{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T07:30:00Z","timestamp":1776843000572,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023890","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ethics Inf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Use of autonomous, AI-enabled, or opaque systems raises many concerns, and some argue that for these to be permissibly deployed in high-stakes or critical domains, they must be subject to so-called \u201cmeaningful human control\u201d (MHC). In this article, I focus on the military domain and rebut a strong version of this critique, arguing that off-the-loop systems \u2013 i.e., those which can select and engage targets without contemporaneous human input or oversight \u2013 can be permissibly deployed while retaining clear lines of responsibility and control. I show that\n                    <jats:italic>ex ante<\/jats:italic>\n                    operational constraints and targeting parameters can provide combatants and would-be deployers of off-the-loop systems with strong means to ensure that deployed systems are serving as extensions of combatants\u2019 wills, establishing the necessary degree of moral and legal responsibility required. I further show that such constraints and parameters represent clear lines of control that deployers have over such systems, even when these systems, during deployments, are utterly outside of human control. I conclude by distinguishing between what I call \u201cwill-extending\u201d and \u201cwill-offloading\u201d systems, showing that off-the-loop systems can serve to extend users\u2019 and deployers\u2019 wills, making such systems inherently subject to meaningful human control. Throughout, the discussion focuses on the example of autonomous and AI-enabled systems in the military domain, but the underlying arguments relate to such systems more generally, showing how these, if utilized as \u201cwill-extending\u201d systems, may be used in a controlled and responsibility-retaining manner.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-025-09876-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T02:45:58Z","timestamp":1764038758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Autonomous and AI-enabled systems: extensions or replacements of human will and control?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5065-4852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"9876_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbink, D., Amoroso, D., Cavalcante\u00a0Siebert, L., van\u00a0den Hoven, J., Mecacci, G., & Santoni\u00a0de Sio, F. 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