{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T16:48:18Z","timestamp":1783183698365,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2207020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2207020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2207020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2207020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province","award":["2023QCY-LL-34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QCY-LL-34"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province","award":["2023QCY-LL-34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QCY-LL-34"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008387","name":"Xi\u2019an Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023JH-QCYCK-0030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JH-QCYCK-0030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008387","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008387","name":"Xi\u2019an Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023JH-QCYCK-0030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JH-QCYCK-0030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008387","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Grid Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10723-025-09800-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T10:55:58Z","timestamp":1742295358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Vehicle Edge Computing Task Offloading Strategy Based on Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jianxiong","family":"Bo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9800_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2410831","volume":"18","author":"D Jia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jia, D., Lu, K., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Shen, X.: A survey on platoon-based vehicular cyber-physical systems. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials 18(1), 263\u2013284 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE communications surveys & tutorials"},{"issue":"4","key":"9800_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2020.2978856","volume":"7","author":"H Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng, H., Shen, X.: Deep reinforcement learning based resource management for multi-access edge computing in vehicular networks. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering 7(4), 2416\u20132428 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering"},{"key":"9800_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasaki, K., Suzuki, N., Makido, S., Nakao, A.: Vehicle control system coordinated between cloud and mobile edge computing. In: 2016 55th Annual Conference of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers of Japan (SICE), pp. 1122\u20131127 (2016). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/SICE.2016.7749210"},{"key":"9800_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181117","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2954466","volume":"7","author":"Y Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Hua, K.: Emerging technologies for 5g-enabled vehicular networks. IEEE access 7, 181117\u2013181141 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE access"},{"key":"9800_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, J., Zhao, L., Feng, J., Chu, X., Yu, F.R.: Economical revenue maximization in cache enhanced mobile edge computing. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1\u20136 (2018). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422232"},{"issue":"12","key":"9800_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2726006","volume":"35","author":"Y Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Wang, L., Ai, Y., Jiao, B., Hanzo, L.: Performance analysis of noma-sm in vehicle-to-vehicle massive mimo channels. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 35(12), 2653\u20132666 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"9800_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4434","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3270269","volume":"8","author":"J Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su, J., Liu, Z., Xie, Y.-A., Chan, K.Y., Guan, X.: Dynamic resource allocation in queue-constrained and delay-sensitive vehicular networks. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles 8(10), 4434\u20134444 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles"},{"issue":"9","key":"9800_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7562","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3039467","volume":"8","author":"P Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, P., Yu, R., Gao, N., Lin, C., Liu, Y.: Task-driven data offloading for fog-enabled urban iot services. IEEE Internet Things J. 8(9), 7562\u20137574 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"2","key":"9800_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12020204","volume":"12","author":"J Fang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fang, J., Shi, J., Lu, S., Zhang, M., Ye, Z.: An efficient computation offloading strategy with mobile edge computing for iot. Micromachines 12(2), 204 (2021)","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"issue":"1","key":"9800_CR10","first-page":"393","volume":"16","author":"M Othman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Othman, M., Madani, S.A., Khan, S.U., et al.: A survey of mobile cloud computing application models. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials 16(1), 393\u2013413 (2013)","journal-title":"IEEE communications surveys & tutorials"},{"issue":"2","key":"9800_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2023.3249217","volume":"17","author":"J Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, J., Wan, J., Lv, B., Ye, Q., Chen, Y.: Joint computation offloading and resource allocation for edge-cloud collaboration in internet of vehicles via deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Syst. J. 17(2), 2500\u20132511 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"issue":"22","key":"9800_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-023-08527-8","volume":"35","author":"K Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu, K., Li, R.-D., Li, M.-C., Xu, G.-R.: Maddpg-based joint optimization of task partitioning and computation resource allocation in mobile edge computing. Neural Comput. Appl. 35(22), 16559\u201316576 (2023)","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"9800_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Qu, J., Li, S., Zhang, C., Du, J., Sun, X., Zhou, J.: Attention-augmented maddpg in noma-based vehicular mobile edge computational offloading. IEEE Internet of Things Journal (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3397648"},{"issue":"8","key":"9800_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-023-05816-w","volume":"80","author":"R Du","year":"2024","unstructured":"Du, R., Wang, J., Gao, Y.: Computing offloading and resource scheduling based on ddpg in ultra-dense edge computing networks. J. Supercomput. 80(8), 10275\u201310300 (2024)","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"9800_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2023.02.008","volume":"176","author":"G Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, G., Xu, Z., Zhang, H., Shen, S., Yu, S.: Multi-agent drl for joint completion delay and energy consumption with queuing theory in mec-based iiot. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 176, 80\u201394 (2023)","journal-title":"Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing"},{"key":"9800_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2023.103617","volume":"214","author":"S Yeganeh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yeganeh, S., Sangar, A.B., Azizi, S.: A novel q-learning-based hybrid algorithm for the optimal offloading and scheduling in mobile edge computing environments. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 214, 103617 (2023)","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"issue":"11","key":"9800_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21593","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3183927","volume":"23","author":"D Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Shi, W., St-Hilaire, M., Yang, R.: Multiaccess edge integrated networking for internet of vehicles: A blockchain-based deep compressed cooperative learning approach. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 23(11), 21593\u201321607 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"8","key":"9800_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12161","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3110591","volume":"23","author":"D Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Yu, F.R., Yang, R.: Blockchain-based multi-access edge computing for future vehicular networks: A deep compressed neural network approach. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 23(8), 12161\u201312175 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"9800_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2022.09.006","volume":"171","author":"L Liao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liao, L., Lai, Y., Yang, F., Zeng, W.: Online computation offloading with double reinforcement learning algorithm in mobile edge computing. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 171, 28\u201339 (2023)","journal-title":"Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing"},{"key":"9800_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2023.103193","volume":"147","author":"X Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Liu, M., Li, M.: Task offloading strategy and scheduling optimization for internet of vehicles based on deep reinforcement learning. Ad Hoc Netw. 147, 103193 (2023)","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"issue":"10","key":"9800_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13360","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3271613","volume":"72","author":"AS Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar, A.S., Zhao, L., Fernando, X.: Task offloading and resource allocation in vehicular networks: A lyapunov-based deep reinforcement learning approach. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 72(10), 13360\u201313373 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"9800_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Sun, Y., Yu, H., Taleb, T.: Joint task and computing resource allocation in distributed edge computing systems via multi-agent deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2024.3375374"},{"issue":"12","key":"9800_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2768666","volume":"105","author":"Y Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Qin, Z., Elkashlan, M., Ding, Z., Nallanathan, A., Hanzo, L.: Nonorthogonal multiple access for 5g and beyond. Proc. IEEE 105(12), 2347\u20132381 (2017)","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"10","key":"9800_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13000","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3274252","volume":"72","author":"D Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng, D., Chen, Y., Wei, L., Jiao, B., Hanzo, L.: Dynamic noma-based computation offloading in vehicular platoons. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 72(10), 13000\u201313010 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"9800_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-023-01568-9","volume":"16","author":"B Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang, B., Zheng, S., Yang, Q.: Joint optimization of energy and delay for computation offloading in vehicular edge computing. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 16(6), 2681\u20132695 (2023)","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"9800_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.18.2.316","volume":"18","author":"M Segal","year":"1970","unstructured":"Segal, M.: A multiserver system with preemptive priorities. Oper. Res. 18(2), 316\u2013323 (1970)","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"9800_CR27","first-page":"257","volume":"1","author":"O Kella","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kella, O., Yechiali, U.: Waiting times in the non-preemptive priority m\/m\/c queue. Stoch. Model. 1(2), 257\u2013262 (1985)","journal-title":"Stoch. Model."},{"key":"9800_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11134-009-9110-4","volume":"61","author":"S Zeltyn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zeltyn, S., Feldman, Z., Wasserkrug, S.: Waiting and sojourn times in a multi-server queue with mixed priorities. Queueing Systems 61, 305\u2013328 (2009)","journal-title":"Queueing Systems"},{"key":"9800_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.07.019","volume":"102","author":"H Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu, H., Gu, C., Luo, F., Ding, W., Liu, X.: Optimization of lightweight task offloading strategy for mobile edge computing based on deep reinforcement learning. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 102, 847\u2013861 (2020)","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"9800_CR30","unstructured":"Miettinen, A.P., Nurminen, J.K.: Energy efficiency of mobile clients in cloud computing. In: 2nd USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud 10) (2010)"},{"issue":"4","key":"9800_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2786343","volume":"5","author":"J Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Hu, X., Ning, Z., Ngai, E.C.-H., Zhou, L., Wei, J., Cheng, J., Hu, B.: Energy-latency tradeoff for energy-aware offloading in mobile edge computing networks. IEEE Internet Things J. 5(4), 2633\u20132645 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"9800_CR32","unstructured":"Barth-Maron, G., Hoffman, M.W., Budden, D., Dabney, W., Horgan, D., Tb, D., Muldal, A., Heess, N., Lillicrap, T.: Distributed distributional deterministic policy gradients. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.08617 (2018)"},{"key":"9800_CR33","unstructured":"Wang, W., Yang, T., Liu, Y., Hao, J., Hao, X., Hu, Y., Chen, Y., Fan, C., Gao, Y.: Action semantics network: Considering the effects of actions in multiagent systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11461 (2019)"},{"key":"9800_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, S.-H., Luo, Q.-Y., Li, G.-H., Shi, W., Ye, B.-L.: Ca-dts: A distributed and collaborative task scheduling algorithm for edge computing enabled intelligent road network. J. Comput. Sci. Technol. 38(5), 1113\u20131131 (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-023-2839-0"},{"key":"9800_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2022.102780","volume":"134","author":"X Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, X., Liu, K., Dai, P., Jin, F., Ren, H., Zhan, C., Guo, S.: Joint task offloading and resource optimization in noma-based vehicular edge computing: A game-theoretic drl approach. J. Syst. Architect. 134, 102780 (2023)","journal-title":"J. Syst. Architect."},{"key":"9800_CR36","unstructured":"Data source: DiDi Chuxing GAIA Open Dataset Initiative. https:\/\/outreach.didichuxing.com\/research\/opendata\/en\/"}],"container-title":["Journal of Grid Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10723-025-09800-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10723-025-09800-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10723-025-09800-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T09:53:06Z","timestamp":1750672386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10723-025-09800-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9800"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10723-025-09800-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1570-7873","1572-9184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1570-7873","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9184","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13"}}