{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T22:34:29Z","timestamp":1768257269052,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]],"date-time":"2017-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501632000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tech Know Learn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-017-9329-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]],"date-time":"2017-08-02T13:14:53Z","timestamp":1501679693000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Are We on Our Way to Becoming a \u201cHelicopter University\u201d? Academics\u2019 Views on Learning Analytics"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8082-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel A.","family":"Howell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lynne D.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Seaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"9329_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2307\/249577","volume":"16","author":"DA Adams","year":"1992","unstructured":"Adams, D. A., Nelson, R. R., & Todd, P. A. (1992). Perceived usefulness, ease of use, and usage of information technology: A replication. MIS Quarterly, 16, 227\u2013247.","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"9329_CR2","unstructured":"Arnold, K. E., & Pistilli, M. D. (2012). Course signals at Purdue: Using learning analytics to increase student success. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge. Retrieved from http:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/ ."},{"key":"9329_CR3","unstructured":"Atif, A., Bilgin, A., & Richards, D. (2015). Student preferences and attitudes to the use of early alerts. Paper presented at Twenty-first Americas Conference on Information Systems, Puerto Rico. Retrieved from http:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1297&context=amcis2015 ."},{"key":"9329_CR4","unstructured":"Beattie, S., Woodley, C., & Souter, K. (2014). Creepy analytics and learner data rights. In B. Hegarty, J. McDonld, & S. K. Loke (Eds.), Rhetoric and Reality: Critical Perspectives on Educational Technology. Proceedings Ascilite, pp. 421\u2013425. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ascilite.org\/conferences\/dunedin2014\/files\/concisepapers\/69-Beattie.pdf ."},{"key":"9329_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77\u2013101. doi: 10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa .","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9329_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe78125","volume":"78","author":"A Castleberry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Castleberry, A. (2014). NVivo 10 [software program]. Version 10. QSR International; 2012. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 78(1), 25. doi: 10.5688\/ajpe78125 .","journal-title":"American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education"},{"key":"9329_CR6","unstructured":"Colvin, C., Rogers, T., Wade, A., Dawson, S., Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D., Buckingham Shum, S., & Fisher, J. (2015). Student retention and learning analytics: A snapshot of Australian practices and a framework for advancement. Sydney: Australian Office for Learning and Teaching. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.research.ed.ac.uk\/portal\/files\/21121591\/Final_Report_190615.pdf ."},{"key":"9329_CR7","unstructured":"Corrin, L., & de Barba, P. (2014). Exploring students\u2019 interpretation of feedback delivered through learning analytics dashboards. In B. Hegarty, J. McDonld, & S. K. Loke (Eds.), Rhetoric and Reality: Critical Perspectives on Educational Technology. Proceedings Ascilite, pp. 629\u2013433. Retrieved from http:\/\/ascilite.org\/conferences\/dunedin2014\/files\/concisepapers\/223-Corrin.pdf ."},{"key":"9329_CR8","unstructured":"Corrin, L., Kennedy, G., & Mulder, R. (2013). Enhancing learning analytics by understanding the needs of teachers. In Electric Dreams. 30th Ascilite Conference Proceedings 2013, pp. 201\u2013205. Retrieved from http:\/\/ascilite.org\/conferences\/sydney13\/program\/papers\/Corrin.pdf ."},{"key":"9329_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.8.982","volume":"35","author":"FD Davis","year":"1989","unstructured":"Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35, 982\u20131002.","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"9329_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12212","volume":"46","author":"S Freitas de","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Freitas, S., Gibson, D., Du Plessis, C., Halloran, P., Williams, E., Ambrose, M., et al. (2015). Foundations of dynamic learning analytics: Using university student data to increase retention. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46, 1175\u20131188. doi: 10.1111\/bjet.12212 .","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9329_CR11","first-page":"22","volume":"51","author":"C Dede","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dede, C., Ho, A., & Mitros, P. (2016). Big data analysis in higher education: Promises and pitfalls. EDUCAUSE Review, 51(5), 22\u201334.","journal-title":"EDUCAUSE Review"},{"key":"9329_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drachsler, H., & Greller, W. (2012). The pulse of learning analytics understandings and expectations from the stakeholders. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (pp. 120\u2013129). ACM. Retrieved from http:\/\/dspace.learningnetworks.org\/ .","DOI":"10.1145\/2330601.2330634"},{"key":"9329_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Draschler, H., & Greller, W. (2016). Privacy and analytics: It\u2019s a delicate issue a checklist for trusted learning analytics. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge (pp. 89\u201398). ACM. doi: 10.1145\/2883851.2883893 .","DOI":"10.1145\/2883851.2883893"},{"issue":"3","key":"9329_CR14","first-page":"58","volume":"15","author":"AL Dyckhoff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dyckhoff, A. L., Zielke, D., B\u00fcltmann, M., Chatti, M. A., & Schroeder, U. (2012). Design and implementation of a learning analytics toolkit for teachers. Educational Technology & Society, 15(3), 58\u201376.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"9329_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-014-0822-x","volume":"59","author":"D Ga\u0161evi\u0107","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D., Dawson, S., & Siemens, G. (2015). Let\u2019s not forget: Learning analytics are about learning. TechTrends, 59(1), 64\u201371. doi: 10.1007\/s11528-014-0822-x .","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"key":"9329_CR16","unstructured":"Greller, W., & Drachsler, H. (2012). Translating learning into numbers: A generic framework for learning analytics. Educational Technology & Society, 15(3), 42\u201357. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/jeductechsoci.15.3.42 ."},{"key":"9329_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822x16639015","volume":"28","author":"G Guest","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guest, G., Namey, E., & McKenna, K. (2016). How many focus groups are enough? Building an evidence base for nonprobability sample sizes. Field Methods, 28, 1\u201320. doi: 10.1177\/1525822x16639015 .","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"9329_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2007.11.015","volume":"21","author":"A Kerly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kerly, A., Ellis, R., & Bull, S. (2008). CALMsystem: A conversational agent for learner modelling. Knowledge-Based Systems, 21(3), 238\u2013246. doi: 10.1016\/j.knosys.2007.11.015 .","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"key":"9329_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosba, E., Dimitrova, V., & Boyle, R. (2005). Using student and group models to support teachers in web-based distance education. In International Conference on User Modeling (pp. 124\u2013133). Berlin: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11527886_17"},{"key":"9329_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.777","volume":"28","author":"G Kregor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kregor, G., Breslin, M., & Fountain, W. (2012). Experience and beliefs of technology users at an Australian university: Keys to maximising e-learning potential. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 28, 1382\u20131404. doi: 10.14742\/ajet.777 .","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9329_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-016-9459-0","volume":"64","author":"C Lawson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lawson, C., Beer, C., Rossi, D., Moore, T., & Fleming, J. (2016). Identification of \u201cat risk\u201d students using learning analytics: The ethical dilemmas of intervention strategies in a higher education institution. Educational Technology Research and Development, 64(5), 957\u2013968. doi: 10.1007\/s11423-016-9459-0 .","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9329_CR22","volume-title":"Naturalistic enquiry","author":"YS Lincoln","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic enquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage."},{"key":"9329_CR23","unstructured":"Miles, C. (2015). Australian university teachers\u2019 engagement with learning analytics: Still early days. In EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology (Vol. 2015, No. 1, pp. 108\u2013108)."},{"key":"9329_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12","volume":"45","author":"A Pardo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pardo, A., & Siemens, G. (2014). Ethical and privacy principles for learning analytics. British Journal of Educational Technology, 45, 438\u2013450. doi: 10.1111\/bjet.12 .","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9329_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v15i4.1881","volume":"15","author":"P Prinsloo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Prinsloo, P., & Slade, S. (2014). Educational triage in open distance learning: Walking a moral tightrope. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 15(4), 306\u2013331. doi: 10.19173\/irrodl.v15i4.1881 .","journal-title":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning"},{"key":"9329_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prinsloo, P., & Slade, S. (2017). An elephant in the learning analytics room\u2014the obligation to act. In LAK\u201917 Proceedings of the Seventh International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference (pp. 46\u201365). ACM. doi: 10.1145\/3027385.3027406 .","DOI":"10.1145\/3027385.3027406"},{"key":"9329_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/rlt.v20i0.18520","author":"P Reed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reed, P. (2012). Awareness, attitudes and participation of teaching staff towards the open content movement in one university. Research in Learning Technology. doi: 10.3402\/rlt.v20i0.18520 .","journal-title":"Research in Learning Technology"},{"key":"9329_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/rlt.v22.22770","author":"P Reed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reed, P. (2014). Staff experience and attitudes towards technology enhanced learning initiatives in one Faculty of Health and Life Sciences. Research in Learning Technology. doi: 10.3402\/rlt.v22.22770 .","journal-title":"Research in Learning Technology"},{"key":"9329_CR29","unstructured":"Reimers, G., Neovesky, A., & der Wissenschaften, A. (2015). Student focused dashboards. Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Computer Supported Education. Retrieved from http:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com ."},{"key":"9329_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, L., Chang, V., & Gibson, D. (2016a). Ethical considerations in adopting a university- and system-wide approach to data and learning analytics. In B. Kei Daniel (Ed.), Big data and learning analytics in higher education (pp. 89\u2013108). Switzerland: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-06520-5_7"},{"key":"9329_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01959","volume":"7","author":"LD Roberts","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roberts, L. D., Howell, J. A., Seaman, K., & Gibson, D. C. (2016b). Student attitudes toward learning analytics in higher education: \u201cthe fitbit version of the learning world\u201d. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1959. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01959 .","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"9329_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-017-9316-1","author":"LD Roberts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roberts, L. D., Howell, J. A., & Seaman, K. (2017). Give me a customizable dashboard: Personalized learning analytics dashboards in higher education. Technology, Knowledge and Learning. doi: 10.1007\/s10758-017-9316-1 .","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning"},{"key":"9329_CR33","unstructured":"Santos, J. L., Verbert, K., Govaerts, S., & Duval, E. (2013). Addressing learner issues with StepUp!: An evaluation. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge. Retrieved from https:\/\/lirias.kuleuven.be\/bitstream\/123456789\/396691\/1\/lak-santos-final.pdf ."},{"key":"9329_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-016-9458-1","volume":"64","author":"V Scholes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scholes, V. (2016). The ethics of using learning analytics to categorize students on risk. Educational Technology Research and Development, 64, 939\u2013955. doi: 10.1007\/s11423-016-9458-1 .","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9329_CR35","unstructured":"Sclater, N. (Producer) (2015a). Jisc learning analytics architecture. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PoH0NXUbrjw ."},{"key":"9329_CR36","unstructured":"Sclater, N. (2015b). What do students want from a learning analytics app. Retrieved from http:\/\/analytics.jiscinvolve.org ."},{"key":"9329_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764213498851","volume":"57","author":"G Siemens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siemens, G. (2013). Learning analytics: The emergence of a discipline. American Behavioral Scientist, 57, 1380\u20131400. doi: 10.1177\/0002764213498851 .","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"key":"9329_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764213479366","volume":"57","author":"S Slade","year":"2013","unstructured":"Slade, S., & Prinsloo, P. (2013). Learning analytics ethical issues and dilemmas. American Behavioral Scientist, 57, 1510\u20131529. doi: 10.1177\/0002764213479366 .","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"issue":"1","key":"9329_CR39","first-page":"291","volume":"18","author":"S Slade","year":"2015","unstructured":"Slade, S., & Prinsloo, P. (2015). Student perspectives on the use of their data: Between intrusion, surveillance and care. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-learning, 18(1), 291\u2013300.","journal-title":"European Journal of Open, Distance and E-learning"},{"key":"9329_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swenson, J. (2014). Establishing an ethical literacy for learning analytics. In LAK\u201914. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge, pp. 246\u2013250. Retireved from http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=2567613 .","DOI":"10.1145\/2567574.2567613"},{"issue":"2","key":"9329_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x","volume":"39","author":"V Venkatesh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Venkatesh, V., & Bala, H. (2008). Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions. Decision Sciences, 39(2), 273\u2013315.","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"key":"9329_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926","volume":"46","author":"V Venkatesh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46, 186\u2013204.","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"9329_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-016-9464-3","volume":"64","author":"D West","year":"2016","unstructured":"West, D., Huijser, H., & Heath, D. (2016). Putting an ethical lens on learning analytics. Educational Technology Research and Development, 64, 903\u2013922. doi: 10.1007\/s11423-016-9464-3 .","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9329_CR44","unstructured":"West, D., Huijser, H., Heath, D., Lizzio, A., Toohey, D., & Miles, C. (2015). Higher education teachers\u2019 experiences with learning analytics in relation to student retention. In T. Reiners, B. R. von Konsky, D. Gibson, V. Chang, L. Irving & K. Clarke (Eds.), Globally Connected, Digitally Enabled: Proceedings of the Ascilite 2015 Conference (pp. 296\u2013307). Perth, 29 November\u20132 December."},{"key":"9329_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-016-9463-4","volume":"64","author":"JE Willis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Willis, J. E., Slade, S., & Prinsloo, P. (2016). Ethical oversight of student data in learning analytics: A typology derived from a cross continental, cross-instititutational perspective. Educational Technology Research and Development, 64, 881\u2013901. doi: 10.1007\/s11423-016-9463-4 .","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"}],"container-title":["Technology, Knowledge and Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10758-017-9329-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10758-017-9329-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10758-017-9329-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T19:49:40Z","timestamp":1569959380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10758-017-9329-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["9329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10758-017-9329-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-1662","2211-1670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-1662","type":"print"},{"value":"2211-1670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]]}}}