{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T23:52:48Z","timestamp":1770421968408,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009572","name":"University of St.Gallen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009572","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009572","name":"University of St.Gallen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009572","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ethics Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers numerous opportunities to improve military Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance operations. And, modern militaries recognize the strategic value of reducing civilian harm. Grounded in these two assertions we focus on the transformative potential that AI ISR systems have for improving the respect for and protection of humanitarian relief operations. Specifically, we propose that establishing an interface for humanitarian organizations to military AI ISR systems can improve the current state of ad-hoc humanitarian notification systems, which are notoriously unreliable and ineffective for both parties to conflict and humanitarian organizations. We argue that such an interface can improve military awareness and understanding while also ensuring that states better satisfy their international humanitarian law obligations to respect and protect humanitarian relief personnel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-023-09681-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T15:04:49Z","timestamp":1676300689000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Artificial intelligence and humanitarian obligations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8748-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Trusilo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Danks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"9681_CR1","unstructured":"Allen, G. C. (2022). Russia Probably Has Not Used AI-Enabled Weapons in Ukraine, but That Could Change. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/russia-probably-has-not-used-ai-enabled-weapons-ukraine-could-change"},{"key":"9681_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51466-6_15","volume-title":"The Political Economy of Robots","author":"R Arkin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arkin, R. (2018). Lethal Autonomous Systems and the plight of the non-combatant. In R. Kiggins (Ed.), The Political Economy of Robots (pp. 317\u2013326). Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan."},{"issue":"4","key":"9681_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/15027570.2010.536402","volume":"9","author":"R Arkin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arkin, R. (2010). The case for ethical autonomy in Unmanned Systems. Journal of Military Ethics, 9(4), 332\u2013341.","journal-title":"Journal of Military Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"9681_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1353\/sor.2019.0026","volume":"86","author":"P Asaro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asaro, P. (2019). Algorithms of violence: critical social perspectives on Autonomous Weapons, Special Issue on Algorithms. Social Research, 86(2), 537\u2013555.","journal-title":"Social Research"},{"issue":"886","key":"9681_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1017\/S1816383112000768","volume":"94","author":"P Asaro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Asaro, P. (2012). On Banning Autonomous Weapon Systems: Human Rights, automation, and the dehumanization of Lethal decision-making. International Review of the Red Cross, 94(886), 687\u2013709.","journal-title":"International Review of the Red Cross"},{"key":"9681_CR6","unstructured":"Danks, D. (2020). How adversarial attacks could destabilize military AI systems.IEEE Spectrum."},{"key":"9681_CR7","unstructured":"DoD (2022a). Artificial Intelligence, Autonomy Will Play Crucial Role in Warfare, General Says. https:\/\/www.defense.gov\/News\/News-Stories\/Article\/Article\/2928194\/artificial-intelligence-autonomy-will-play-crucial-role-in-warfare-general-says\/"},{"key":"9681_CR8","unstructured":"DoD (2022b). ) Civilian Harm Mitigation and Response Action Plan. https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2022\/Aug\/25\/2003064740\/-1\/-1\/1\/Civilian-harm-mitigation-and-response-action-plan.PDF"},{"key":"9681_CR9","unstructured":"Future of Life Institute (2021). Autonomous Weapons: An Open Letter from AI & Robotics Researchers. https:\/\/futureoflife.org\/%20open-letter-autonomous-weapons\/"},{"key":"9681_CR10","unstructured":"Hill, E., & Hurst, W. (2019). The U.N. Tried to Save Hospitals in Syria. It Didn\u2019t Work.International New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/12\/29\/world\/middleeast\/united-nations-syria-russia.html"},{"key":"9681_CR11","unstructured":"Hoehn, J. R. (2022). Joint All-Domain Command and Control (Jadc2). https:\/\/sgp.fas.org\/crs\/natsec\/IF11493.pdf"},{"key":"9681_CR12","unstructured":"Humanitarian Outcomes (2022). Aid Worker Security Report 2022: Figures at a Glancewww.humanitarianoutcomes.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/awsd_figures_2022.pdf"},{"key":"9681_CR13","unstructured":"ICRC (2005). Customary IHL Database. https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/customary-ihl"},{"key":"9681_CR14","unstructured":"ICRC (2019). Artificial intelligence and machine learning in armed conflict: A human-centred approach. https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/download\/file\/96992\/ai_and_machine_learning_in_armed_conflict-icrc.pdf"},{"key":"9681_CR15","unstructured":"Joint Chiefs of Staff (2013). Joint Publication 3\u201360 \u201cJoint Targeting.\u201d https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/Joint_Chiefs-Joint_Targeting_20130131.pdf"},{"key":"9681_CR16","unstructured":"Lewis, L. (2022). Improving Protection of Humanitarian Organizations in Armed Conflict. https:\/\/www.cna.org\/reports\/2022\/03\/Improving-Protection-of-Humanitarian-Organizations-in-Armed-Conflict.pdf"},{"key":"9681_CR17","unstructured":"Mauvais, L. (2020). Syria is the deadliest place for aid workers, and there is little hope for change. https:\/\/syriadirect.org\/syria-is-the-deadliest-place-for-aid-workers-and-there-is-little-hope-for-change\/"},{"key":"9681_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OCHA (2022). Ukraine: Useful contacts and links. https:\/\/reports.unocha.org\/en\/country\/ukraine\/card\/4HvLutumfJ\/","DOI":"10.5089\/9798400225727.002"},{"key":"9681_CR19","unstructured":"OCHA (2021). The Humanitarian Notification System. 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Humanitarian Deconfliction Mechanism: Humanitarian Organisations Operating in Syria (Humanitarian Mission Movements & Static Locations). https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/documents\/files\/deconfliction_syria_for_static_non_static_feb2018_eng.pdf"},{"key":"9681_CR22","unstructured":"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/applic\/ihl\/ihl.nsf\/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=B67EDFC718BF74E3C12563CD0051DFC4"},{"key":"9681_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, S., Borchert, O., Mitchell, S., & Connelly, S. (2020). Zero trust architecture (no. NIST Special publication (SP) 800 \u2013 207). 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Chapter II: United Nations Security Management System (UNSMS), Section F: Saving Lives Together in United Nations Security Management System (UNSMS). https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/pdfs\/undss-unsms_policy_ebook.pdf"},{"key":"9681_CR29","unstructured":"Yager, S. (2022). Lost Innocents: The U.S. Military\u2019s Shameful Failure to Protect Civilians.Foreign Affairs. https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/united-states\/2022-01-25\/lost-innocents"}],"container-title":["Ethics and Information Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09681-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09681-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09681-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T06:26:06Z","timestamp":1679984766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09681-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9681"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09681-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-1957","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8439","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2023","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"12"}}