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The use of artificial intelligence in weapon systems greatly complicates the process of conducting reviews, particularly where a weapon system is capable of continuing to \u2018learn\u2019 on its own after being deployed on the battlefield. This paper surveys current understandings of the weapons review challenges presented by <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> learning and outlines some concepts which may inform appropriate changes to existing weapons review processes. The main arguments made are that: a distinction should be drawn between learning capabilities that are limited to optimising existing behaviour and capabilities that extend to acquiring new behaviours; and the extent of a weapon system\u2019s learning capabilities should be used as the basis for defining a schedule of weapons reviews.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-023-09688-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T14:55:03Z","timestamp":1676040903000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Legal reviews of in situ learning in autonomous weapons"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8740-6980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"McFarland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1529-1088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zena","family":"Assaad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"9688_CR1","unstructured":"Article 36 (2013). 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The views and opinions expressed in the article are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Australian Government or any other institution.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statements and declarations"}}],"article-number":"9"}}