{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:28:59Z","timestamp":1778905739594,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ethics Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-025-09864-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T05:13:29Z","timestamp":1759727609000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recommender systems as commercial speech: A framing for US legislation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"West","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Novelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariarosaria","family":"Taddeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Floridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9864_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-020-02724-x","volume":"199","author":"M Alfano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alfano, M., Fard, A., Carter, A. E., Peter Clutton, J., & Klein, C. (2021). Technologically scaffolded atypical cognition: The case of youtube\u2019s recommender system. Synthese, 199(1), 835\u2013858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11229-020-02724-x","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"9864_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez, M. V. Jos\u00e9 Miguel T\u00fa\u00f1ez L\u00f3pez, & Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Ufarte Ru\u00edz. (2020). What are you offering? an overview of vods and recommender systems in European public service media. In Information technology and systems, edited by \u00c1lvaro Rocha, Carlos Ferr\u00e1s, Carlos Enrique Montenegro Marin, and V\u00edctor Hugo Medina Garc\u00eda, 725\u201332. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-40690-5_69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-40690-5_69"},{"key":"9864_CR3","unstructured":"Arnold, A. (2024). n.d. How GDPR will impact content recommendation engines. Forbes. Accessed March 31. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/andrewarnold\/2018\/05\/07\/how-gdpr-and-changing-legislation-will-impact-digital-advertising\/"},{"key":"9864_CR4","unstructured":"Article 27, the Digital Services Act (DSA). n.d. Accessed March 31 (2024). https:\/\/www.eu-digital-services-act.com\/Digital_Services_Act_Article_27.html"},{"key":"9864_CR5","unstructured":"S.F. Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. USOC, 483 U.S. 522 (1987). n.d. Justia Law. Accessed July 11, 2025. https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/483\/522\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"9864_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1017\/beq.2020.32","volume":"31","author":"VR Bhargava","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhargava, V. R., & Velasquez, M. (2021). Ethics of the attention economy: The problem of social media addiction. Business Ethics Quarterly, 31(3), 321\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/beq.2020.32","journal-title":"Business Ethics Quarterly"},{"issue":"5","key":"9864_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.2015.0930","volume":"34","author":"A Bleier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bleier, A., & Eisenbeiss, M. (2015). Personalized online advertising effectiveness: The interplay of what, when, and where. Marketing Science, 34(5), 669\u2013688.","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"key":"9864_CR8","unstructured":"Board of Trustees of the State University of New york, et al., Petitioners v. Todd FOX et Al. n.d. LII \/ Legal Information Institute. Accessed January 5 (2024). https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/supremecourt\/text\/492\/469"},{"issue":"1","key":"9864_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niad019","volume":"2023","author":"J Bruineberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bruineberg, J. (2023). Adversarial inference: Predictive minds in the attention economy. Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2023(1), Article niad019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nc\/niad019","journal-title":"Neuroscience of Consciousness"},{"key":"9864_CR10","unstructured":"Buckley v. Valeo. n.d. Oyez. Accessed October 11 (2024). https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/1975\/75-436"},{"issue":"September","key":"9864_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v32i3.2361","volume":"32","author":"R Burke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burke, R., Felfernig, A., & G\u00f6ker, M. (2011). Recommender systems: An overview. AI Magazine, 32(September), 13\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aimag.v32i3.2361","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"9864_CR12","unstructured":"Burris, D. (2023). How grocery stores are becoming data brokers. CNBC. December 10, 2023. https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2023\/12\/10\/how-grocery-stores-are-becoming-data-brokers.html"},{"key":"9864_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4222424","author":"A Candeub","year":"2022","unstructured":"Candeub, A. (2022). Editorial decision-making and the first amendment. Ssrn Scholarly Paper. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4222424. Rochester, NY.","journal-title":"Ssrn Scholarly Paper"},{"key":"9864_CR14","unstructured":"Central Hudson Gas & Elec. v. Public Svc. Comm\u2019n (1980). 447 U.S 557 n.d. Justia Law. Accessed October 25, 2024. https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/447\/557\/"},{"key":"9864_CR15","unstructured":"Compelling State Interest. n.d. The Free Speech Center. Accessed October 11 (2024). https:\/\/firstamendment.mtsu.edu\/article\/compelling-state-interest\/"},{"key":"9864_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Reuver, M., S\u00f8rensen, C., & Basole, R. (2018). The digital platform: a research agenda. June 1, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41265-016-0033-3","DOI":"10.1057\/s41265-016-0033-3"},{"key":"9864_CR17","unstructured":"Dolen, D., & Stauss, S. (2024). Ninth Circuit Issues Opinion on Constitutionality of California\u2019s AADC. Byte Back. August 20, 2024. https:\/\/www.bytebacklaw.com\/2024\/08\/ninth-circuit-issues-opinion-on-constitutionality-of-californias-aadc\/"},{"key":"9864_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Farronato, C., Fradkin, A., & MacKay, A. (2023). Self-preferencing at amazon: evidence from search rankings. AEA Papers and Proceedings 113 (May):239\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pandp.20231068","DOI":"10.1257\/pandp.20231068"},{"key":"9864_CR19","unstructured":"FCC v. Midwest Video Corp., 440 U.S. 689 (1979). n.d. Justia Law. Accessed October 11, 2024. https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/440\/689\/"},{"key":"9864_CR20","unstructured":"Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc., 515 U.S. 618 (1995). n.d. Justia Law. Accessed July 11, 2025. https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/515\/618\/"},{"key":"9864_CR21","unstructured":"FTC Proposes strengthening children\u2019s privacy rule to further limit companies\u2019 ability to monetize children\u2019s data (2023). federal trade commission. December 19, 2023. https:\/\/www.ftc.gov\/news-events\/news\/press-releases\/2023\/12\/ftc-proposes-strengthening-childrens-privacy-rule-further-limit-companies-ability-monetize-childrens"},{"key":"9864_CR22","unstructured":"Gonzalez, R. (2023). Gonzales v. Brief for Respondent, January."},{"key":"9864_CR23","unstructured":"Google algorithm updates: The latest news and guides. n.d. search engine land. Accessed December 30 (2023). https:\/\/searchengineland.com\/library\/platforms\/google\/google-algorithm-updates"},{"issue":"1","key":"9864_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205395171989794","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951719897945","volume":"7","author":"R Gorwa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gorwa, R., Binns, R., & Katzenbach, C. (2020). Algorithmic content moderation: Technical and political challenges in the automation of platform governance. Big Data & Society, 7(1), 2053951719897945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951719897945","journal-title":"Big Data & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"9864_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.58948\/2331-3528.1987","volume":"39","author":"S Grafanaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grafanaki, S. (2019). Platforms, the first amendment and online speech: Regulating the filters. Pace Law Review, 39(1), 111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58948\/2331-3528.1987","journal-title":"Pace Law Review"},{"key":"9864_CR26","unstructured":"Hagey, K., & Horwitz, J. (2021). Facebook tried to make Its platform a healthier place. It got angrier instead. Wall Street Journal, September 15, 2021, sec. Tech. https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/facebook-algorithm-change-zuckerberg-11631654215"},{"key":"9864_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haidt, J. (2024). The anxious generation: How the great rewiring of childhood is causing an epidemic of mental illness. Penguin.","DOI":"10.56315\/PSCF9-25Haidt"},{"key":"9864_CR28","unstructured":"How TikTok Recommends Content | TikTok Help Center. n.d. Accessed January 4 (2024). https:\/\/support.tiktok.com\/en\/using-tiktok\/exploring-videos\/how-tiktok-recommends-content"},{"key":"9864_CR29","unstructured":"Isolomons (2020). Investments to fight polarization. Meta Newsroom (blog). May 27, 2020. https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2020\/05\/investments-to-fight-polarization\/"},{"key":"9864_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2020.100052","volume":"3 (January)","author":"M Jesse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jesse, M., & Jannach, D. (2021). Digital nudging with recommender systems: Survey and future directions. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 3 (January), 100052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbr.2020.100052","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior Reports"},{"key":"9864_CR31","unstructured":"Kaesling, K., Genovesi, S., & Robbins, S. (2023). Recommender systems: legal and ethical issues - 978-3-031-34804-4.Pdf. 2023. https:\/\/library.oapen.org\/viewer\/web\/viewer.html?file=\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.12657\/75402\/978-3-031-34804-4.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"},{"key":"9864_CR32","unstructured":"LLP, & Redgrave (2022). California doubles down on deterring deceptive dark patterns. Redgrave LLP. October 14, 2022. https:\/\/www.redgravellp.com\/publication\/california-doubles-down-deterring-deceptive-dark-patterns"},{"key":"9864_CR33","unstructured":"Longreads (2019). How google discovered the value of surveillance. Longreads. September 5, 2019. http:\/\/longreads.com\/2019\/09\/05\/how-google-discovered-the-value-of-surveillance\/"},{"key":"9864_CR34","unstructured":"Lorillard Tobacco Company v. Reilly. n.d. Oyez. Accessed October 29 (2024). https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/2000\/00-596"},{"key":"9864_CR35","unstructured":"Maake, R. (2023). How much does google ads cost in 2024? WebFX. May 11, 2023. https:\/\/www.webfx.com\/blog\/ppc\/much-cost-advertise-google-adwords\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"9864_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916231185057","volume":"19","author":"H Metzler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Metzler, H., & David, G. (2024). Social drivers and algorithmic mechanisms on digital media. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 19(5), 735\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17456916231185057","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"9864_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-020-00950-y","volume":"35","author":"S Milano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Milano, S., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2020). Recommender systems and their ethical challenges. AI and Society, 35(4), 957\u2013967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-020-00950-y","journal-title":"AI and Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"9864_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2020.1832636","volume":"37","author":"S Milano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Milano, S., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2021). Ethical aspects of multi-stakeholder recommendation systems. The Information Society, 37(1), 35\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01972243.2020.1832636","journal-title":"The Information Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"9864_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s41060-022-00311-6","volume":"13","author":"T Muhammed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muhammed, T., Sadiq, & Mathew, S. K. (2022). The disaster of misinformation: A review of research in social media. International Journal of Data Science and Analytics, 13(4), 271\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41060-022-00311-6","journal-title":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics"},{"key":"9864_CR40","unstructured":"NetChoice, L. L. C. (2022). v. Attorney general, state of florida, et al11th Cir., No. 21-12355 2024. Justia Law. January 4, 2024. https:\/\/law.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/appellate-courts\/ca11\/21-12355\/21-12355-2022-05-23.html"},{"key":"9864_CR41","unstructured":"Netchoice, L. L. C. (2023). Bonta n.d. Findlaw. Accessed March 31, 2024. https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-dis-crt-n-d-cal-san-jos-div\/115128418.html"},{"key":"9864_CR42","unstructured":"Our approach to explaining ranking (Meta \/, & Instagram (2024). n.d. Accessed January 4. https:\/\/transparency.fb.com\/features\/explaining-ranking\/ig-feed-recommendations\/"},{"key":"9864_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patel, B., Desai, P., & Panchal, U. (2017). Methods of recommender system: a review. In 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS), 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICIIECS.2017.8275856","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIIECS.2017.8275856"},{"key":"9864_CR44","unstructured":"Regulation, & EU) 2024\/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June. (2024). (2024 Laying down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence and Amending Regulations (EC) No 300\/2008, (EU) No 167\/2013, (EU) No 168\/2013, (EU) 2018\/858, (EU) 2018\/1139 and (EU) 2019\/2144 and Directives 2014\/90\/EU, (EU) 2016\/797 and (EU) 2020\/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act) (Text with EEA Relevance). http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1689\/oj\/eng"},{"key":"9864_CR45","unstructured":"Roscoe, J. (2023). TikTok says it\u2019s not the algorithm, teens are just pro-palestine. Vice (blog). November 13, 2023. https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/wxjb8b\/tiktok-its-not-the-algorithm-teens-are-just-pro-palestine"},{"key":"9864_CR46","unstructured":"Saul, D. (2024). n.d. Google earnings: record profits as stock trades at record high. Forbes. Accessed April 20. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/dereksaul\/2024\/01\/30\/google-earnings-record-profits-as-stock-trades-at-record-high\/"},{"key":"9864_CR47","unstructured":"Scaling the instagram explore recommendations system (2023). Engineering at Meta (blog). August 9, 2023. https:\/\/engineering.fb.com\/2023\/08\/09\/ml-applications\/scaling-instagram-explore-recommendations-system\/"},{"key":"9864_CR48","unstructured":"Sen. Markey, E. J. (2023). S.2325\u2013118th Congress (2023\u20132024): Algorithmic Justice and Online Platform Transparency Act. Legislation. 2023-07-13. July 13, 2023. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/118th-congress\/senate-bill\/2325"},{"key":"9864_CR49","unstructured":"U.S. Senator Christopher Coons of Delaware (2023). June 8, 2023. https:\/\/www.coons.senate.gov\/news\/press-releases\/senator-coons-colleagues-introduce-legislation-to-increase-transparency-around-social-media-platforms"},{"key":"9864_CR50","unstructured":"Spirit Airlines, Inc. v. U.S. Dep\u2019t of Transp., No. 11-1219 (D.C., & Cir (2012). 2024. Justia Law. November 13, 2024. https:\/\/law.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/appellate-courts\/cadc\/11-1219\/11-1219-2012-07-24.html"},{"key":"9864_CR51","unstructured":"Stop Addictive Feeds Exploitation (SAFE) For Kids Act. n.d. LegiScan. Accessed December 25 (2023). https:\/\/legiscan.com\/NY\/text\/A08148\/id\/2845546"},{"key":"9864_CR52","unstructured":"The california age-appropriate design code act. n.d. LegiScan. Accessed December 25 (2023). https:\/\/legiscan.com\/CA\/text\/AB2273\/id\/2606836"},{"key":"9864_CR53","unstructured":"TikTok Bans Explained: Everything You Need to Know. n.d. WhatIs. Accessed April 18 (2024). https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/whatis\/feature\/TikTok-bans-explained-Everything-you-need-to-know"},{"key":"9864_CR54","unstructured":"United states court of appeals for the ninth circuit, NetChoice v. Bonta (2024). August 16, 2024. https:\/\/cdn.sanity.io\/files\/3tzzh18d\/production\/9e19c8974ba93d881c6b8629801d0bab7aea18ce.pdf"},{"key":"9864_CR55","unstructured":"Va, & 425 U.S. (1976). Pharmacy Bd. v. Va. Consumer Council, 748 n.d. Justia Law. Accessed January 5, 2024. https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/425\/748\/"},{"key":"9864_CR56","unstructured":"What Are Cost-Per-View (CPV) Ads? + Make More Money | BigCommerce. n.d. BigCommerce. Accessed March 31 (2024). https:\/\/www.bigcommerce.com\/glossary\/cpv\/"},{"key":"9864_CR57","unstructured":"YouTube, C. (2023). Guidelines & Policies - How YouTube Works. n.d. YouTube Community Guidelines & Policies - How YouTube Works. Accessed December 28. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/howyoutubeworks\/policies\/community-guidelines\/"},{"key":"9864_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zanker, M., Rook, L., & Jannach, D. (2019). Measuring the impact of online personalisation: past, present and future. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 50 years of the International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. Reflections on the past, present and future of human-centred technologies, 131 (November):160\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.06.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.06.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"9864_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-020-00212-w","volume":"7","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Lu, J., & Jin, Y. (2021). Artificial intelligence in recommender systems. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 7(1), 439\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-020-00212-w","journal-title":"Complex & Intelligent Systems"}],"container-title":["Ethics and Information Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-025-09864-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10676-025-09864-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10676-025-09864-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T03:34:18Z","timestamp":1763782458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10676-025-09864-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-025-09864-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-1957","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8439","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 October 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"52"}}