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In response, recent efforts have sought to address the \u201cdigital language divide\u201d by extending the reach of large language models to \u201cunderserved languages.\u201d We show how some of these efforts tend to produce flawed solutions that adhere to a hard-wired representational preference for certain languages, which we call language modeling bias. Language modeling bias is a specific and under-studied form of linguistic bias were language technology by design favors certain languages, dialects, or sociolects with respect to others. We show that language modeling bias can result in systems that, while being precise regarding languages and cultures of dominant powers, are limited in the expression of socio-culturally relevant notions of other communities. We further argue that at the root of this problem lies a systematic tendency of technology developer communities to apply a simplistic understanding of diversity which does not do justice to the more profound differences that languages, and ultimately the communities that speak them, embody. Drawing on the concept of epistemic injustice, we point to the broader ethico-political implications and show how it can lead not only to a disregard for valuable aspects of diversity but also to an under-representation of the needs of marginalized language communities. Finally, we present an alternative socio-technical approach that is designed to tackle some of the analyzed problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-023-09742-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T15:02:16Z","timestamp":1706367736000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Diversity and language technology: how\u00a0language\u00a0modeling\u00a0bias causes\u00a0epistemic\u00a0injustice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2719-9721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Helm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gertraud","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Giunchiglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"9742_CR1","volume-title":"Word sense disambiguation: Algorithms and applications","author":"E Agirre","year":"2007","unstructured":"Agirre, E., & Edmonds, P. 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