{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:17:13Z","timestamp":1775953033506,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002839","name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ethics Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Smartphone apps might offer a low-threshold approach to the detection of mental health conditions, such as depression. Based on the gathering of \u2018passive data,\u2019 some apps generate a user\u2019s \u2018digital phenotype,\u2019 compare it to those of users with clinically confirmed depression and issue a warning if a depressive episode is likely. These apps can, thus, serve as epistemic tools for affected users. From an ethical perspective, it is crucial to consider epistemic injustice to promote socially responsible innovations within digital mental healthcare. In cases of epistemic injustice, people are wronged specifically as epistemic agents, i.e., agents of the production and distribution of knowledge. We suggest that epistemic agency relies on different resource- and uptake-related preconditions which can be impacted by the functionality of passive self-tracking apps. We consider how this can lead to different forms of epistemic injustice (testimonial, hermeneutical, and contributory injustice) and analyze the influence of the apps\u2019 use on epistemic practices on an individual level, in mental healthcare settings, and on the structural level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-024-09765-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T07:01:50Z","timestamp":1713164510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detecting your depression with your smartphone? \u2013 An ethical analysis of epistemic injustice in passive self-tracking apps"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9635-7850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjam","family":"Faissner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8337-9639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6821-6770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0301-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Laacke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"9765_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al Hanai, T., Ghassemi, M., & Glass, J. (2018). Detecting depression with audio\/text sequence modeling of interviews. Interspeech, 1716\u20131720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21437\/Interspeech.2018-2522.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2018-2522"},{"key":"9765_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2021.1926589","volume":"21","author":"R Alvarado","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alvarado, R., & Morar, N. (2021). Error, reliability and health-related digital autonomy in AI diagnoses of social media analysis. American Journal of Bioethics, 21, 26\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15265161.2021.1926589.","journal-title":"American Journal of Bioethics"},{"key":"9765_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"9765_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.122978","volume":"203","author":"MC Angermeyer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Angermeyer, M. C., Matschinger, H., & Schomerus, G. (2013). Attitudes towards psychiatric treatment and people with mental illness: Changes over two decades. British Journal of Psychiatry, 203, 146\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.122978.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1159\/000502000","volume":"3","author":"LM Babrak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Babrak, L. M., Menetski, J., Rebhan, M., Nisato, G., Zinggeler, M., Brasier, N., Baerenfaller, K., Brenzikofer, T., Baltzer, L., Vogler, C., Gschwind, L., Schneider, C., Streiff, F., Groenen, P. M. A., & Miho, E. (2019). Traditional and digital biomarkers: Two worlds apart? Digital Biomarkers, 3, 92\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000502000.","journal-title":"Digital Biomarkers"},{"key":"9765_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baumgartner, R. (2021). Precision medicine and digital phenotyping: Digital medicine\u2019s way from more data to better health. Big Data & Society, 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517211066452.","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211066452"},{"key":"9765_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1086\/288768","volume":"44","author":"C Boorse","year":"1977","unstructured":"Boorse, C. (1977). Health as a theoretical concept. Philosophy of Science, 44, 542\u2013573.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"9765_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1086\/705443","volume":"86","author":"A Bueter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bueter, A. (2019). Epistemic injustice and psychiatric classification. Philosophy of Science, 86, 1064\u20131074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/705443.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"9765_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burrell, J. (2016). How the machine \u2018thinks\u2019: Understanding opacity in machine learning algorithms. Big Data & Society, 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951715622512.","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951715622512"},{"key":"9765_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11406-007-9085-5","volume":"35","author":"H Carel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carel, H. (2007). Can I be ill and happy? Philosophia, 35, 95\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11406-007-9085-5.","journal-title":"Philosophia"},{"key":"9765_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carel, H. (2016). Phenomenology of illness. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199669653.001.0001"},{"key":"9765_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-021-00492-1","volume":"34","author":"S Coghlan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coghlan, S., & D\u2019Alfonso, S. (2021). Digital phenotyping: An epistemic and methodological analysis. Philosophy & Technology, 34, 1905\u20131928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-021-00492-1.","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"key":"9765_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4593-5","volume":"33","author":"K Crapanzano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Crapanzano, K., Fisher, D., Hammarlund, R., Hsieh, E. P., & May, W. (2018). An exploration of residents\u2019 implicit biases towards depression \u2013 a pilot study. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33, 2065\u20132069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-018-4593-5.","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"key":"9765_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.bp.115.050682","volume":"41","author":"P Crichton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crichton, P., Carel, H., & Kidd, I. J. (2017). Epistemic injustice in psychiatry. BJPsych Bulletin, 41, 65\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/pb.bp.115.050682.","journal-title":"BJPsych Bulletin"},{"key":"9765_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-2001.2011.01177.x","volume":"26","author":"K Dotson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dotson, K. (2011). Tracking epistemic violence, tracking practices of silencing. Hypatia, 26, 236\u2013257.","journal-title":"Hypatia"},{"key":"9765_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5250\/fronjwomestud.33.1.0024","volume":"33","author":"K Dotson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dotson, K. (2012). A cautionary tale: On limiting epistemic oppression. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 33, 24\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5250\/fronjwomestud.33.1.0024.","journal-title":"Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies"},{"key":"9765_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/02691728.2013.782585","volume":"28","author":"K Dotson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dotson, K. (2014). Conceptualizing epistemic oppression. Social Epistemology, 28, 115\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02691728.2013.782585.","journal-title":"Social Epistemology"},{"key":"9765_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dro\u017cd\u017cowicz, A. (2021). Epistemic injustice in psychiatric practice: Epistemic duties and the phenomenological approach. Journal of Medical Ethics, 47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/medethics-2020-106679.","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2020-106679"},{"key":"9765_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10912-014-9293-5","volume":"35","author":"SA DuBrul","year":"2014","unstructured":"DuBrul, S. A. (2014). The Icarus Project: A counter narrative for psychic diversity. Journal of Medical Humanities, 35, 257\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10912-014-9293-5.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Humanities"},{"issue":"1","key":"9765_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.22613\/zfpp\/9.1.11","volume":"9","author":"N El Kassar","year":"2022","unstructured":"El Kassar, N. (2022). Epistemische Ungerechtigkeiten in und durch Algorithmen \u2013 ein \u00dcberblick [Epistemic injustices in algorithms \u2013 an overview]. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Praktische Philosophie, 9(1), 279\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22613\/zfpp\/9.1.11","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Praktische Philosophie"},{"issue":"2","key":"9765_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00481-021-00666-7","volume":"34","author":"M Faissner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Faissner, M., Juckel, G., & Gather, J. (2022). Testimoniale Ungerechtigkeit gegen\u00fcber Menschen mit psychischer Erkrankung in der Gesundheitsversorgung. Eine konzeptionelle und ethische Analyse [Testimonial injustice against people with mental disorders in health care. A conceptual and ethical analysis]. Ethik in der Medizin, 34(2), 145\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00481-021-00666-7","journal-title":"Ethik in der Medizin"},{"key":"9765_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13216","DOI":"10.2196\/13216","volume":"21","author":"A Fiske","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fiske, A., Henningsen, P., & Buyx, A. (2019). Your robot therapist will see you now: Ethical implications of embodied artificial intelligence in psychiatry, psychology, and psychotherapy. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21, e13216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/13216.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"9765_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ford, J., Thomas, F., Byng, R., & McCabe, R. (2019). Exploring how patients respond to GP recommendations for mental health treatment: An analysis of communication in primary care consultations. BJGP Open, 3(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399\/bjgpopen19X101670.","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgpopen19X101670"},{"key":"9765_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice. Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198237907.001.0001"},{"key":"9765_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fried, E. I., Rieble, C., & Proppert, R. K. K. (2023). Building an early warning system for depression: Rationale, objectives, and methods of the WARN-D study. [preprint] https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/9qcvs.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/9qcvs"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"9765_CR26","first-page":"219","volume":"20","author":"T Fuchs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fuchs, T. (2013). Depression, intercorporeality, and interaffectivity. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 20(7\u20138), 219\u2013238.","journal-title":"Journal of Consciousness Studies"},{"key":"9765_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200730080-00003","volume":"30","author":"BA Golomb","year":"2007","unstructured":"Golomb, B. A., McGraw, J. J., Evans, M. A., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2007). Physician response to patient reports of adverse drug effects. Drug Safety, 30, 669\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00002018-200730080-00003.","journal-title":"Drug Safety"},{"key":"9765_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman, G. A. (2019). Public mental health without the health? Challenges and contributions from the mad pride and neurodiversity paradigms. In K. Cratsley, & J. H. Radden (Eds.), Mental health as public health: Interdisciplinary perspectives on the ethics of prevention (pp. 289\u2013326). Elsevier\/Academic.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.dnb.2019.07.003"},{"key":"9765_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horwitz, A. V. (2012). Social constructions of mental illness. In H. Kincaid (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of philosophy of social science (pp. 559\u2013578). Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195392753.013.0023"},{"key":"9765_CR30","unstructured":"Horwitz, A. V., & Wakefield, J. C. (2012). The loss of sadness. How psychiatry transformed normal sorrow into depressive disorder. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9765_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2020.1845125","volume":"33","author":"AS Huda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huda, A. S. (2021). The medical model and its application in mental health. International Review of Psychiatry, 33, 463\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540261.2020.1845125.","journal-title":"International Review of Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-023-09712-y","volume":"25","author":"G Hull","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hull, G. (2023). Dirty data labeled dirt cheap: Epistemic injustice in machine learning systems. Ethics and Information Technology, 25, 38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09712-y.","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"key":"9765_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3223","volume":"33","author":"SH Jain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jain, S. H., Powers, B. W., Hawkins, J. B., & Brownstein, J. S. (2015). The digital phenotype. Nature Biotechnology, 33, 462\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nbt.3223.","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"key":"9765_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1017\/s1358246118000620","volume":"84","author":"IJ Kidd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kidd, I. J., & Carel, H. (2018). Harms and wrongs in epistemic practice. Healthcare practice, epistemic injustice, and naturalism. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 84, 211\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1358246118000620.","journal-title":"Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement"},{"key":"9765_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09515089.2022.2156333","author":"IJ Kidd","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kidd, I. J., Spencer, L., & Carel, H. (2022). Epistemic injustice in psychiatric research and practice. Philosophical Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09515089.2022.2156333.","journal-title":"Philosophical Psychology"},{"key":"9765_CR36","unstructured":"Kiesler, D. J. (1999). Beyond the disease model of mental disorders. Greenwood Publishing Group."},{"issue":"294","key":"9765_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/67.2.128","volume":"67","author":"E Kingma","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kingma, E. (2007). What is it to be healthy? Analysis, 67(294), 128\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/analys\/67.2.128.","journal-title":"Analysis"},{"key":"9765_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2021.1926587","volume":"21","author":"CM Klugman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klugman, C. M. (2021). Black boxes and bias in AI challenge autonomy. American Journal of Bioethics, 21, 33\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15265161.2021.1926587.","journal-title":"American Journal of Bioethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9765_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160164","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0853-2568","volume":"87","author":"M K\u00f6hnen","year":"2019","unstructured":"K\u00f6hnen, M., Dirmaier, J., & H\u00e4rter, M. (2019). Potenziale und Herausforderungen von E-Mental-Health-Interventionen in der Versorgung psychischer St\u00f6rungen [Potentials and challenges of e-mental health interventions in mental health care]. Fortschritte der Neurologie \u2013 Psychiatrie, 87(3), 160164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-0853-2568","journal-title":"Fortschritte der Neurologie \u2013 Psychiatrie"},{"key":"9765_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/10508422.2017.1365302","volume":"28","author":"R Kurs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kurs, R., & Grinshpoon, A. (2018). Vulnerability of individuals with mental disorders to epistemic injustice in both clinical and social domains. Ethics & Behavior, 28, 336\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10508422.2017.1365302.","journal-title":"Ethics & Behavior"},{"key":"9765_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0349.2010.00680.x","volume":"19","author":"R Lakeman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lakeman, R. (2010). Epistemic injustice and the mental health service user. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 19, 151\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1447-0349.2010.00680.x.","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health Nursing"},{"key":"9765_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105541","volume":"158","author":"IE Leaning","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leaning, I. E., Ikani, N., Savage, H. S., Leow, A., Beckmann, C., Ruh\u00e9, H. G., & Marquand, A. F. (2024). From smartphone data to clinically relevant predictions: A systematic review of digital phenotyping methods in depression. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 158, 105541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105541.","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"9765_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.9423","volume":"5","author":"N Martinez-Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martinez-Martin, N., & Kreitmair, K. (2018). Ethical issues for direct-to-consumer digital psychotherapy apps: Addressing accountability, data protection, and consent. JMIR Mental Health, 5, e32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/mental.9423.","journal-title":"JMIR Mental Health"},{"key":"9765_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14018","DOI":"10.2196\/14018","volume":"6","author":"G Mayer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mayer, G., Gronewold, N., Alvarez, S., Bruns, B., Hilbel, T., & Schultz, J. H. (2019). Acceptance and expectations of medical experts, students, and patients toward electronic mental health apps: Cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative survey study. JMIR Mental Health, 6, e14018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/14018.","journal-title":"JMIR Mental Health"},{"key":"9765_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2018-104761","volume":"45","author":"AJ Miller Tate","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miller Tate, A. J. (2019). Contributory injustice in psychiatry. Journal of Medical Ethics, 45, 97\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/medethics-2018-104761.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"issue":"9690","key":"9765_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60879-5","volume":"374","author":"AJ Mitchell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mitchell, A. J., Vaze, A., & Rao, S. (2009). Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: A meta-analysis. The Lancet, 374(9690), 609\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60879-5.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9765_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.07.028","volume":"130","author":"AJ Mitchell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mitchell, A. J., Rao, S., & Vaze, A. (2011). Can general practitioners identify people with distress and mild depression? A meta-analysis of clinical accuracy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 130(1\u20132), 26\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2010.07.028.","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"9765_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003901","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003901","volume":"19","author":"M Moitra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moitra, M., Santomauro, D., Collins, P. Y., Vos, T., Whiteford, H., Saxena, S., & Ferrari, A. J. (2022). The global gap in treatment coverage for major depressive disorder in 84 countries from 2000\u20132019: A systematic review and bayesian meta-regression analysis. PLoS Medicine, 19, e1003901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003901.","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"9765_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625247","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.625247","volume":"28","author":"I Moshe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moshe, I., Terhorst, Y., Asare, O., Sander, K., Ferreira, L., Baumeister, D., Mohr, H., D., & Pulkki-R\u00e5back, L. (2021). Predicting symptoms of depression and anxiety using smartphone and wearable data. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 28(12), 625247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.625247.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR50","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, V. C. (2021). Ethics of artificial intelligence and robotics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy Retrieved January 18, 2022, from https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/sum2021\/entries\/ethics-ai\/."},{"key":"9765_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2021.100347","volume":"2","author":"N Norori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Norori, N., Hu, Q., Aellen, F. M., Faraci, F. D., & Tzovara, A. (2021). Addressing bias in big data and AI for health care: A call for open science. Patterns, 2, 100347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patter.2021.100347.","journal-title":"Patterns"},{"issue":"4","key":"9765_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-2001.2011.01222.x","volume":"27","author":"G Pohlhaus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pohlhaus, G. (2012). Relational knowing and epistemic injustice: Toward a theory of willful hermeneutical ignorance. Hypatia, 27(4), 715\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1527-2001.2011.01222.x.","journal-title":"Hypatia"},{"key":"9765_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40133","DOI":"10.2196\/40133","volume":"9","author":"A Polhemus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Polhemus, A., Simblett, S., Dawe-Lane, E., Gilpin, G., Elliott, B., Jilka, S., Novak, J., Nica, R. I., Temesi, G., & Wykes, T. (2022). Health tracking via mobile apps for depression self-management: Qualitative content analysis of user reviews. JMIR Human Factors, 9, e40133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/40133.","journal-title":"JMIR Human Factors"},{"key":"9765_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-023-09676-z","volume":"25","author":"G Pozzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pozzi, G. (2023a). Automated opioid risk scores: A case for machine learning-induced epistemic injustice in healthcare. Ethics and Information Technology, 25, 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-023-09676-z.","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"key":"9765_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pozzi, G. (2023b). Testimonial injustice in medical machine learning. Journal of Medical Ethics,49, 536\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jme-2022-108630","DOI":"10.1136\/jme-2022-108630"},{"issue":"1","key":"9765_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/josp.12269","volume":"50","author":"K Puddifoot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Puddifoot, K. (2019). Stereotyping patients. Journal of Social Philosophy, 50(1), 69\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/josp.12269.","journal-title":"Journal of Social Philosophy"},{"key":"9765_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-5341-7-6","volume":"13","author":"JH Radden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Radden, J. H. (2012). Recognition rights, mental health consumers and reconstructive cultural semantics. Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine, 13, 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1747-5341-7-6.","journal-title":"Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine"},{"key":"9765_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhy016","volume":"44","author":"MA Rashed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rashed, M. A. (2019). In defense of madness: The problem of disability. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 44, 150\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmp\/jhy016.","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"key":"9765_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, L. W. (2013). Community-based participatory research for improved mental healthcare. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-5517-2"},{"key":"9765_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01617-6","author":"F Russo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Russo, F., Schliesser, E., & Wagemans, J. (2023). Connecting ethics and epistemology of AI. AI & Society. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01617-6.","journal-title":"AI & Society"},{"key":"9765_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s11017-023-09627-1","volume":"44","author":"E Sakakibara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sakakibara, E. (2023). Epistemic injustice in the therapeutic relationship in psychiatry. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 44, 477\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11017-023-09627-1.","journal-title":"Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics"},{"key":"9765_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00815-1","volume":"2","author":"IH Sarker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarker, I. H. (2021). Deep learning: A comprehensive overview on techniques, taxonomy, applications and research directions. SN Computer Science, 2, 420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00815-1.","journal-title":"SN Computer Science"},{"key":"9765_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saul, J. (2017). Implicit bias, stereotype threat, and epistemic injustice. In I. J. Kidd, J. Medina, & G. Pohlhaus (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of epistemic injustice (pp. 235\u2013242). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315212043-23"},{"key":"9765_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-019-09900-y","volume":"22","author":"B Schmietow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schmietow, B., & Marckmann, G. (2019). Mobile health ethics and the expanding role of autonomy. Medicine Health Care and Philosophy, 22, 623\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-019-09900-y.","journal-title":"Medicine Health Care and Philosophy"},{"key":"9765_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scrutton, A. P. (2017). Epistemic injustice and mental illness. In I. J. Kidd, J. Medina, & G. Pohlhaus (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of epistemic injustice (pp. 347\u2013355). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315212043-34"},{"issue":"11","key":"9765_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111682","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111682","volume":"9","author":"G Shefer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shefer, G., Henderson, C., Howard, L. M., Murray, J., & Thornicroft, G. (2014). Diagnostic overshadowing and other challenges involved in the diagnostic process of patients with mental illness who present in emergency departments with physical symptoms \u2013 A qualitative study. Plos One, 9(11), e111682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0111682.","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"9765_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001","volume":"104","author":"S Shorey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shorey, S., Chee, C. Y. I., Ng, E. D., Chan, Y. H., Tam, W. W. S., & Chong, Y. S. (2018). Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 104, 235\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"9765_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/21507740.2021.1918284","volume":"13","author":"JA Skorburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skorburg, J. A., & Yam, J. (2021). Is there an app for that? Ethical issues in the digital mental health response to COVID-19. AJOB Neuroscience, 13(3), 177\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21507740.2021.1918284.","journal-title":"AJOB Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"9765_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-023-10174-8","volume":"26","author":"SK Slack","year":"2023","unstructured":"Slack, S. K., & Barclay, L. (2023). First-person disavowals of digital phenotyping and epistemic injustice in psychiatry. Medicine Health Care and Philosophy, 26(4), 605\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-023-10174-8.","journal-title":"Medicine Health Care and Philosophy"},{"key":"9765_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e032255","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032255","volume":"9","author":"P Spinazze","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spinazze, P., Rykov, Y., Bottle, A., & Car, J. (2019). Digital phenotyping for assessment and prediction of mental health outcomes: A scoping review protocol. British Medical Journal Open, 9, e032255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032255.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal Open"},{"key":"9765_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00473","volume":"11","author":"G Stanghellini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stanghellini, G., & Leoni, F. (2020). Digital phenotyping: Ethical issues, opportunities, and threats. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00473.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0780-3","volume":"10","author":"C Su","year":"2020","unstructured":"Su, C., Xu, Z., Pathak, J., & Wang, F. (2020). Deep learning in mental health outcome research: A scoping review. Translational Psychiatry, 10, 116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-020-0780-3.","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-022-03631-z","volume":"200","author":"J Symons","year":"2022","unstructured":"Symons, J., & Alvarado, R. (2022). Epistemic injustice and data science technologies. Synthese, 200, 87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11229-022-03631-z.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"9765_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-021-00669-5","volume":"22","author":"S Talukdar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Talukdar, S. (2021). Undisclosed probing into decision-making capacity: A dilemma in secondary care. BMC Medical Ethics, 22, 100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-021-00669-5.","journal-title":"BMC Medical Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9765_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-020-00395-7","volume":"34","author":"\u015e Tekin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tekin, \u015e. (2020). Is big data the new stethoscope? Perils of digital phenotyping to address mental illness. Philosophy & Technology, 34(3), 447\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-020-00395-7.","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9765_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-022-09649-8","volume":"24","author":"M Theunissen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Theunissen, M., & Browning, J. (2022). Putting explainable AI in context: Institutional explanations for medical AI. Ethics and Information Technology, 24(2), 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-022-09649-8.","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9765_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/10497323231208111","volume":"34","author":"E Thomas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomas, E., Benjamin-Thomas, T. E., Sithambaram, A., Shankar, J., & Chen, S. P. (2023). Participatory action research among people with serious mental illness: A scoping review. Qualitative Health Research, 34(1\u20132), 3\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10497323231208111.","journal-title":"Qualitative Health Research"},{"key":"9765_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260701278937","volume":"19","author":"G Thornicroft","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thornicroft, G., Rose, D., & Kassam, A. (2007). Discrimination in health care against people with mental illness. International Review of Psychiatry, 19, 113\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540260701278937.","journal-title":"International Review of Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20883","volume":"20","author":"J Torous","year":"2021","unstructured":"Torous, J., Bucci, S., Bell, I. H., Kessing, L. V., Faurholt-Jepsen, M., Whelan, P., Carvalho, A. F., Keshavan, M., Linardon, J., & Firth, J. (2021). The growing field of digital psychiatry: Current evidence and the future of apps, social media, chatbots, and virtual reality. World Psychiatry, 20, 318\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20883.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202000739","volume":"72","author":"EF Torrey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Torrey, E. F., Simmons, W. W., Hancq, S., E., & Snook, J. (2021). The continuing decline of clinical research on serious mental illnesses at NIMH. Psychiatric Services, 72, 1342\u20131344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.202000739.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"9765_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.13485","volume":"27","author":"S Uusitalo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uusitalo, S., Tuominen, J., & Arstila, V. (2020). Mapping out the philosophical questions of AI and clinical practice in diagnosing and treating mental disorders. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 27, 478\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jep.13485.","journal-title":"Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice"},{"key":"9765_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00057","volume":"7","author":"R van Riel","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Riel, R. (2016). What is constructionism in psychiatry? From social causes to psychiatric classification. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7, 57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00057.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Kardoff, E. (2017). Diskriminierung seelisch Beeintr\u00e4chtigter [Discrimination of people with mental impairment.] In A. Scherr, A. El-Mafaalani, & E. G. Y\u00fcksel (Eds.), Handbuch Diskriminierung (pp. 565\u2013592). Springer VS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-10976-9_33"},{"key":"9765_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-022-10086-z","volume":"25","author":"A Wardrope","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wardrope, A., & Reuber, M. (2022). The hermeneutics of symptoms. Medicine Health Care and Philosophy, 25, 395\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-022-10086-z.","journal-title":"Medicine Health Care and Philosophy"},{"key":"9765_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1211-7","volume":"16","author":"JC Wyatt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wyatt, J. C. (2018). How can clinicians, specialty societies and others evaluate and improve the quality of apps for patient use? BMC Medicine, 16, 225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-018-1211-7.","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"9765_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39010","DOI":"10.2196\/39010","volume":"11","author":"A Young","year":"2022","unstructured":"Young, A., Choi, A., Cannedy, S., Hoffmann, L., Levine, L., Liang, L. J., Medich, M., Oberman, R., & Olmos-Ochoa, T. (2022). Passive mobile self-tracking of mental health by veterans with serious mental illness: Protocol for a user-centered design and prospective cohort study. JMIR Research Protocols, 11(8), e39010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/39010.","journal-title":"JMIR Research Protocols"},{"key":"9765_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243915605575","volume":"41","author":"T Zarsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zarsky, T. (2016). The trouble with algorithmic decisions. Science Technology & Human Values, 41, 118\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0162243915605575.","journal-title":"Science Technology & Human Values"}],"container-title":["Ethics and Information Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-024-09765-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10676-024-09765-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-024-09765-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T13:20:58Z","timestamp":1718889658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10676-024-09765-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-024-09765-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-1957","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8439","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 April 2024","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no financial or nonfinancial conflict of interest. No funds, grants or other support was received.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"28"}}