the deployment of rescue robots, we have conducted a scoping review exploring the relevant academic literature following a widely recognized scoping review framework. Of the 429 papers identified by the first screening, six fulfilled the selection criteria of our literature review. Quantitative data synthesis showed that a subset of the papers includes a qualitative experimental exploration of the ethical issues at hand, with workshops involving both experts and potential users. Most use simulations or scenarios to anticipate the ethical implications and other consequences of using robots in search and rescue missions. Qualitative text analysis identified seven core ethically relevant themes: fairness and discrimination; false or excessive expectations; labor replacement; privacy; responsibility; safety; trust. Our results suggest that the literature on ethics in rescue robotics is scant and disparate, but the papers identified uniformly endorsed a proactive approach to handling the ethical concerns associated with the use of robots in disaster scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-021-09603-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T10:03:15Z","timestamp":1625220195000},"page":"863-875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Ethical concerns in rescue robotics: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2340-3059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Battistuzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carmine Tommaso","family":"Recchiuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Sgorbissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"9603_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.80.12.1161","volume":"12","author":"S Adams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adams, S., Levitan, M., & Friedland, C. (2014). High resolution imagery collection for post-disaster studies utilizing unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 12, 1161\u20131168.","journal-title":"Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"1","key":"9603_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2017.2781543","volume":"25","author":"F Amigoni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amigoni, F., & Schiaffonati, V. (2018). Ethics for robots as experimental technologies: Pairing anticipation with exploration to evaluate the social impact of robotics. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 25(1), 30\u201336.","journal-title":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine"},{"key":"9603_CR4","volume-title":"Machine bias: there\u2019s software used across the country to predict future criminals and it\u2019s biased against blacks","author":"J Angwin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Angwin, J., Larson, J., Mattu, S., & Kirchner, L. (2016). Machine bias: there\u2019s software used across the country to predict future criminals and it\u2019s biased against blacks. Propublica."},{"issue":"1","key":"9603_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","volume":"8","author":"H Arksey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arksey, H., & O\u2019Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19\u201332.","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Research Methodology"},{"key":"9603_CR7","unstructured":"Bird, E., Fox-Skelly, J., Jenner, N., Larbey, R., Weitkamp, E., & Winfield, A. (2020). The ethics of artificial intelligence: Issues and initiatives. Brussels. https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/STUD\/2020\/634452\/EPRS_STU(2020)634452_EN.p%0Adf%3E."},{"issue":"5","key":"9603_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1163\/156855306776985577","volume":"20","author":"A Birk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Birk, A., & Carpin, S. (2006). Rescue robotics a crucial milestone on the road to autonomous systems. Advanced Robotics, 20(5), 595\u2013605.","journal-title":"Advanced Robotics"},{"key":"9603_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2020.103259","author":"M Brand\u00e3o","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brand\u00e3o, M., Jirotka, M., Webb, H., & Luff, P. (2020). Fair navigation planning: A resource for characterizing and designing fairness in mobile robots. Artificial Intelligence. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artint.2020.103259","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"9603_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryson, J., Diamantis, M. E., Grant, T. D. (2017). Of, for, and by the people: The legal lacuna of synthetic persons. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 25, 273\u2013291.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-017-9214-9"},{"key":"9603_CR10","unstructured":"Buescher, M., Wood, L., & Perng, S. (2013). Privacy, security, liberty: informing the design of EMIS. In 10th International ISCRAM Conference, Baden-Baden, Germany, pp. 401\u2013410."},{"key":"9603_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2013.07.016","volume":"84","author":"H Carlsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carlsen, H., Johansson, L., Wikman-Svahn, P., & Dreborg, K. H. (2015). Co-evolutionary scenarios for creative prototyping of future robot systems for civil protection. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 84, 93\u2013100.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting & Social Change"},{"key":"9603_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chatila, R., Havens, J. C. (2019). The IEEE global initiative on ethics of autonomous and intelligent systems. In: Aldinhas Ferreira, M., J. Silva Sequeira, G. Singh Virk, M. Tokhi & E. Kadar  (eds.), Robotics and well-being. Intelligent systems, control and automation: Science and engineering, vol 95. Cham: Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-12524-0_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12524-0_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"9603_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1089\/big.2016.0047","volume":"5","author":"A Chouldechova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chouldechova, A. (2017). Fair prediction with disparate impact: A study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments. Big Data, 5(2), 153\u2013163.","journal-title":"Big Data"},{"key":"9603_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coeckelbergh, M. (2020). AI ethics. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. ISBN: 9780262538190.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12549.001.0001"},{"key":"9603_CR13","volume-title":"The social control of technology","author":"D Collingridge","year":"1980","unstructured":"Collingridge, D. (1980). The social control of technology. Pinter."},{"key":"9603_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","volume":"67","author":"H Colquhoun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., & O\u2019Brien, K. (2014). Scoping reviews: Time for clarity in definition, methods and reporting. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 67, 1291\u20131294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1364557032000119616","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"9603_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd edn). Sage Publications, Inc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781452230153.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452230153"},{"issue":"4","key":"9603_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00039856","volume":"7","author":"F Cuny","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cuny, F. (1992). Introduction to disaster management lesson 1: The scope of disaster management. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 7(4), 400\u2013409.","journal-title":"Prehospital and Disaster Medicine"},{"key":"9603_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dautenhahn, K. (2002). Design spaces and niche spaces of believable social robots.In Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (pp. 192\u2013197). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2002.1045621"},{"key":"9603_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21887","volume":"36","author":"J Delmerico","year":"2019","unstructured":"Delmerico, J., Mintchev, S., Giusti, A., Gromov, B., Melo, K., Horvat, T., Cadena, C., Hutter, M., Ijspeert, A., Floreano, D., Gambardella, L. M., Siegwart, R., & Scaramuzza, D. (2019). The current state and future outlook of rescue robotics. Journal of Field Robotics, 36, 1171\u20131191.","journal-title":"Journal of Field Robotics"},{"key":"9603_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/5289.863909","volume":"3","author":"J Devault","year":"2000","unstructured":"Devault, J. (2000). Robotic system for underwater inspection of bridge piers. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 3, 32\u201337.","journal-title":"IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine"},{"key":"9603_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04014054","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000246","volume":"21","author":"A Ellenberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellenberg, A., Branco, L., Krick, A., Bartoli, I., & Kontsos, A. (2015). Use of unmanned aerial vehicle for quantitative infrastructure evaluation. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 21, 04014054.","journal-title":"Journal of Infrastructure Systems"},{"key":"9603_CR206","unstructured":"European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies. (2018). Statement on artificial intelligence, robotics and autonomous systems. European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Unit RTD.01. https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/dfebe62e-4ce9-11e8-be1d-01aa75ed71a1."},{"key":"9603_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fosch-Villaronga, E. (2019). Robots, healthcare, and the law: Regulating automation in personal care (1st ed.). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429021930-1"},{"key":"9603_CR100","unstructured":"Franke, U.E. (2013). The five most common media misrepresentations of UAVs. In Aaronson, M., A. Johnson (eds.), Hitting the target? how new capabilities are shaping international intervention (pp. 19\u201331). London: Royal United Services Institute."},{"key":"9603_CR21","first-page":"348","volume-title":"Human-computer interaction in management information systems: Foundations","author":"B Friedman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Friedman, B., Kahn, P., & Borning, A. (2006). Value sensitive design and information systems. In P. Zhang & D. Galletta (Eds.), Human-computer interaction in management information systems: Foundations (pp. 348\u2013372). Sharpe."},{"issue":"2","key":"9603_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x","volume":"26","author":"M Grant","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grant, M., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 26(2), 91\u2013108.","journal-title":"Health Information & Libraries Journal"},{"key":"9603_CR24","volume-title":"Trauma interventions in war and peace: Prevention, practice, and policy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Green, B. L., Friedman, M. J., de Jong, J., Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Solomon, S. D., Donelan, B., & Frey-Wouters, E. (Eds.). (2003). Trauma interventions in war and peace: Prevention, practice, and policy. Kluwer Academic Publishers."},{"issue":"3","key":"9603_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1075\/is.8.3.10gro","volume":"8","author":"V Groom","year":"2007","unstructured":"Groom, V., & Nass, C. (2007). Can robots be teammates? Benchmarks in human-robot teams. Interaction Studies, 8(3), 483\u2013500.","journal-title":"Interaction Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"9603_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X20000096","volume":"35","author":"ME Gustavsson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gustavsson, M. E., Arnberg, F. K., Juth, N., & von Schreeb, J. (2020). Moral distress among disaster responders: What is it? Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 35(2), 212\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1049023X20000096","journal-title":"Prehospital and Disaster Medicine"},{"key":"9603_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46667-5_7","volume-title":"Exploring the ethical landscape of robot-assisted search and rescue","author":"M Harbers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harbers, M., de Greeff, J., Kruijff-Korbayov\u00e1, I., Neerincx, M. A., & Hindriks, K. V. (2017). Exploring the ethical landscape of robot-assisted search and rescue. Cham: Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-46667-5_7"},{"key":"9603_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ienca, M., Ferretti, A., Hurst, S., Puhan, M., Lovis, C., Vayena, E. (2018). Considerations for ethics review of big data health research: A scoping review. PLOS One, 13(10).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204937"},{"key":"9603_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansson, L. (2010). The functional morality of robots. International Journal Technoethics, 1, 65-73.","DOI":"10.4018\/jte.2010100105"},{"key":"9603_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21502","volume":"31","author":"K Kochersberger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kochersberger, K., Kroeger, K., Krawiec, B., Brewer, E., & Weber, T. (2014). Post-disaster remote sensing and sampling via an autonomous helicopter. Journal of Field Robotics, 31, 510\u2013521.","journal-title":"Journal of Field Robotics"},{"key":"9603_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, M., Jung, M., & Knepper, R. (2016). Human expectations of social robots. In HRI \u201916: The Eleventh ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction (pp. 463\u2013464). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451807"},{"key":"9603_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04017004","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000353","volume":"23","author":"D Lattanzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lattanzi, D., & Miller, G. (2017). Review of robotic infrastructure inspection systems. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 23, 04017004.","journal-title":"Journal of Infrastructure Systems"},{"key":"9603_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemaignan, S., Fink, J., & Dillenbourg, P. (2014). The dynamics of anthropomorphism in robotics. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (pp. 226\u2013227). ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2559636.2559814"},{"issue":"1","key":"9603_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","volume":"5","author":"D Levac","year":"2010","unstructured":"Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O\u2019Brien, K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5(1), 69.","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"9603_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2011.940275","volume":"18","author":"P Lichoki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lichoki, P., Billard, A., & Kahn, P., Jr. (2011). The ethical landscape of robotics. Robotics & Automation Magazine, IEEE, 18(1), 39\u201350.","journal-title":"Robotics & Automation Magazine, IEEE"},{"issue":"11","key":"9603_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1001693","volume":"362","author":"O Merin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Merin, O., Ash, N., Levy, G., Schwaber, M., & Kreiss, Y. (2010). The Israeli field hostpital in Haiti\u2014ethical dilemmas in early disaster response. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(11), e38.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"9603_CR207","unstructured":"Muller, V. (2020). Ethics of artificial intelligence and robotics. In The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/win2020\/entries\/ethics-ai\/."},{"key":"9603_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9407.001.0001","volume-title":"Disaster robotics","author":"RR Murphy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murphy, R. R. (2014). Disaster robotics. MIT Press."},{"key":"9603_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2009.932521","volume":"16","author":"R Murphy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Murphy, R., Kravitz, J., Stover, S., & Shoureshi, R. (2009). Mobile robotics in mine rescue and recovery. IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, 16, 91\u2013103.","journal-title":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine"},{"key":"9603_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.20207","volume":"25","author":"R Murphy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Murphy, R., & Stover, S. (2007). Rescue robots for mudslides: A descriptive study of the 2005 La Conchita mudslide response. Journal of Field Robotics, 25, 3\u201316.","journal-title":"Journal of Field Robotics"},{"key":"9603_CR41","volume-title":"Disaster bioethics: Normative issues when nothing is normal","author":"D O\u2019Mathuna","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Mathuna, D., Gordijn, B., & Clarke, M. (2013). Disaster bioethics: Normative issues when nothing is normal. Springer Science and Business Media."},{"key":"9603_CR203","unstructured":"Owen, E. (2020). Firms vs. workers? The political economy of labor in an Era of global production and automation. Working Paper. https:\/\/www.internationalpoliticaleconomysociety.org\/sites\/default\/files\/paper-uploads\/2020-11-10-21_55_14-erica.owen@gmail.com.pdf."},{"key":"9603_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118551424","volume-title":"Responsible innovation: Managing the responsible emergence of science and innovation in society","author":"R Owen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Owen, R., Bessant, J., & Heintz, M. (2013). Responsible innovation: Managing the responsible emergence of science and innovation in society. Wiley."},{"key":"9603_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1123","volume":"5","author":"MT Pham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pham, M. T., Rajic, A., Greig, J. D., Sargeant, J. M., Papadopoulos, A., & McEwen, S. A. (2014). A scoping review of scoping reviews: Advancing the approach and enhancing the consistency. Research Synthesis Methods, 5, 371\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.1123","journal-title":"Research Synthesis Methods"},{"key":"9603_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Recchiuto, C. T., & Sgorbissa, A. (2017). Post-disaster assessment with unmanned aerial vehicles: A survey on practical implementations and research approaches. Journal of Field Robotics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rob.21756a.","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21756a"},{"key":"9603_CR44","volume-title":"Managing technology in society. The approach of constructive technology assessment","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rip, A., Misa, T., & Schot, J. (Eds.). (1995). Managing technology in society. The approach of constructive technology assessment. Pinter."},{"key":"9603_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-2010-0998","volume":"35","author":"P Rumrill","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rumrill, P., Fitzgerald, S., & Merchant, W. (2010). Using scoping literature reviews as a means of understanding and interpreting existing literature. Work, 35, 399\u2013404.","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"9603_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sanfilippo, M., Shvartzshnaider, Y., Reyes, I., Nissenbaum, H., & Egelman, S. (2019). Disaster privacy\/privacy disaster. The 47th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy. SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3427562","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3427562"},{"issue":"1","key":"9603_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-010-9234-6","volume":"14","author":"A Sharkey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharkey, A., & Sharkey, N. (2012). Granny and the robots: Ethical issues in robot care for the elderly. Ethics and Information Technology, 14(1), 27\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-010-9234-6","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"key":"9603_CR48","volume-title":"The rights and wrongs of robot care. Robot ethics: The ethical and social implications of robotics","author":"N Sharkey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sharkey, N., & Sharkey, A. (2011). The rights and wrongs of robot care. Robot ethics: The ethical and social implications of robotics. Springer."},{"issue":"4","key":"9603_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-015-0625-4","volume":"31","author":"R Sparrow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sparrow, R. (2016). Robots in aged care: A dystopian future? AI & Society, 31(4), 445\u2013454.","journal-title":"AI & Society"},{"key":"9603_CR50","unstructured":"Stefanov, W., & Evans, C. (2014). The international space station: a unique platform for remote sensing of natural disasters. Technical Report 20150003831, NASA."},{"key":"9603_CR51","first-page":"1","volume-title":"OCEANS","author":"E Steimle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steimle, E., Murphy, R., Lindemuth, M., & Hall, M. (2009). Unmanned marine vehicle use at Hurricanes Wilma and Ike. Unmanned marine vehicle use at Hurricanes Wilma and Ike. OCEANS (pp. 1\u20136). IEEE."},{"key":"9603_CR52","unstructured":"Stormont, D. P. (2008). Analyzing human trust of autonomous systems in hazardous environments. AAAI Workshop - Technical Report, WS-08-05, 27\u201332."},{"key":"9603_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/URSIRSB.2015.7909472","author":"T Tanzi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tanzi, T., Sebastien, O., & Rizza, C. (2015). Designing autonomous crawling equipment to detect personal connected devices and support rescue operations: Technical and societal concerns. Radio Science Bulletin. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/URSIRSB.2015.7909472","journal-title":"Radio Science Bulletin"},{"key":"9603_CR55","unstructured":"International Council of Nurses. (2012). The ICN Code of ethics for nurses. http:\/\/www.icn.ch\/who-we-are\/code-of-ethics-for-nurses\/."},{"key":"9603_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A4014004","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000334","volume":"28","author":"M Torok","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torok, M., Golparvar-Fard, M., & Kochersberger, K. (2014). Image-based automated 3D crack detection for post-disaster building assessment. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 28, A4014004.","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering"},{"key":"9603_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-015-9724-3","volume":"22","author":"I van de Poel","year":"2015","unstructured":"van de Poel, I. (2015). An ethical framework for evaluating experimental technology. Science and Engineering Ethics, 22, 667\u2013686.","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"9603_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-019-09514-1","volume":"22","author":"A van Wynsberghe","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Wynsberghe, A., & Comes, T. (2020). Drones in humanitarian contexts, robot ethics, and the human\u2013robot interaction. Ethics in Information Technology, 22, 43\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-019-09514-1","journal-title":"Ethics in Information Technology"},{"key":"9603_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118551424.ch3","volume":"26","author":"R Von Schomberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Von Schomberg, R. (2013). A vision of responsible research and innovation. Responsible Innovation: Managing the Responsible Emergence of Science and Innovation in Society, 26, 51\u201374.","journal-title":"Responsible Innovation: Managing the Responsible Emergence of Science and Innovation in Society"},{"key":"9603_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webb, H., Koene, A., Patel, M., & Vallejos, E. (2018). Multi-stakeholder dialogue for policy recommendations on algorithmic fairness.In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Media and Society (pp. 395\u2013399).","DOI":"10.1145\/3217804.3217952"},{"key":"9603_CR35","unstructured":"Williams, J. R. (2015). Medical ethics manual, 3rd edition. World Medical Association."},{"key":"9603_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-019-0213-6","volume":"2","author":"A Winfield","year":"2019","unstructured":"Winfield, A. (2019). An updated round up of ethical principles of robotics and AI. Nature Electronics, 2, 46\u201348.","journal-title":"Nature Electronics"},{"key":"9603_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2018.0085","author":"ANT Winfield","year":"2018","unstructured":"Winfield, A. N. T., & Jirotka, M. (2018). Ethical governance is essential to building trust in robotics and artificial intelligence systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2018.0085","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"},{"key":"9603_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuzanek, P., Zimmermann, K., & Hlavac, V. (2014). Accepted autonomy for search and rescue robotics. First International Workshop, MESAS 2014, Rome, Italy, May 5-6 2014, 231. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13823-7_21"}],"container-title":["Ethics and Information Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-021-09603-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10676-021-09603-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-021-09603-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T05:07:24Z","timestamp":1638767244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10676-021-09603-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-021-09603-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-1957","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8439","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 June 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}