{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T21:44:21Z","timestamp":1773179061922,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["852123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["852123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECF-2022-135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECF-2022-135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ethics Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-023-09678-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T08:03:57Z","timestamp":1675411437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Prospects for the global governance of autonomous weapons: comparing Chinese, Russian, and US practices"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-4533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingvild","family":"Bode","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3092-3557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"Huelss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9129-1242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Nadibaidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5463-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangyu","family":"Qiao-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5385-6334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom F.A.","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"9678_CR1","unstructured":"Acheson, R. (2022a). We will not weaponise our way out of horror. CCW Report, 10(2). https:\/\/reachingcriticalwill.org\/images\/documents\/Disarmament-fora\/ccw\/2022\/gge\/reports\/CCWR10.2.pdf"},{"issue":"7","key":"9678_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"R Acheson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Acheson, R. (2022b). Editorial: Weapons don\u2019t save lives. CCW Report, 10(7), 1. https:\/\/reachingcriticalwill.org\/images\/documents\/Disarmament-fora\/ccw\/2022\/gge\/reports\/CCWR10.7.pdf","journal-title":"CCW Report"},{"issue":"5","key":"9678_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/00396338.2017.1375263","volume":"59","author":"J Altmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Altmann, J., & Sauer, F. (2017). Autonomous Weapon Systems and Strategic Stability. Survival, 59(5), 117\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00396338.2017.1375263","journal-title":"Survival"},{"key":"9678_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42597-021-00067-z","author":"C Alwardt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alwardt, C., & Sch\u00f6rnig, N. (2022). A necessary step back? Recovering the security perspective in the debate on lethal autonomy. Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Friedens- Und Konfliktforschung. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42597-021-00067-z","journal-title":"Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Friedens- Und Konfliktforschung"},{"issue":"4","key":"9678_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s43154-020-00024-3","volume":"1","author":"D Amoroso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amoroso, D., & Tamburrini, G. (2020). Autonomous Weapons Systems and Meaningful Human Control: Ethical and Legal issues. Current Robotics Reports, 1(4), 187\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43154-020-00024-3","journal-title":"Current Robotics Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"9678_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/03932729.2020.1864995","volume":"56","author":"D Amoroso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amoroso, D., & Tamburrini, G. (2021). In Search of the \u2018Human Element\u2019: International Debates on Regulating Autonomous Weapons Systems. International Spectator, 56(1), 20\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03932729.2020.1864995","journal-title":"International Spectator"},{"issue":"886","key":"9678_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1017\/S1816383112000768","volume":"94","author":"P Asaro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Asaro, P. (2012). On banning autonomous weapon systems: Human rights, automation, and the dehumanization of lethal decision-making. International Review of the Red Cross, 94(886), 687\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1816383112000768","journal-title":"International Review of the Red Cross"},{"key":"9678_CR8","unstructured":"Automated Decision Research. (2022). State Positions. https:\/\/automatedresearch.org\/state-positions\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"9678_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/09662839.2021.2007476","volume":"31","author":"D Badell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Badell, D., & Schmitt, L. (2021). Contested views? Tracing European positions on lethal autonomous weapon systems. European Security, 31(2), 242\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09662839.2021.2007476","journal-title":"European Security"},{"key":"9678_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/09505430701369027","volume":"16","author":"R Barbrook","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barbrook, R. (2007). New York Prophecies: The Imaginary Future of Artificial Intelligence. Science as Culture, 16, 151\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09505430701369027","journal-title":"Science as Culture"},{"issue":"2","key":"9678_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/21624887.2020.1839852","volume":"8","author":"R Bellanova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bellanova, R., Jacobsen, K. L., & Monsees, L. (2020). Taking the Trouble: Science, Technology and Security Studies. Critical Studies on Security, 8(2), 87\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21624887.2020.1839852","journal-title":"Critical Studies on Security"},{"key":"9678_CR12","unstructured":"Bendett, S. (2022, August 30). The Ukraine war and its impact on Russian development of autonomous weapons. Atlantic Council. https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/content-series\/airpower-after-ukraine\/the-ukraine-war-and-its-impact-on-russian-development-of-autonomous-weapons\/"},{"key":"9678_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernstein, S., & Laurence, M. (2022). Practices and Norms: Relationships, Disjunctures, and Change. In A. Drieschova, C. Bueger, & T. Hopf (Eds.), Conceptualizing international practices (pp. 77\u201399). Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009052504.004"},{"key":"9678_CR14","unstructured":"Bhuta, N., Beck, S., Geiss, R., Liu, H. Y., & Kress, C. (Eds.). (2016). Autonomous weapons systems: Law, ethics, policy. Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9678_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1080\/14650045.2020.1850442","volume":"27","author":"R Biegon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Biegon, R., & Watts, T. F. A. (2022). Remote Warfare and the Retooling of American Primacy. Geopolitics, 27(3), 948\u2013971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14650045.2020.1850442","journal-title":"Geopolitics"},{"key":"9678_CR16","unstructured":"Bijker, W. E., & Law, J. (Eds.). (1992). Shaping Technology\/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change. MIT Press."},{"key":"9678_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bo, M., Bruun, L., & Boulanin, V. (2022). Retaining Human Responsibility in the Development and Use of Autonomous Weapon Systems: On Accountability for Violations of International Humanitarian Law Involving AWS. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55163\/AHBC1664","DOI":"10.55163\/AHBC1664"},{"issue":"3","key":"9678_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-5899.12684","volume":"10","author":"I Bode","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bode, I. (2019). Norm-making and the Global South: Attempts to Regulate Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems. Global Policy, 10(3), 359\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1758-5899.12684","journal-title":"Global Policy"},{"key":"9678_CR19","unstructured":"Bode, I. (2022). Practice-based and Deliberative Normativity: Retaining Human Control over the Use of Force. Conference paper under review."},{"issue":"3","key":"9678_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S0260210517000614","volume":"44","author":"I Bode","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bode, I., & Huelss, H. (2018). Autonomous weapons systems and changing norms in international relations. Review of International Studies, 44(3), 393\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0260210517000614","journal-title":"Review of International Studies"},{"key":"9678_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bode, I., & Huelss, H. (2022). Autonomous Weapons Systems and International norms. McGill-Queen\u2019s University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780228009245"},{"key":"9678_CR22","unstructured":"Bode, I., & Nadibaidze, A. (2022, April 4). AI and Drones in the Russian Invasion of Ukraine: Challenging the Expectations? The AutoNorms Blog. https:\/\/www.autonorms.eu\/ai-and-drones-in-the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-challenging-the-expectations\/"},{"key":"9678_CR23","unstructured":"Bode, I., & Watts, T. F. A. (2021). Meaning-less Human Control. The Consequences of Automation and Autonomy in Air Defence Systems. Drone Wars UK & Center for War Studies, University of Southern Denmark. https:\/\/dronewars.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/DW-Control-WEB.pdf"},{"key":"9678_CR24","unstructured":"Bode, I., & Watts, T. F. A. (forthcoming). Loitering Munitions and Unpredictability: New Challenges to Human Control. Article 36 & Center for War Studies."},{"issue":"3","key":"9678_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2346.12130","volume":"90","author":"J Borrie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Borrie, J. (2014). Humanitarian reframing of nuclear weapons and the logic of a ban. International Affairs, 90(3), 625\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1468-2346.12130","journal-title":"International Affairs"},{"key":"9678_CR26","unstructured":"Boulanin, V. (2021, March 3). Regulating Military AI Will Be Difficult. Here\u2019s a Way Forward. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. https:\/\/thebulletin.org\/2021\/03\/regulating-military-ai-will-be-difficult-heres-a-way-forward\/"},{"key":"9678_CR27","unstructured":"Boulanin, V., Saalman, L., Topychkanov, P., Su, F., & Carlsson, M. P. (2020). Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Stability and Nuclear Risk. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https:\/\/www.sipri.org\/publications\/2020\/other-publications\/artificial-intelligence-strategic-stability-and-nuclear-risk"},{"key":"9678_CR28","unstructured":"Boulanin, V., & Verbruggen, M. (2017). Mapping the Development of Autonomy in Weapons Systems. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https:\/\/www.sipri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2017-11\/siprireport_mapping_the_development_of_autonomy_in_weapon_systems_1117_1.pdf"},{"key":"9678_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0922156522000607","author":"B Boutin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boutin, B. (2022). State Responsibility in Relation to Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Leiden Journal of International Law. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0922156522000607","journal-title":"Leiden Journal of International Law"},{"key":"9678_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brehm, M. (2017). Defending the Boundary: Constraints and Requirements on the Use of Autonomous Weapon Systems Under International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law. In The Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights (Issue 9). Geneva Academy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2972071","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2972071"},{"key":"9678_CR31","unstructured":"Carpenter, C. (2022, January 7). A Better Path to a Treaty Banning \u2018Killer Robots\u2019 Has Just Been Cleared. World Politics Review. https:\/\/www.worldpoliticsreview.com\/articles\/30232\/a-better-path-to-a-treaty-banning-ai-weapons-killer-robots"},{"issue":"4","key":"9678_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/0967010606073085","volume":"37","author":"C.A.S.E Collective","year":"2006","unstructured":"C.A.S.E Collective. (2006). Critical Approaches to Security in Europe: A Networked Manifesto. Security Dialogue, 37(4), 443\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967010606073085","journal-title":"Security Dialogue"},{"key":"9678_CR33","unstructured":"CBC Radio. (2022, January 10). Quit using The Terminator as an example of AI gone wrong, argues BBC Reith Lecturer. https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/radio\/ideas\/quit-using-the-terminator-as-an-example-of-ai-gone-wrong-argues-bbc-reith-lecturer-1.6309630"},{"key":"9678_CR34","unstructured":"CCW Review Conference. (2021, December 17). Report of main committee II. Reaching Critical Will. https:\/\/reachingcriticalwill.org\/images\/documents\/Disarmament-fora\/ccw\/2021\/RevCon\/documents\/MCII-rev3.pdf"},{"key":"9678_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chandler, K. (2021). Does Military AI Have Gender? Understanding Bias and Promoting Ethical Approaches in Military Applications of AI. United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37559\/GEN\/2021\/04","DOI":"10.37559\/GEN\/2021\/04"},{"key":"9678_CR36","unstructured":"Chengeta, T. (2022). Is the Convention on Conventional Weapons the Appropriate Framework to Produce a New Law on Autonomous Weapon Systems?. In F. Viljoen, C. Fombad, D. Tladi, A. Skelton, & M. Killander (Eds.), A Life Interrupted: Essays in Honour of the Lives and Legacies of Christof Heyns (pp. 379\u2013397). Pretoria University Law Press."},{"key":"9678_CR37","unstructured":"Chinese Delegation to the CCW. (2016, April 12, 10:34:19). CCW Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons. UN Digital Recording System. https:\/\/conf.unog.ch\/digitalrecordings\/"},{"key":"9678_CR38","unstructured":"Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2018, April 11). Position Paper submitted by China to the Group of Governmental Experts of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons. Reaching Critical Will. https:\/\/reachingcriticalwill.org\/images\/documents\/Disarmament-fora\/ccw\/2018\/gge\/documents\/GGE.1-WP7.pdf"},{"key":"9678_CR39","unstructured":"Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2021, December 14). Position Paper of the People\u2019s Republic of China on Regulating Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI).https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/mfa_eng\/wjdt_665385\/wjzcs\/202112\/t20211214_10469512.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"9678_CR40","first-page":"118","volume":"99","author":"EA Colby","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colby, E. A., & Mitchell, A. W. (2020). The Age of Great-Power Competition: How the Trump Administration Refashioned American Strategy. Foreign Affairs, 99(1), 118\u2013130. https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/united-states\/age-great-power-competition","journal-title":"Foreign Affairs"},{"issue":"5","key":"9678_CR41","first-page":"1837","volume":"36","author":"R Crootof","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crootof, R. (2015). The Killer Robots Are Here: Legal and Policy Implications. Cardozo Law Review, 36(5), 1837\u20131916.","journal-title":"Cardozo Law Review"},{"key":"9678_CR42","unstructured":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). (n.d.). AI Next Campaign. https:\/\/www.darpa.mil\/work-with-us\/ai-next-campaign"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"9678_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s12399-022-00915-7","volume":"15","author":"C Diehl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diehl, C., & Lambach, D. (2022). (K)ein \u201eAI arms Race\u201c? Technologief\u00fchrerschaft im Verh\u00e4ltnis der Gro\u00dfm\u00e4chte. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Au\u00dfen- und Sicherheitspolitik, 15(2\u20133), 263\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12399-022-00915-7","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Au\u00dfen- und Sicherheitspolitik"},{"key":"9678_CR44","unstructured":"Docherty, B. (2022). An Agenda for Action: Alternative Processes for Negotiating a Killer Robots Treaty. Human Rights Watch and International Human Rights Clinic. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2022\/11\/10\/agenda-action\/alternative-processes-negotiating-killer-robots-treaty"},{"issue":"2","key":"9678_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/jcsl\/krw029","volume":"22","author":"MAC Ekelhof","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ekelhof, M. A. C. (2017). Complications of a Common Language: Why It Is So Hard to Talk about Autonomous Weapons. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 22(2), 311\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcsl\/krw029","journal-title":"Journal of Conflict and Security Law"},{"issue":"3","key":"9678_CR46","first-page":"67","volume":"71","author":"MAC Ekelhof","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ekelhof, M. A. C. (2018). Lifting the Fog of Targeting: \u201cAutonomous Weapons\u201d and Human Control through the Lens of Military Targeting. Naval War College Review, 71(3), 67\u2013100. https:\/\/digital-commons.usnwc.edu\/nwc-review\/vol71\/iss3\/6\/","journal-title":"Naval War College Review"},{"key":"9678_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-3585.2010.00417.x","volume":"12","author":"S Fritsch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fritsch, S. (2011). Technology and Global Affairs. International Studies Perspectives, 12, 27\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-3585.2010.00417.x","journal-title":"International Studies Perspectives"},{"key":"9678_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gadinger, F. (2022). The Normativity of International Practices. In A. Drieschova, C. Bueger, & T. Hopf (Eds.), Conceptualizing International Practices. Directions for the Practice Turn in International Relations (pp. 100\u2013121). Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009052504.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"9678_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1017\/eis.2015.7","volume":"1","author":"D Garcia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garcia, D. (2016). Future arms, technologies, and international law: Preventive security governance. European Journal of International Security, 1(1), 94\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/eis.2015.7","journal-title":"European Journal of International Security"},{"key":"9678_CR50","unstructured":"Garcia, D. (2017, December 13). Governing Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems. Ethics & International Affairs. https:\/\/www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org\/2017\/governing-lethal-autonomous-weapon-systems\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"9678_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/isr\/viy029","volume":"20","author":"D Garcia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garcia, D. (2018). Lethal Artificial Intelligence and Change: The Future of International Peace and Security. International Studies Review, 20(2), 334\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/isr\/viy029","journal-title":"International Studies Review"},{"key":"9678_CR52","unstructured":"Garcia, D. (forthcoming). Common Good Governance in the Age of Military Artificial Intelligence. Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"5","key":"9678_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/00963402.2016.1216672","volume":"72","author":"EM Geist","year":"2016","unstructured":"Geist, E. M. (2016). It\u2019s already too late to stop the AI arms race\u2014We must manage it instead. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 72(5), 318\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00963402.2016.1216672","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists"},{"key":"9678_CR54","unstructured":"Gillespie, T. (2014, June). Algorithm. Culture Digitally. https:\/\/culturedigitally.org\/2014\/06\/algorithm-draft-digitalkeyword\/"},{"key":"9678_CR55","unstructured":"Gorenburg, D., Fink, A., Bendett, S., & Edmonds, J. (2022). A Technological Divorce: The impact of sanctions and the end of cooperation on Russia\u2019s technology and AI sector (CNA Occasional Paper). CNA. https:\/\/www.cna.org\/reports\/2022\/04\/a-technological-divorce"},{"key":"9678_CR56","unstructured":"Gray, M., & Ertan, A. (2021). Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy in the Military: An Overview of NATO Member States\u2019 Strategies and Deployment. NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence. https:\/\/ccdcoe.org\/library\/publications\/artificial-intelligence-and-autonomy-in-the-military-an-overview-of-nato-member-states-strategies-and-deployment\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"9678_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/13523260.2017.1336407","volume":"38","author":"MC Haas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haas, M. C., & Fischer, S. C. (2017). The evolution of targeted killing practices: Autonomous weapons, future conflict, and the international order. Contemporary Security Policy, 38(2), 281\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13523260.2017.1336407","journal-title":"Contemporary Security Policy"},{"key":"9678_CR58","unstructured":"Hagel, C. (2014, November 15). Reagan National Defense Forum Keynote. US Department of Defense. https:\/\/www.defense.gov\/News\/Speeches\/Article\/606635\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"9678_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-5899.12713","volume":"10","author":"J Haner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haner, J., & Garcia, D. (2019). The Artificial Intelligence Arms Race: Trends and World Leaders in Autonomous Weapons Development. Global Policy, 10(3), 331\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1758-5899.12713","journal-title":"Global Policy"},{"key":"9678_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawley, J. K., & Mares, A. L. (2012). Human Performance Challenges for the Future Force: Lessons from Patriot after the Second Gulf War. In P. Savage-Knepshield, J. Martin, J. Locket III, & L. Allender (Eds.), Designing Soldier Systems: Current Issues in Human Factors (pp. 3\u201334). Ashgate.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315576756-1"},{"key":"9678_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1353\/hrq.2016.0034","volume":"38","author":"C Heyns","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heyns, C. (2016). Human Rights and the Use of Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) during Domestic Law Enforcement. Human Rights Quarterly, 38, 350\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hrq.2016.0034","journal-title":"Human Rights Quarterly"},{"key":"9678_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holland Michel, A. (2021). Known Unkowns: Data Issues and Military Autonomous Systems. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. https:\/\/unidir.org\/known-unknowns","DOI":"10.37559\/SecTec\/21\/AI1"},{"key":"9678_CR63","unstructured":"Horowitz, M. C., & Scharre, P. (2015). Meaningful Human Control in Weapon Systems: A Primer. Center for a New American Security. https:\/\/www.cnas.org\/publications\/reports\/meaningful-human-control-in-weapon-systems-a-primer"},{"key":"9678_CR64","unstructured":"International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (2021, May 12). ICRC position on autonomous weapon systems. https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/icrc-position-autonomous-weapon-systems"},{"key":"9678_CR65","unstructured":"International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (2022, July 26). What you need to know about autonomous weapons. https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/what-you-need-know-about-autonomous-weapons"},{"key":"9678_CR66","unstructured":"International Panel on the Regulation of Autonomous Weapons (iPRAW). (2018). Focus on Ethical Implications for a Regulation of LAWS (\u201cFocus on\u201d Report No.4). https:\/\/www.ipraw.org\/publications\/ethical-implications\/"},{"key":"9678_CR67","unstructured":"International Panel on the Regulation of Autonomous Weapons (iPRAW). (2020). A path towards the regulation of LAWS. IPRAW Briefing. https:\/\/www.ipraw.org\/publications\/briefing-a-path-towards-regulation\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"9678_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/030631287017002001","volume":"17","author":"S Jasanoff","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jasanoff, S. (1987). Contested Boundaries in Policy-Relevant Science. Social Studies of Science, 17(2), 195\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030631287017002001","journal-title":"Social Studies of Science"},{"key":"9678_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasanoff, S. (2004). The idiom of co-production. In S. Jasanoff (Ed.), States of Knowledge: The Co-Production of Science and the Social Order (pp. 1\u201312). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203413845-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"9678_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/14751798.2019.1600800","volume":"35","author":"J Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson, J. (2019). Artificial Intelligence & Future Warfare: Implications for International Security. Defense and Security Analysis, 35(2), 147\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14751798.2019.1600800","journal-title":"Defense and Security Analysis"},{"key":"9678_CR71","unstructured":"Kahn, L. (2022, October 20). Russia is Lying About its AI Capabilities: How Russia is Using Emerging Technologies to Hide Human Rights Violations. The SAIS Review of International Affairs. https:\/\/saisreview.sais.jhu.edu\/russia-ai-human-rights-violations-ukraine-syria\/"},{"key":"9678_CR72","unstructured":"Kallenborn, Z. (2021, June 4). If a killer robot were used, would we know? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. https:\/\/thebulletin.org\/2021\/06\/if-a-killer-robot-were-used-would-we-know\/"},{"key":"9678_CR73","unstructured":"Konaev, M. (2021). Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence: The Russian Approach. In Advanced Military Technology in Russia: Capabilities and Implications (pp.\u00a063\u201374). Chatham House. https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/2021\/09\/advanced-military-technology-russia"},{"key":"9678_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leander, A. (2008). Thinking Tools. In A. Klotz, & D. Prakesh (Eds.), Qualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide (pp. 11\u201327). Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230584129_2"},{"key":"9678_CR75","unstructured":"Li, J. (2014, November 20). Lijie: \u2019Zhinenghua zhanzheng\u2019 zheng pumianerlai [Li Jie: \u2018Intelligent war\u2019 is coming]. Global Times. https:\/\/opinion.huanqiu.com\/article\/9CaKrnJFQVr"},{"key":"9678_CR76","unstructured":"Liu, X. (2020, April 14). Robot warriors join Chinese military arsenal, will free soldiers from dangerous missions. Global Times. https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/content\/1185595.shtml"},{"issue":"4","key":"9678_CR77","first-page":"43","volume":"37","author":"V Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma, V. (2016). The Ethics and Implications of Modern Warfare: Robotic Systems and Human Optimization. Harvard International Review, 37(4), 43\u201345. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26445617","journal-title":"Harvard International Review"},{"key":"9678_CR78","unstructured":"Mahnken, T. G. (2010). Technology and the American Way of War Since 1945. Columbia University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9678_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/13523260.2019.1576464","volume":"40","author":"M Maas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maas, M. (2019). How Viable is International Arms Control for Military Artificial Intelligence? Three Lessons from Nuclear Weapons. Contemporary Security Policy, 40(3), 285\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13523260.2019.1576464","journal-title":"Contemporary Security Policy"},{"key":"9678_CR80","unstructured":"Macfarlane, K., & Christie, L. (2022). Automation in Military Operations (POSTNOTE 681). The Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. https:\/\/post.parliament.uk\/research-briefings\/post-pn-0681\/"},{"key":"9678_CR81","unstructured":"McDermott, R. (2021). Russian UAV Technology and Loitering Munitions. Eurasia Daily Monitor, 18(72). https:\/\/jamestown.org\/program\/russian-uav-technology-and-loitering-munitions\/"},{"key":"9678_CR82","unstructured":"Mizokami, K. (2021, November 2). Autonomous Drones Have Attacked Humans. This Is a Turning Point. Popular Mechanics. https:\/\/www.popularmechanics.com\/military\/weapons\/a36559508\/drones-autonomously-attacked-humans-libya-united-nations-report\/"},{"key":"9678_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, F. E., Boudreaux, B., Lohn, A. J., Ashby, M., Curriden, C., Klima, K., & Grossman, D. (2020). Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Concerns in an Uncertain World. RAND Corporation. https:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/research_reports\/RR3139-1.html","DOI":"10.7249\/RR3139"},{"key":"9678_CR84","unstructured":"Moyes, R. (2019). Target Profiles. Article 36. http:\/\/www.article36.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Target-profiles.pdf"},{"key":"9678_CR85","unstructured":"Moyes, R. (2022, August 9). Continued CCW failure makes an alternative process on autonomous weapons more likely. Article 36. https:\/\/article36.org\/updates\/continued-ccw-failure-makes-an-alternative-process-on-autonomous-weapons-more-likely\/"},{"key":"9678_CR86","unstructured":"Nadibaidze, A. (2021a, June 3). Russia\u2019s Perspective on Human Control and Autonomous Weapons: Is the Official Discourse Changing? The AutoNorms Blog. https:\/\/www.autonorms.eu\/russias-perspective-on-human-control-and-autonomous-weapons-is-the-official-discourse-changing-2\/"},{"key":"9678_CR87","unstructured":"Nadibaidze, A. (2021b, August 23). Can the UN GGE Go Beyond the Eleven Guiding Principles on LAWS? The AutoNorms Blog. https:\/\/www.autonorms.eu\/can-the-un-gge-go-beyond-the-eleven-guiding-principles-on-laws\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"9678_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/13523260.2022.2075665","volume":"43","author":"A Nadibaidze","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nadibaidze, A. (2022a). Great power identity in Russia\u2019s position on autonomous weapons systems. Contemporary Security Policy, 43(3), 407\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13523260.2022.2075665","journal-title":"Contemporary Security Policy"},{"key":"9678_CR89","unstructured":"Nadibaidze, A. (2022b). Russian Perceptions of Military AI, Automation, and Autonomy. Foreign Policy Research Institute. https:\/\/www.fpri.org\/article\/2022\/01\/russian-perceptions-of-military-ai-automation-and-autonomy\/"},{"key":"9678_CR90","unstructured":"National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence (NSCAI). (2021, March). Final Report. https:\/\/www.nscai.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Full-Report-Digital-1.pdf"},{"key":"9678_CR91","unstructured":"Nicolini, D. (2013). Practice Theory, Work, and Organization: An Introduction. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9678_CR92","unstructured":"Noor, O. (2022a, March 15). Discussions at UN on Autonomous Weapon Systems Blocked by Russia, but States Indicate Way Forward. Campaign to Stop Killer Robots. https:\/\/www.stopkillerrobots.org\/news\/discussions-at-un-on-autonomous-weapon-systems-blocked-by-russia-but-states-indicate-way-forward\/"},{"key":"9678_CR93","unstructured":"Noor, O. (2022b, October 21). 70 states deliver joint statement on autonomous weapons systems at UN General Assembly. Campaign to Stop Killer Robots. https:\/\/www.stopkillerrobots.org\/news\/70-states-deliver-joint-statement-on-autonomous-weapons-systems-at-un-general-assembly\/"},{"key":"9678_CR94","unstructured":"Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2022). ODIHR Interim Report on reported violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law in Ukraine. https:\/\/www.osce.org\/files\/f\/documents\/c\/d\/523081_0.pdf"},{"key":"9678_CR95","unstructured":"Pang, H. (2019). 21 shiji zhanzheng yanbian yu gouxiang: zhinenghua zhanzhen [Evolution and conception of War in the 21st Century: Intelligent War]. Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9678_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.22831\/kjda.2020.32.3.004","volume":"32","author":"S Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park, S. (2020). Analysis of the Positions Held by Countries on Legal Issues of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems and Proper Domestic Policy Direction of South Korea. Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 32(3), 393\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22831\/kjda.2020.32.3.004","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Defense Analysis"},{"key":"9678_CR97","unstructured":"PLA Daily (2015, July 31). Meiguo lujun jinyibu jiakuai gaige, jiemi \u2018quyu dingxiang budui\u2019 [The United States Ground Force further accelerated reform: revealing \u2018armed forces orienteering\u2019]. http:\/\/military.people.com.cn\/n\/2015\/0731\/c1011-27390390.html"},{"key":"9678_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratt, S. F. (2022). Normative Transformation and the War on Terrorism. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009092326"},{"key":"9678_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qiao-Franco, G., & Bode, I. (2023). Weaponised Artificial Intelligence and Chinese Practices of Human-Machine Interaction. Chinese Journal of International Politics, 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cjip\/poac024","DOI":"10.1093\/cjip\/poac024"},{"key":"9678_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10670564.2022.2153016","author":"G Qiao-Franco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qiao-Franco, G., & Zhu, R. (2022). China\u2019s Artificial Intelligence Ethics: Policy Development in an Emergent Community of Practice. Journal of Contemporary China. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10670564.2022.2153016","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary China"},{"key":"9678_CR101","unstructured":"Rainsford, S. (2022, July 15). Ukraine war: Four-year-old Liza killed by Russian attack on Vinnytsia. BBC News. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-62181726"},{"key":"9678_CR102","unstructured":"RIA Novosti. (2022, 19 April). \u0412\u0421 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 [The Russian Armed Forces will integrate new methods of warfare]. https:\/\/ria.ru\/20220419\/oborona-1784272753.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"9678_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/13523260.2020.1845935","volume":"42","author":"O Rosendorf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosendorf, O. (2021). Predictors of Support for a Ban on Killer Robots: Preventive Arms Control as an Anticipatory Response to Military Innovation. Contemporary Security Policy, 42(1), 30\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13523260.2020.1845935","journal-title":"Contemporary Security Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"9678_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-5899.12691","volume":"10","author":"E Rosert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosert, E., & Sauer, F. (2019). Prohibiting Autonomous Weapons: Put Human Dignity First. Global Policy, 10(3), 370\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1758-5899.12691","journal-title":"Global Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"9678_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/13523260.2020.1771508","volume":"42","author":"E Rosert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosert, E., & Sauer, F. (2021). How (not) to stop the killer robots: A comparative analysis of humanitarian disarmament campaign strategies. Contemporary Security Policy, 42(1), 4\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13523260.2020.1771508","journal-title":"Contemporary Security Policy"},{"key":"9678_CR106","unstructured":"Russell, S. (2021, December 8). AI in Warfare. The BBC Reith Lectures. https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/sounds\/play\/m00127t9"},{"key":"9678_CR107","unstructured":"Russian Federation. (2018, April 4). Russia\u2019s Approaches to the Elaboration of a Working Definition and Basic Functions of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Purposes and Objectives of the Convention. Reaching Critical Will. https:\/\/reachingcriticalwill.org\/images\/documents\/Disarmament-fora\/ccw\/2018\/gge\/documents\/GGE.1-WP6-English.pdf"},{"key":"9678_CR108","unstructured":"Russian Federation. (2021a, September 27). Considerations for the report of the Group of Governmental Experts of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons on emerging technologies in the area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems. United Nations. https:\/\/undocs.org\/ccw\/gge.1\/2021\/wp.1"},{"key":"9678_CR109","unstructured":"Russian Federation. (2021b, September 27). To understanding the characteristics of the LAWS relevant to the aims and objectives of the Convention. Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of LAWS, UNODA. https:\/\/documents.unoda.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/To-understanding-the-characteristics-of-the-LAWS-.pdf"},{"issue":"913","key":"9678_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1017\/S1816383120000466","volume":"102","author":"F Sauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sauer, F. (2020). Stepping back from the brink: Why multilateral regulation of autonomy in weapons systems is difficult, yet imperative and feasible. International Review of the Red Cross, 102(913), 235\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1816383120000466","journal-title":"International Review of the Red Cross"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"9678_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/10736700.2018.1548097","volume":"25","author":"T Sauer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sauer, T., & Reveraert, M. (2018). The potential stigmatizing effect of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. The Nonproliferation Review, 25(5\u20136), 437\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10736700.2018.1548097","journal-title":"The Nonproliferation Review"},{"key":"9678_CR112","unstructured":"Scharre, P. (2021). Debunking the AI Arms Race Theory. Texas National Security Review, 4(3). https:\/\/tnsr.org\/2021\/06\/debunking-the-ai-arms-race-theory\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"9678_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1162\/daed_a_01916","volume":"151","author":"E Schmidt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schmidt, E. (2022). AI, Great Power Competition & National Security. Daedalus, 151(2), 288\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/daed_a_01916","journal-title":"Daedalus"},{"key":"9678_CR114","unstructured":"Schmidt, E., & Work, R. (2022, December 5). How to Stop the Next World War: A Strategy to Restore America\u2019s Military Deterrence. The Atlantic. https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2022\/12\/us-china-military-rivalry-great-power-war\/672345\/"},{"key":"9678_CR115","unstructured":"Shane, S., & Wakabayashi, D. (2018, April 4). \u2018The Business of War\u2019: Google Employees Protest Work for The Pentagon. The New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/04\/technology\/google-letter-ceo-pentagon-project.html"},{"issue":"6","key":"9678_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/00963402.2018.1533185","volume":"74","author":"P Sharikov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharikov, P. (2018). Artificial intelligence, cyberattack, and nuclear weapons\u2014A dangerous combination. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 74(6), 368\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00963402.2018.1533185","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists"},{"key":"9678_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-018-9494-0","volume":"21","author":"A Sharkey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharkey, A. (2019). Autonomous Weapons Systems, Killer Robots and Human dignity. Ethics and Information Technology, 21, 75\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-018-9494-0","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"key":"9678_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharkey, N. (2016). Staying in the Loop: Human Supervisory Control of Weapons. In N. Bhuta, S. Beck, R. Geiss, H.-Y. Liu, & C. Kress (Eds.), Autonomous Weapons Systems: Law, Ethics, Policy (pp. 23\u201338). Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316597873.002"},{"key":"9678_CR120","unstructured":"Sharkey, N. (2018, August 28). The Impact of Gender and Race Bias in AI. ICRC Humanitarian Law & Policy. https:\/\/blogs.icrc.org\/law-and-policy\/2018\/08\/28\/impact-gender-race-bias-ai\/"},{"key":"9678_CR121","unstructured":"Stanley, A. (2021, May 30). The Age of Autonomous Killer Robots May Already Be Here. Gizmodo. https:\/\/gizmodo.com\/flying-killer-robot-hunted-down-a-human-target-without-1847001471"},{"key":"9678_CR122","unstructured":"State Council of China (2019, July 24). China\u2019s National Defense in the New Era. http:\/\/english.www.gov.cn\/archive\/whitepaper\/201907\/24\/content_WS5d3941ddc6d08408f502283d.html"},{"key":"9678_CR123","unstructured":"Suchman, L. (2016). Situational Awareness and Adherence to the Principle of Distinction as a Necessary Condition for Lawful Autonomy. CCW Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons. Geneva, 12 April 2016, Panel \u2018Towards a Working Definition of LAWS\u2019."},{"issue":"2","key":"9678_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/21624887.2020.1760587","volume":"8","author":"L Suchman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suchman, L. (2020). Algorithmic Warfare and the Reinvention of Accuracy. Critical Studies on Security, 8(2), 175\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21624887.2020.1760587","journal-title":"Critical Studies on Security"},{"key":"9678_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taddeo, M., & Blanchard, A. (2022). A Comparative Analysis of the Definitions of Autonomous Weapons Systems. Science and Engineering Ethics, 28(37). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-022-00392-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-022-00392-3"},{"key":"9678_CR126","unstructured":"TASS. (2021, September 13). Uran-9, Nerekhta Robots Used in Troops Formations for First Time at Zapad-2021 Drills. https:\/\/tass.com\/defense\/1337237"},{"key":"9678_CR127","unstructured":"TASS. (2022a, August 17). \u0412 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0420\u0424 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c [The Russian MoD created a department to work with AI]. https:\/\/tass.ru\/armiya-i-opk\/15492531"},{"key":"9678_CR128","unstructured":"TASS (2022b, August 25). \u0412 \u041c\u041e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 [The MoD talked about the intellectualization of Russian armaments].https:\/\/tass.ru\/armiya-i-opk\/15557335?"},{"key":"9678_CR129","unstructured":"Tavsan, S. (2021, June 20). Turkish defense company says drone unable to go rogue in Libya. Nikkei Asia. https:\/\/asia.nikkei.com\/Business\/Aerospace-Defense\/Turkish-defense-company-says-drone-unable-to-go-rogue-in-Libya"},{"key":"9678_CR130","unstructured":"The United States. (2013, November 14). U.S. Delegation Opening Statement as Delivered by Michael W. Meier. U.S. Mission to International Organizations in Geneva. https:\/\/geneva.usmission.gov\/2013\/11\/15\/u-s-opening-statement-at-the-meeting-of-parties-to-the-ccw\/"},{"key":"9678_CR131","unstructured":"The United States. (2014, November 13). U.S. Delegation Opening Statement as Delivered by Michael W. Meier. U.S. Mission to International Organizations in Geneva. https:\/\/geneva.usmission.gov\/2014\/11\/13\/u-s-statement-at-the-meeting-of-high-contracting-parties-to-the-convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons-ccw\/"},{"key":"9678_CR132","unstructured":"The United States. (2015, April 17). U.S. Delegation Closing Statement and the Way Ahead as Delivered by Michael W. Meier, Head of Delegation. U.S. Mission to International Organizations in Geneva. https:\/\/geneva.usmission.gov\/2015\/05\/08\/ccw-laws-meeting-u-s-closing-statement-and-the-way-ahead"},{"key":"9678_CR133","unstructured":"The United States. (2018a, April 3). Humanitarian benefits of emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapon systems. U.S. Delegation to the CCW. https:\/\/ogc.osd.mil\/Portals\/99\/Law%20of%20War\/Practice%20Documents\/US%20Working%20Paper%20-%20Humanitarian%20benefits%20of%20emerging%20technologies%20in%20the%20area%20of%20LAWS%20-%20CCW_GGE.1_2018_WP.4_E.pdf?ver=O0lg6BIxsFt57nrOuz3xHA%3D%3D"},{"key":"9678_CR134","unstructured":"The United States. (2018b, April 9). Opening Statement as Delivered by Ian McKay. U.S. Mission to International Organizations in Geneva. https:\/\/geneva.usmission.gov\/2018\/04\/09\/ccw-u-s-opening-statement-at-the-group-of-governmental-experts-meeting-on-lethal-autonomous-weapons-systems\/?_ga=2.26152510.2044898756.1665825878-233344413.1665825878"},{"key":"9678_CR135","unstructured":"The United States. (2018c, April 11). U.S. Statement on Characterization of the systems under consideration in order to promote a common understanding on concepts and characteristics relevant to the objectives and purposes of the CCW. U.S. Mission to International Organizations in Geneva. https:\/\/geneva.usmission.gov\/2018\/04\/11\/ccw-u-s-statement-on-characterization-of-the-systems-under-consideration\/?_ga=2.126230926.2044898756.1665825878-233344413.1665825878"},{"key":"9678_CR136","unstructured":"The United States. (2018d, April 17). U.S. Statement on the Outcome of the GGE. U.S. Mission to International Organizations in Geneva. https:\/\/geneva.usmission.gov\/2018\/04\/17\/u-s-statement-on-the-outcome-of-the-gge\/"},{"key":"9678_CR137","unstructured":"The United States. (2018e, August 28). Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems Submitted by the United States. Reaching Critical Will. https:\/\/reachingcriticalwill.org\/images\/documents\/Disarmament-fora\/ccw\/2018\/gge\/documents\/GGE.2-WP4.pdf"},{"key":"9678_CR138","unstructured":"The United States. (2019, March 27). Consideration of the human element in the use of lethal force. U.S. Mission to International Organizations in Geneva. https:\/\/geneva.usmission.gov\/2019\/03\/27\/convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons-consideration-of-the-human-element-in-the-use-of-lethal-force\/?_ga=2.24996537.2044898756.1665825878-233344413.1665825878"},{"key":"9678_CR139","unstructured":"The White House. (2017, December). National Security Strategy of the United States of America. https:\/\/trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf"},{"key":"9678_CR140","unstructured":"The White House. (2022, October). National Security Strategy. https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10"},{"key":"9678_CR141","unstructured":"United Nations Security Council. (2021). Final Report of the Panel of Experts on Libya Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1973 (2011). https:\/\/undocs.org\/S\/2021\/229"},{"key":"9678_CR142","unstructured":"United States Department of Defense. (2012). Department of Defense Directive Number 3000.09: Autonomy in Weapon Systems.https:\/\/www.esd.whs.mil\/portals\/54\/documents\/dd\/issuances\/dodd\/300009p.pdf"},{"key":"9678_CR143","unstructured":"United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA). (2019). Report of the 2019 session of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems. https:\/\/documents.unoda.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/CCW_GGE.1_2019_3_E.pdf"},{"key":"9678_CR144","unstructured":"Victor, D., & Nechepurenko, I. (2022, July 15). Russia Repeatedly Strikes Ukraine\u2019s Civilians. There\u2019s Always an Excuse. The New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/article\/russian-civilian-attacks-ukraine.html"},{"issue":"3","key":"9678_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/01402390.2020.1770732","volume":"45","author":"JBJ Vilmer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vilmer, J.-B. J. (2022). The forever-emerging norm of banning nuclear weapons. Journal of Strategic Studies, 45(3), 478\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01402390.2020.1770732","journal-title":"Journal of Strategic Studies"},{"key":"9678_CR146","unstructured":"Vincent, J. (2021, June 3). Have autonomous robots started killing in war? The Verge. https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2021\/6\/3\/22462840\/killer-robot-autonomous-drone-attack-libya-un-report-context"},{"issue":"2","key":"9678_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1142\/S2377740018500148","volume":"4","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Y., & Chen, D. (2018). Rising Sino-U.S. competition in Artificial Intelligence. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(2), 241\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S2377740018500148","journal-title":"China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"9678_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1080\/09592318.2020.1743485","volume":"31","author":"A Warren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Warren, A., & Hillas, A. (2020). Friend or Frenemy? The Role of Trust in Human-Machine Teaming and Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 31(4), 822\u2013850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09592318.2020.1743485","journal-title":"Small Wars &amp; Insurgencies"},{"issue":"4","key":"9678_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/14702436.2021.1994397","volume":"21","author":"TFA Watts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Watts, T. F. A., & Biegon, R. (2021). Revisiting the remoteness of remote warfare: US military intervention in Libya during Obama\u2019s presidency. Defence Studies, 21(4), 508\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14702436.2021.1994397","journal-title":"Defence Studies"},{"key":"9678_CR150","unstructured":"Work, R. (2016, April 28). Remarks by Deputy Secretary Work on Third Offset Strategy. U.S. Department of Defensehttps:\/\/www.defense.gov\/News\/Speeches\/Speech\/Article\/753482\/remarks-by-deputy-secretary-work-on-third-offset-strategy\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"9678_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14702436.2019.1698956","volume":"20","author":"A Wyatt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wyatt, A. (2020). Charting great power progress toward a lethal autonomous weapon system demonstration point. Defence Studies, 20(1), 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14702436.2019.1698956","journal-title":"Defence Studies"},{"key":"9678_CR152","unstructured":"Zhang, M. (2020). Jiefangjun caigou xinxing zhineng daodan ke xingcheng zhanchang chixu yazhi faxian mubiao ji cuihui [The People\u2019s Liberation Army purchases new smart missiles to form continuous domination on the battlefield]. Tencent News. https:\/\/new.qq.com\/omn\/20200312\/20200312A0O"}],"container-title":["Ethics and Information Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09678-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09678-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09678-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T04:53:22Z","timestamp":1701838402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09678-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09678-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-1957","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8439","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2023","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statements and declarations"}}],"article-number":"5"}}