{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T15:23:53Z","timestamp":1774625033343,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004869","name":"Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ethics Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Complex technology has become an essential aspect of everyday life. We rely on technology as part of basic infrastructure and repeatedly for tasks throughout the day. Yet, in many cases the relation surpasses mere reliance and evolves to trust in technology. A new, disruptive technology is blockchain. It claims to introduce trustless relationships among its users, aiming to eliminate the need for trust altogether\u2014even being described as \u201cthe trust machine\u201d. This paper presents a proposal to adjust the concept of trust in blockchain applications with the tools provided by conceptual engineering. Its goal is to propose a concept of trust, that offers more than a halo term, devoid of the normative depth that the original, philosophical term actually carries. To evaluate possible concepts of trust in blockchain applications, five criteria are proposed: These criteria ensure that the conceptual relation indeed embodies trust, thereby being richer than mere reliance, and that the chosen concept highlights the active role of the trustor. While the concepts of trust in engineers and trust in algorithms have to be discarded, institutional trust emerges as a viable candidate, given some refinements. Ultimately, the concept of trust by normative expectations and attribution is suggested to capture the essence of trust in blockchain applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-024-09774-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T05:01:36Z","timestamp":1717563696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Engineering the trust machine. Aligning the concept of trust in the context of blockchain applications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"P\u00f6ll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"9774_CR1","volume-title":"Handbook of trust and philosophy","author":"M Alfano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alfano, M., & Huijts, N. (2022). Trust and distrust in institutions and governance. In J. Simon (Ed.), Handbook of trust and philosophy. Routledge."},{"issue":"2","key":"9774_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1086\/292745","volume":"96","author":"A Baier","year":"1986","unstructured":"Baier, A. (1986). Trust and antitrust. Ethics, 96(2), 231\u2013260.","journal-title":"Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"9774_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14763\/2021.2.1555","volume":"10","author":"M Becker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Becker, M., & Bod\u00f3, B. (2021). Trust in blockchain-based systems. Internet Policy Review, 10(2), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14763\/2021.2.1555","journal-title":"Internet Policy Review"},{"key":"9774_CR4","unstructured":"Bundesnetzagentur. (2021). Die Blockchain-Technologie. Grundlagen, Potenziale und Herausforderungen. Bundesnetzagentur f\u00fcr Elektrizit\u00e4t, Gas, Telekommunikation, Post und Eisenbahnen. https:\/\/www.bundesnetzagentur.de\/DE\/Fachthemen\/ Digitalisierung\/Technologien\/Blockchain\/Links_Dokumente\/einfuehrung_bc.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=12"},{"key":"9774_CR5","unstructured":"Buterin, V. (2015). Visions, part 2: The problem of trust. Ethereum foundation blog. https:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/2015\/04\/27\/visions-part-2-the-problem-of-trust"},{"key":"9774_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caporaso, J. A., & Jupille, J. (2022). Definitions of institutions. In Theories of institutions (pp. 159\u2013164). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781139034142.007","DOI":"10.1017\/9781139034142.007"},{"key":"9774_CR7","unstructured":"Carter, J. A., & Simion, M. (2020). The ethics and epistemology of trust. In J. Fieser & B. Dowden (Eds.), Internet encyclopedia of philosophy."},{"key":"9774_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108609708","volume-title":"Blockchain regulation and governance in Europe","author":"M Finck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Finck, M. (2018). Blockchain regulation and governance in Europe (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.","edition":"1"},{"issue":"12","key":"9774_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1145\/355112.355120","volume":"43","author":"B Friedman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Friedman, B., Khan, P. H., Jr., & Howe, D. C. (2000). Trust online. Communications of the ACM, 43(12), 34\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/355112.355120","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"9774_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fries, I. (2022). \u00bbIn Code We Trust\u00ab? Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Evangelische Ethik, 66(4), 264\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14315\/zee-2022-660405","DOI":"10.14315\/zee-2022-660405"},{"key":"9774_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.10.014","volume":"51","author":"J Frizzo-Barker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frizzo-Barker, J., Chow-White, P. A., Adams, P. R., Mentanko, J., Ha, D., & Green, S. (2020). Blockchain as a disruptive technology for business: A systematic review. International Journal of Information Management, 51, 102029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.10.014","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"9774_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/nous.12000","volume":"48","author":"K Hawley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hawley, K. (2014). Trust, distrust and commitment. No\u00fbs, 48(1), 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nous.12000","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"key":"9774_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-022-00542-2","author":"J Himmelreich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Himmelreich, J., & K\u00f6hler, S. (2022). Responsible AI through conceptual engineering. Philosophy & Technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-022-00542-2","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"key":"9774_CR13","unstructured":"Hoffman, R. (2014, November 17). The future of the bitcoin ecosystem and \u2018Trustless Trust\u2019\u2014Why I invested in blockstream. https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/20141117154558-1213-the-future-of-the-bitcoin-ecosystem-and-trustless-trust-why-i-invested-in-blockstream"},{"issue":"4","key":"9774_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-023-00670-3","volume":"36","author":"J Hopster","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hopster, J., & L\u00f6hr, G. (2023). Conceptual engineering and philosophy of technology: Amelioration or adaptation? Philosophy & Technology, 36(4), 70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-023-00670-3","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"key":"9774_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-31971-6_8","volume-title":"Privacy and identity management","author":"M H\u00fcnseler","year":"2023","unstructured":"H\u00fcnseler, M., & P\u00f6ll, E. (2023). Promises and problems in the adoption of self-sovereign identity management from a consumer perspective. In F. Bieker, J. Meyer, S. Pape, I. Schiering, & A. Weich (Eds.), Privacy and identity management (pp. 85\u2013100). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-31971-6_8"},{"key":"9774_CR16","volume-title":"Blockchain ethics: A systematic literature review of blockchain research","author":"S Hyrynsalmi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hyrynsalmi, S., Hyrynsalmi, S. M., & Kimppa, K. K. (2020). Blockchain ethics: A systematic literature review of blockchain research. Springer."},{"issue":"10","key":"9774_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/phc3.12879","volume":"17","author":"MG Isaac","year":"2022","unstructured":"Isaac, M. G., Koch, S., & Nefdt, R. (2022). Conceptual engineering: A road map to practice. Philosophy Compass, 17(10), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phc3.12879","journal-title":"Philosophy Compass"},{"issue":"5","key":"9774_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1111\/meta.12277","volume":"48","author":"G Ishmaev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ishmaev, G. (2017). Blockchain technology as an institution of property. Metaphilosophy, 48(5), 666\u2013686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/meta.12277","journal-title":"Metaphilosophy"},{"issue":"3","key":"9774_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-020-00410-x","volume":"34","author":"M Jacobs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jacobs, M. (2020). How implicit assumptions on the nature of trust shape the understanding of the blockchain technology. Philosophy and Technology, 34(3), 573\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-020-00410-x","journal-title":"Philosophy and Technology"},{"key":"9774_CR20","unstructured":"Kelly, H., & Guskin, E. (2021). Americans widely distrust Facebook, TikTok and Instagram with their data, poll finds. Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2021\/12\/22\/tech-trust-survey\/"},{"key":"9774_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/nous.12448","volume":"00","author":"C Kelp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kelp, C., & Simion, M. (2023). What Is trustworthiness? No\u00fbs, 00, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nous.12448","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"issue":"3","key":"9774_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/anad032","volume":"83","author":"S Koch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koch, S., L\u00f6hr, G., & Pinder, M. (2023). Recent work in the theory of conceptual engineering. Analysis, 83(3), 589\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/analys\/anad032","journal-title":"Analysis"},{"key":"9774_CR23","first-page":"19","volume":"15","author":"B Lahno","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lahno, B. (2001). Institutional trust: A less demanding form of trust? Revista Latinoamericana De Estudios Avanzados RELEA, 15, 19\u201358.","journal-title":"Revista Latinoamericana De Estudios Avanzados RELEA"},{"key":"9774_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pq\/pqad030","author":"MA Lipman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lipman, M. A. (2023). On bitcoin: A study in applied metaphysics. The Philosophical Quarterly. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pq\/pqad030","journal-title":"The Philosophical Quarterly"},{"key":"9774_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2023.102327","volume":"74","author":"G L\u00f6hr","year":"2023","unstructured":"L\u00f6hr, G. (2023a). Conceptual disruption and 21st century technologies: A framework. Technology in Society, 74, 102327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techsoc.2023.102327","journal-title":"Technology in Society"},{"key":"9774_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-023-00295-4","author":"G L\u00f6hr","year":"2023","unstructured":"L\u00f6hr, G. (2023b). If conceptual engineering is a new method in the ethics of AI, what method is it exactly? AI and Ethics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-023-00295-4","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"key":"9774_CR27","volume-title":"Vertrauen: Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexit\u00e4t","author":"N Luhmann","year":"1968","unstructured":"Luhmann, N. (1968). Vertrauen: Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexit\u00e4t. Enke."},{"key":"9774_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lustig, C., & Nardi, B. (2015). Algorithmic authority: The case of bitcoin. 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 743\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HICSS.2015.95","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2015.95"},{"key":"9774_CR29","unstructured":"Mallard, A., M\u00e9adel, C., & Musiani, F. (2014). The paradoxes of distributed trust: Peer-to-peer architecture and user confidence in bitcoin. http:\/\/peerproduction.net\/issues\/issue-4-value-and-currency\/peer-reviewed-articles\/the-paradoxes-of-distributed-trust\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"9774_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-019-00392-5","volume":"30","author":"V Marella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marella, V., Upreti, B., Merikivi, J., & Tuunainen, V. K. (2020). Understanding the creation of trust in cryptocurrencies: The case of bitcoin. Electronic Markets, 30(2), 259\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-019-00392-5","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"key":"9774_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1145\/1985347.1985353","volume":"2","author":"D McKnight","year":"2011","unstructured":"McKnight, D., Carter, M., Thatcher, J., & Clay, P. (2011). Trust in a specific technology: An investigation of its components and measures. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems, 2, 12\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1985347.1985353","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems"},{"key":"9774_CR32","volume-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021)","author":"C McLeod","year":"2021","unstructured":"McLeod, C. (2021). Trust. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021). Stanford University."},{"key":"9774_CR33","volume-title":"Handbook of trust research","author":"G M\u00f6llering","year":"2006","unstructured":"M\u00f6llering, G. (2006). Trust, institutions, agency: Towards a neoinstitutional theory of trust. In R. Bachmann (Ed.), Handbook of trust research. Edward Elgar Publishing."},{"key":"9774_CR34","unstructured":"Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system [Whitepaper]. https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin.pdf"},{"key":"9774_CR35","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Philosophy of engineering and technology","author":"PJ Nickel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nickel, P. J. (2013). Trust in technological systems. In M. J. de Vries, S. O. Hansson, & A. W. M. Meijers (Eds.), Philosophy of engineering and technology (pp. 223\u2013237). Springer."},{"key":"9774_CR36","first-page":"494","volume-title":"Routledge handbook of the philosophy of engineering","author":"PJ Nickel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nickel, P. J. (2021). Trust in engineering. In D. Michelfelder & N. Doorn (Eds.), Routledge handbook of the philosophy of engineering (pp. 494\u2013505). Routledge."},{"issue":"3","key":"9774_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s12130-010-9124-6","volume":"23","author":"PJ Nickel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nickel, P. J., Franssen, M., & Kroes, P. (2010). Can we make sense of the notion of trustworthy technology? Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 23(3), 429\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12130-010-9124-6","journal-title":"Knowledge, Technology & Policy"},{"key":"9774_CR38","unstructured":"Nissenbaum, H. (1999). Can trust be secured online? A theoretical perspective. Etica E Politica, 1(2)."},{"key":"9774_CR39","volume-title":"A question of trust: The Bbc reith lectures 2002","author":"O O\u2019Neill","year":"2002","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, O. (2002). A question of trust: The Bbc reith lectures 2002. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9774_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315542294-1","volume-title":"Questioning trust","author":"O O\u2019Neill","year":"2020","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, O. (2020). Questioning trust. Routledge."},{"key":"9774_CR41","unstructured":"Ostern, N. (2018). Do you trust a trust-free technology? Toward a trust framework model for blockchain technology completed research paper. 39. International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), San Francisco."},{"key":"9774_CR42","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Smart contracts","author":"PJ Pesch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pesch, P. J. (2019). Blockchain, smart contracts und Datenschutz. In M. Fries & B. P. Paal (Eds.), Smart contracts (pp. 13\u201324). Mohr Siebeck."},{"key":"9774_CR43","volume-title":"Lost passwords lock millionaires out of their bitcoin fortunes","author":"N Popper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Popper, N. (2021). Lost passwords lock millionaires out of their bitcoin fortunes. The New York Times."},{"key":"9774_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00200-5","author":"K Reinhardt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reinhardt, K. (2022). Trust and trustworthiness in AI ethics. AI and Ethics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00200-5","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"key":"9774_CR45","unstructured":"Schlatt, V., Schweizer, A., Urbach, N., & Fridgen, G. (2016). Blockchain: Grundlagen, Anwendungen und Potenziale [White Paper]. Projektgruppe Wirtschaftsinformatik des Fraunhofer-Instituts f\u00fcr Angewandte Informationstechnik FIT. https:\/\/publica.fraunhofer.de\/handle\/publica\/298479"},{"key":"9774_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fbloc.2020.00005","volume":"3","author":"M Smits","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smits, M., & Hulstijn, J. (2020). Blockchain applications and institutional trust. Frontiers in Blockchain, 3, 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbloc.2020.00005","journal-title":"Frontiers in Blockchain"},{"issue":"2","key":"9774_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/theo.12177","volume":"85","author":"J Tallant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tallant, J. (2019). You can trust the ladder but you shouldn\u2019t. Theoria, 85(2), 102\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/theo.12177","journal-title":"Theoria"},{"issue":"2","key":"9774_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-10-2018-0491","volume":"33","author":"Y Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Xiong, J., Becerril-Arreola, R., & Iyer, L. (2019). Ethics of blockchain: A framework of technology, applications, impacts, and research directions. Information Technology & People, 33(2), 602\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ITP-10-2018-0491","journal-title":"Information Technology & People"},{"issue":"3","key":"9774_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-021-09581-3","volume":"23","author":"Y Teng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Teng, Y. (2021). Towards trustworthy blockchains: Normative reflections on blockchain-enabled virtual institutions. Ethics and Information Technology, 23(3), 385\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-021-09581-3","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9774_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/meta.12596","volume":"54","author":"Y Teng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teng, Y. (2023). What does it mean to trust blockchain technology? Metaphilosophy, 54(1), 145\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/meta.12596","journal-title":"Metaphilosophy"},{"key":"9774_CR51","unstructured":"The Trust Machine. (2015). The economist. https:\/\/www.economist.com\/leaders\/2015\/10\/31\/the-trust-machine"},{"key":"9774_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0020174X.2021.2000118","author":"A Thomasson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomasson, A. (2021). Conceptual engineering: When do we need it? How can we do it? Inquiry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0020174X.2021.2000118","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"9774_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1163\/9789401209410_007","volume-title":"Trust: Analytic and applied perspectives","author":"C Townley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Townley, C., & Garfield, J. L. (2013). Public trust. In P. M\u00e4kel\u00e4 & C. Townley (Eds.), Trust: Analytic and applied perspectives (pp. 95\u2013107). Brill."},{"key":"9774_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102429","author":"F V\u00f6lter","year":"2021","unstructured":"V\u00f6lter, F., Urbach, N., & Padget, J. (2021). Trusting the trust machine: Evaluating trust signals of blockchain applications. International Journal of Information Management. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102429","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"9774_CR55","volume-title":"Regulating blockchain: Techno-social and legal challenges","author":"A Walch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walch, A. (2019). In code(rs) we trust: Software developers as fiduciaries in public blockchains. In P. Hacker, I. Lianos, G. Dimitropoulos, & S. Eich (Eds.), Regulating blockchain: Techno-social and legal challenges. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9774_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009057707","author":"W Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, W., Lumineau, F., & Schilke, O. (2022). Blockchains: Strategic implications for contracting, trust, and organizational design. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009057707","journal-title":"Cambridge University Press"},{"key":"9774_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11449.001.0001","volume-title":"The blockchain and the new architecture of trust","author":"K Werbach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Werbach, K. (2018). The blockchain and the new architecture of trust. The MIT Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9774_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/10196780500209010","volume":"15","author":"SC Wingreen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wingreen, S. C., & Baglione, S. L. (2005). Untangling the antecedents and covariates of e-commerce trust: Institutional trust vs knowledge-based trust. Electronic Markets, 15(3), 246\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10196780500209010","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"key":"9774_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.8202","volume-title":"Blockchain technology overview (Internal Report NIST IR 8202)","author":"D Yaga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yaga, D., Mell, P., Roby, N., & Scarfone, K. (2018). Blockchain technology overview (Internal Report NIST IR 8202). National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce."}],"container-title":["Ethics and Information Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-024-09774-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10676-024-09774-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-024-09774-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T13:29:32Z","timestamp":1718890172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10676-024-09774-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-024-09774-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-1957","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8439","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 May 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"37"}}