{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T03:04:29Z","timestamp":1780628669691,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia","award":["RI-44-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI-44-0008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Heuristics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10732-026-09592-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T12:28:15Z","timestamp":1778588895000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing staff scheduling in community emergency medical services using a self-learning genetic algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Ameni","family":"Azzouz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takwa","family":"Tlili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5913-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Hilali Jaghdam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feda","family":"Muhammed Abuhaimed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"9592_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2013.09.017","volume":"66","author":"L Aboueljinane","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aboueljinane, L., Sahin, E., Jemai, Z.: A review on simulation models applied to emergency medical service operations. Comput. Ind. Eng. 66(4), 734\u2013750 (2013)","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"9592_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Addis, B., Aringhieri, R., Carello, G., Grosso, A., Maffioli, F.: Workforce management based on forecasted demand. Advanced decision making methods applied to health care pp. 1\u201311 (2012)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-88-470-2321-5_1"},{"key":"9592_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2016.09.016","volume":"78","author":"R Aringhieri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aringhieri, R., Bruni, M.E., Khodaparasti, S., van Essen, J.T.: Emergency medical services and beyond: Addressing new challenges through a wide literature review. Comput. Oper. Res. 78, 349\u2013368 (2017)","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"9592_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-021-06106-4","volume":"47","author":"A Aydemir-Karadag","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aydemir-Karadag, A.: Bi-objective adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm for the healthcare waste periodic location inventory routing problem. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 47(3), 3861\u20133876 (2022)","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"9592_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.119035","volume":"213","author":"M Belhor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Belhor, M., El-Amraoui, A., Jemai, A., Delmotte, F.: Multi-objective evolutionary approach based on k-means clustering for home health care routing and scheduling problem. Expert Syst. Appl. 213, 119035 (2023)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"9592_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s10732-005-5431-6","volume":"10","author":"O Br\u00e4ysy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Br\u00e4ysy, O., Dullaert, W., Gendreau, M.: Evolutionary algorithms for the vehicle routing problem with time windows. Journal of Heuristics 10, 587\u2013611 (2004)","journal-title":"Journal of Heuristics"},{"issue":"1","key":"9592_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1030.0057","volume":"39","author":"O Br\u00e4ysy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Br\u00e4ysy, O., Gendreau, M.: Vehicle routing problem with time windows, part ii: Metaheuristics. Transp. Sci. 39(1), 119\u2013139 (2005)","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"9592_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106778","volume":"149","author":"R Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, R., Yang, B., Li, S., Wang, S.: A self-learning genetic algorithm based on reinforcement learning for flexible job-shop scheduling problem. Computers & industrial engineering 149, 106778 (2020)","journal-title":"Computers & industrial engineering"},{"key":"9592_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordeau, J.F., Desaulniers, G., Desrosiers, J., Solomon, M.M., Soumis, F.: Vrp with time windows. In: The vehicle routing problem, pp. 157\u2013193. SIAM (2002)","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9780898718515.ch7"},{"key":"9592_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-017-9428-0","volume":"22","author":"M Demirbilek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Demirbilek, M., Branke, J., Strauss, A.: Dynamically accepting and scheduling patients for home healthcare. Health Care Manag. Sci. 22, 140\u2013155 (2019)","journal-title":"Health Care Manag. Sci."},{"key":"9592_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107255","volume":"158","author":"M Di Mascolo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Di Mascolo, M., Martinez, C., Espinouse, M.L.: Routing and scheduling in home health care: A literature survey and bibliometric analysis. Computers & Industrial Engineering 158, 107255 (2021)","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"9592_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixit, A., Mishra, A., Shukla, A.: Vehicle routing problem with time windows using meta-heuristic algorithms: a survey. In: Harmony Search and Nature Inspired Optimization Algorithms: Theory and Applications, ICHSA 2018, pp. 539\u2013546. Springer (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0761-4_52"},{"issue":"12","key":"9592_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10637","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-04828-5","volume":"45","author":"J Euchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Euchi, J., Zidi, S., Laouamer, L.: A hybrid approach to solve the vehicle routing problem with time windows and synchronized visits in-home health care. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 45(12), 10637\u201310652 (2020)","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"9592_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinterding, R.: Gaussian mutation and self-adaption for numeric genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of 1995 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, vol.\u00a01, p. 384. IEEE (1995)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1995.489178"},{"key":"9592_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmeister, F., B\u00e4ck, T.: Genetic algorithms and evolution strategies: Similarities and differences. In: International conference on parallel problem solving from nature, pp. 455\u2013469. Springer (1990)","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0029787"},{"issue":"8","key":"9592_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9635","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-022-07272-9","volume":"48","author":"B Joshi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joshi, B., Thakur, M.K.: Genetic algorithm-and cuckoo search algorithm-based routing optimizations in network-on-chip. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 48(8), 9635\u20139644 (2023)","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"9592_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2023.106400","volume":"160","author":"F Khoshgehbari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khoshgehbari, F., Al-e, S.M.J.M., et al.: Ambulance location routing problem considering all sources of uncertainty: Progressive estimating algorithm. Computers & Operations Research 160, 106400 (2023)","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"9592_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.4304\/jnw.8.5.1035-1042","volume":"8","author":"CY Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, C.Y.: An improved adaptive genetic algorithm for the multi-depot vehicle routing problem with time window. J. Networks 8(5), 1035 (2013)","journal-title":"J. Networks"},{"issue":"18","key":"9592_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2013.07.033","volume":"40","author":"FD Mac\u00edas-Escriv\u00e1","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mac\u00edas-Escriv\u00e1, F.D., Haber, R., Del Toro, R., Hernandez, V.: Self-adaptive systems: A survey of current approaches, research challenges and applications. Expert Syst. Appl. 40(18), 7267\u20137279 (2013)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"9592_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maroof, A., Ayvaz, B., Naeem, K.: Logistics optimization using hybrid genetic algorithm (hga): A solution to the vehicle routing problem with time windows (vrptw). IEEE Access (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3373699"},{"key":"9592_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masadeh, A., Wang, Z., E.\u00a0Kamal, A.: Reinforcement learning algorithms with selector, tuner, or estimator. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering pp. 1\u201315 (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-023-08245-2"},{"key":"9592_CR22","unstructured":"Mutingi, M., Mbohwa, C.: Home healthcare staff scheduling: A clustering particle swarm optimization approach. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (2014)"},{"key":"9592_CR23","unstructured":"Nazari, M., Oroojlooy, A., Snyder, L., Tak\u00e1c, M.: Reinforcement learning for solving the vehicle routing problem. Advances in neural information processing systems 31 (2018)"},{"issue":"01","key":"9592_CR24","first-page":"66","volume":"4","author":"HK Rajagopalan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rajagopalan, H.K., Saydam, C., Setzler, H., Sharer, E., et al.: Ambulance deployment and shift scheduling: An integrated approach. J. Serv. Sci. Manag. 4(01), 66 (2011)","journal-title":"J. Serv. Sci. Manag."},{"key":"9592_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raza, S.M., Sajid, M., Singh, J.: Vehicle routing problem using reinforcement learning: Recent advancements. In: Advanced machine intelligence and signal processing, pp. 269\u2013280. Springer (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-0840-8_20"},{"key":"9592_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2019.03.015","volume":"95","author":"MI Restrepo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Restrepo, M.I., Rousseau, L.M., Vall\u00e9e, J.: Home healthcare integrated staffing and scheduling. Omega 95, 102057 (2020)","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"9592_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2018.10.015","volume":"44","author":"NR Sabar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sabar, N.R., Bhaskar, A., Chung, E., Turky, A., Song, A.: A self-adaptive evolutionary algorithm for dynamic vehicle routing problems with traffic congestion. Swarm Evol. Comput. 44, 1018\u20131027 (2019)","journal-title":"Swarm Evol. Comput."},{"key":"9592_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107416","volume":"158","author":"M Shiri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shiri, M., Ahmadizar, F., Mahmoudzadeh, H.: A three-phase methodology for home healthcare routing and scheduling under uncertainty. Computers & Industrial Engineering 158, 107416 (2021)","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"9592_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2022.105745","volume":"143","author":"Z Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Benlic, U., Li, M., Wu, Q.: Reinforcement learning based tabu search for the minimum load coloring problem. Computers & Operations Research 143, 105745 (2022)","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"9592_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, F., Chai, Z.y., Li, Y.l.: Multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for vehicle routing problem with time window under uncertainty. Evolutionary Intelligence 16(2), 493\u2013508 (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-021-00672-0"},{"key":"9592_CR31","unstructured":"Tassone, J., Choudhury, S.: A comprehensive survey on the ambulance routing and location problems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.05288 (2020)"},{"issue":"2","key":"9592_CR32","first-page":"21","volume":"3","author":"VK Verma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Verma, V.K., Kumar, B.: Genetic algorithm: an overview and its application. International Journal of Advanced Studies in Computers, Science and Engineering 3(2), 21 (2014)","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Studies in Computers, Science and Engineering"},{"key":"9592_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.06.017","volume":"112","author":"H Vermuyten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vermuyten, H., Rosa, J.N., Marques, I., Belien, J., Barbosa-P\u00f3voa, A.: Integrated staff scheduling at a medical emergency service: An optimisation approach. Expert Syst. Appl. 112, 62\u201376 (2018)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"9592_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/itor.13043","volume":"30","author":"T Xiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiang, T., Li, Y., Szeto, W.Y.: The daily routing and scheduling problem of home health care: based on costs and participants\u2019 preference satisfaction. Int. Trans. Oper. Res. 30(1), 39\u201369 (2023)","journal-title":"Int. Trans. Oper. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"9592_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7195","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-023-07649-4","volume":"48","author":"Y Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Liu, H., Tian, Y., Li, X., Shang, Y.: Hierarchical optimization of scheduling scheme for mixed helicopter fleet in disaster relief. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 48(5), 7195\u20137206 (2023)","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"9592_CR36","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Cai, Y., Fu, S., Zhang, H.: Multiobjective memetic algorithm based on adaptive local search chains for vehicle routing problem with time windows. Evolutionary Intelligence pp. 1\u201312 (2022)"},{"key":"9592_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2022.108435","volume":"171","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Li, H., Yang, W., Zhang, G., Gen, M.: Hybrid multiobjective evolutionary algorithm considering combination timing for multi-type vehicle routing problem with time windows. Computers & Industrial Engineering 171, 108435 (2022)","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"9592_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s12351-023-00780-y","volume":"23","author":"S Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu, S., Fan, W., Li, X., Yang, S.: Ambulance dispatching and operating room scheduling considering reusable resources in mass-casualty incidents. Oper. Res. Int. Journal 23(2), 34 (2023)","journal-title":"Oper. Res. Int. Journal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Heuristics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10732-026-09592-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10732-026-09592-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10732-026-09592-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T02:19:34Z","timestamp":1780625974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10732-026-09592-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10732-026-09592-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1381-1231","1572-9397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1381-1231","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"This study was conducted following the ethical standards outlined in the relevant ethical guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all authors included in the study. The purpose and procedures of the research were explained, and participants provided written consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical and informed consent for data used"}}],"article-number":"21"}}