{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T20:59:08Z","timestamp":1768337948778,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008811","name":"Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Australian Research Council"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Australian Research Council"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008811","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ethics Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-023-09735-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T04:35:14Z","timestamp":1700022914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Conceptualising and regulating all neural data from consumer-directed devices as medical data: more scope for an unnecessary expansion of medical influence?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4702-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brad","family":"Partridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Dodds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"9735_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118041","volume":"236","author":"MJS Beauvais","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beauvais, M. J. S., Knoppers, B. M., & Illes, J. (2021). A marathon, not a sprint - neuroimaging, Open Science and ethics. Neuroimage, 236, 118041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118041.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"7","key":"9735_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2021.1926582","volume":"21","author":"I Butorac","year":"2021","unstructured":"Butorac, I., & Carter, A. (2021). The coercive potential of digital mental health. The American Journal of Bioethics, 21(7), 28\u201330.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Bioethics"},{"key":"9735_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conrad, P. (2007). The medicalization of Society. The Johns Hopkins University Press.","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801885846"},{"key":"9735_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conrad, P., & Slodden, C. (2013). The medicalization of mental disorder. Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health, 61\u201373.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4276-5_4"},{"key":"9735_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Hotman, D., Loh, E., & Savulescu, J. (2020). AI enabled Suicide prediction tools\u2013ethical considerations for medical leaders. BMJ Leader, 5(2).","DOI":"10.1136\/leader-2020-000275"},{"issue":"5","key":"9735_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004551","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004551","volume":"4","author":"HG Dahlen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dahlen, H. G., Tracy, S., Tracy, M., Bisits, A., Brown, C., & Thornton, C. (2014). Rates of obstetric intervention and associated perinatal mortality and morbidity among low-risk women giving birth in private and public hospitals in NSW (2000\u20132008): A linked data population-based cohort study. BMJ open, 4(5), e004551.","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"key":"9735_CR7","unstructured":"Elliott, C. (2004). Better than well: American medicine meets the American dream. WW Norton & Company."},{"key":"9735_CR8","unstructured":"Frenkel, S., & Kang, C. (2021). An ugly truth: Inside Facebook\u2019s battle for domination. Harper."},{"issue":"4","key":"9735_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.029","volume":"167","author":"S Goering","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goering, S., & Yuste, R. (2016). On the necessity of ethical guidelines for Novel neurotechnologies. Cell, 167(4), 882\u2013885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.029.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"9735_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goering, S., Klein, E., Specker Sullivan, L., Wexler, A., Ag\u00fcera, Y. A. B., Bi, G., Carmena, J. M., Fins, J. J., Friesen, P., Gallant, J., Huggins, J. E., Kellmeyer, P., Marblestone, A., Mitchell, C., Parens, E., Pham, M., Rubel, A., Sadato, N., Teicher, M., & Yuste, R. (2021). Recommendations for Responsible Development and Application of Neurotechnologies. Neuroethics, 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12152-021-09468-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-021-09468-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"9735_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-022-00599-z","volume":"35","author":"A Halsband","year":"2022","unstructured":"Halsband, A., & Heinrichs, B. (2022). AI, Suicide prevention and the limits of beneficence. Philosophy & Technology, 35(4), 103.","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9735_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1017\/s0963180120000377","volume":"29","author":"SO Hansson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hansson, S. O. (2020). Neuroethics for Fantasyland or for the clinic? The limitations of speculative Ethics. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 29(4), 630\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0963180120000377.","journal-title":"Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics"},{"key":"9735_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ienca, M. (2015). Neuroprivacy, neurosecurity and brain-hacking: Emerging issues in neural engineering. Bioethica Forum.","DOI":"10.24894\/BF.2015.08015"},{"issue":"9","key":"9735_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4240","volume":"36","author":"M Ienca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ienca, M., Haselager, P., & Emanuel, E. J. (2018). Brain leaks and consumer neurotechnology. Nature Biotechnology, 36(9), 805\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nbt.4240.","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"issue":"7342","key":"9735_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7342.892","volume":"324","author":"R Johanson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Johanson, R., Newburn, M., & Macfarlane, A. (2002). Has the medicalisation of Childbirth gone too far? Bmj, 324(7342), 892\u2013895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.324.7342.892.","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"8","key":"9735_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25803","volume":"43","author":"AS Jwa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jwa, A. S., & Poldrack, R. A. (2022). The spectrum of data sharing policies in neuroimaging data repositories. Human Brain Mapping, 43(8), 2707\u20132721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.25803.","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"9735_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-018-9371-x","author":"P Kellmeyer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kellmeyer, P. (2021). Big Brain Data: On the Responsible Use of Brain Data from Clinical and Consumer-Directed Neurotechnological Devices Neuroethics, 14(1), 83\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12152-018-9371-x."},{"issue":"7","key":"9735_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2020.1863515","volume":"21","author":"S Laacke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laacke, S., Mueller, R., Schomerus, G., & Salloch, S. (2021). Artificial intelligence, social media and depression. A new concept of health-related digital autonomy. The American Journal of Bioethics, 21(7), 4\u201320.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Bioethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"9735_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016039","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab5b7f","volume":"17","author":"S Naufel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naufel, S., & Klein, E. (2020). Brain-computer interface (BCI) researcher perspectives on neural data ownership and privacy. Journal of Neural Engineering, 17(1), 016039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab5b7f.","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"issue":"6","key":"9735_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-00947-y","volume":"39","author":"SM Pfotenhauer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pfotenhauer, S. M., Frahm, N., Winickoff, D., Benrimoh, D., Illes, J., & Marchant, G. (2021). Mobilizing the private sector for responsible innovation in neurotechnology. Nature Biotechnology, 39(6), 661\u2013664.","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9735_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031507","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0047237","volume":"5","author":"R Portillo-Lara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Portillo-Lara, R., Tahirbegi, B., Chapman, C. A. R., Goding, J. A., & Green, R. A. (2021). Mind the gap: State-of-the-art technologies and applications for EEG-based brain-computer interfaces. APL Bioeng, 5(3), 031507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0047237.","journal-title":"APL Bioeng"},{"issue":"4","key":"9735_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-020-00218-0","volume":"26","author":"S Rainey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rainey, S., Martin, S., Christen, A., M\u00e9gevand, P., & Fourneret, E. (2020a). Brain Recording, Mind-Reading, and Neurotechnology: Ethical issues from Consumer Devices to Brain-based Speech Decoding. Science and Engineering Ethics, 26(4), 2295\u20132311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-020-00218-0.","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"9735_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rainey, S., McGillivray, K., Akintoye, S., Fothergill, T., Bublitz, C., & Stahl, B. (2020b). Is the European Data Protection Regulation sufficient to deal with emerging data concerns relating to neurotechnology? Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 7(1), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jlb\/lsaa051.","DOI":"10.1093\/jlb\/lsaa051"},{"issue":"9","key":"9735_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0230-z","volume":"37","author":"A Wexler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wexler, A. (2019). Separating neuroethics from neurohype. Nature Biotechnology, 37(9), 988\u2013990.","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"}],"container-title":["Ethics and Information Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09735-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09735-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09735-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:30:03Z","timestamp":1701055803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09735-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09735-5","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"uri","id":"","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-1957","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8439","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 November 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Brad Partridge declares no competing financial or non-financial competing interests related to this work. Susan Dodds declares that she has no competing financial interests related to this work. Susan Dodds is a member of the Board of Directors of Intersect Australia Ltd and she receives no compensation as a Director.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"59"}}