{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:32:53Z","timestamp":1781019173947,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619222400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004516","name":"Hariduse Infotehnoloogia Sihtasutus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18\/7.1-5\/178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/7.1-5\/178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004516","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tech Know Learn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study explores schools\u2019 digital maturity self-evaluation reports\u2019 data from Estonia. Based on quantitative data (N\u2009=\u2009499) the schools that attempt digital transformation were clustered into three successive digital improvement types. The paper describes 3 main patterns of school improvement in different phases of innovative change: classroom innovation practices\u2019 driven schools, participatory led structural change driven schools; and inclusive and evidence based change management type of schools. The defining variables for digital transformation towards new levels of digital maturity were teachers\u2019 role, digital competences, learning organization culture, participatory management, inclusive leadership, structural changes and network, and IT-manager involvement to structural changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-021-09514-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T08:03:40Z","timestamp":1619337820000},"page":"823-841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Patterns of School Improvement in Digitally Innovative Schools"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8952-7698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Pata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kairit","family":"Tammets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terje","family":"V\u00e4ljataga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00fclli","family":"Kori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mart","family":"Laanpere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romil","family":"R\u00f5btsenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"9514_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.5539\/jel.v7n5p76","volume":"7","author":"M Antinluoma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Antinluoma, M., Ilom\u00e4ki, L., Lahti-Nuuttila, P., & Toom, A. (2018). Schools as professional learning communities. Journal of Education and Learning, 7(5), 76\u201391.","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Learning"},{"key":"9514_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1477971419850840","author":"C Bernhard-Skala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bernhard-Skala, C. (2019). Organisational perspectives on the digital transformation of adult and continuing education: A literature review from a German-speaking perspective. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1477971419850840.","journal-title":"Journal of Adult and Continuing Education"},{"key":"9514_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caporarello, L., Manzoni, B., Moscardo, C., & Trabelsi, L. (2020). How do we learn today and how will we learn in the future within organizations? Digitally-enhanced and personalized learning win. In Exploring Digital Ecosystems (pp. 135\u2013149). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23665-6_10"},{"key":"9514_CR4","volume-title":"Physical geography: A systems approach","author":"RJ Chorley","year":"1971","unstructured":"Chorley, R. J., & Kennedy, B. (1971). Physical geography: A systems approach. Prentice-Hall."},{"issue":"3","key":"9514_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/09243450500234484","volume":"16","author":"B Creemers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Creemers, B., & Reezigt, G. (2005). Linking school effectiveness and school improvement: The background and outline of the project. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 16(3), 359\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09243450500234484.","journal-title":"School Effectiveness and School Improvement"},{"key":"9514_CR6","unstructured":"Crook, C., Harrison, C., Farrington-Flint, L., Tom\u00e1s, C., & Underwood, J. (2010). The impact of technology: Value-added classroom practice. Becta http:\/\/oro.open.ac.uk\/34523\/.Digital Mirror, http:\/\/digipeegel.eeE-learning roadmap, http:\/\/www.ncte.ie\/elearningplan\/roadmap\/eLEMER, http:\/\/ikt.ofi.hu\/english\/."},{"key":"9514_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Jong, W. A., Lockhorst, D., de Kleijn, R. A. M., Noordegraaf, M., & van Tartwijk, J. W. F. (2020). Leadership practices in collaborative innovation: A study among Dutch school principals.\u00a0Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 1741143220962098.","DOI":"10.1177\/1741143220962098"},{"key":"9514_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fullan, M. (2001). The new meaning of educational change (3. ed.). London: Routledge Falmer.Future classroom maturity modeling, http:\/\/fcl.eun.org\/toolset2.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203986561"},{"key":"9514_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.55612\/s-5002-031-002","volume":"31","author":"D Galego","year":"2016","unstructured":"Galego, D., Giovannella, C., & Mealha, O. (2016). An investigation of actors\u2019 differences in the perception of learning ecosystems\u2019 smartness: The case of University of Aveiro. Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal, 31, 19\u201331.","journal-title":"Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal"},{"key":"9514_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.55612\/s-5002-031-001","volume":"31","author":"C Giovannella","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giovannella, C. (2016). Participatory bottom-up self-evaluation of schools\u2019 smartness: An Italian case study. Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal, 31, 9\u201318.","journal-title":"Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal"},{"key":"9514_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/01411920120071489","volume":"27","author":"DH Hargreaves","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hargreaves, D. H. (2001). A capital theory of school effectiveness and improvement. British Educational Research Journal, 27, 487\u2013503.","journal-title":"British Educational Research Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"9514_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2018.1451791","volume":"50","author":"CA Haynes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haynes, C. A., & Shelton, K. (2018). Beyond the classroom: A framework for growing school capacity in a digital age. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 50(4), 271\u2013281.","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"key":"9514_CR13","unstructured":"2nd survey of schools: ICT in education (2019). Objectives 1. Benchmark profress in ICT in schools. Objective 2. Model for a \u2018highly equipped and connected classroom\u2019. European Union. Luxembourg Publications Office of EU. Ae-MoYS, http:\/\/e-mature.ea.gr\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"9514_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s41039-018-0094-8","volume":"13","author":"L Ilom\u00e4ki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ilom\u00e4ki, L., & Lakkala, M. (2018). Digital technology and practices for school improvement: Innovative digital school model. Research and practice in technology enhanced learning, 13(1), 25.","journal-title":"Research and practice in technology enhanced learning"},{"key":"9514_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeladze, E., & Pata, K. (2018). Smart, digitally enhanced learning ecosystems: Bottlenecks to sustainability in Georgia. Sustainability, 10(8), 2672.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10082672"},{"key":"9514_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeladze, E., & Pata, K. (2019). The model of self-organization in digitally enhanced schools. Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal, 39, 61\u201377.","DOI":"10.55612\/s-5002-039-003"},{"key":"9514_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kampylis, P., Devine, J., Punie, Y., Newman, T. (2016). Supporting schools to go digital: From conceptual model towards the design of a self-assessment tool for digital-age learning. In 9th international conference of education, research and innovation, IATED Academy.","DOI":"10.21125\/iceri.2016.1185"},{"key":"9514_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kampylis, P., Punie, Y., & Devine, J. (2015). Promoting effective digital-age learning - A European framework for digitally-competent educational organisations. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2791\/54070.","DOI":"10.2791\/54070"},{"issue":"7","key":"9514_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22230\/ijepl.2012v7n7a417","volume":"7","author":"M Leclerc","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leclerc, M., Moreau, A. C., Dumouchel, C., & Sallafranque-st-Louis, F. (2012). Factors that promote progression in schools functioning as a professional learning community. International Journal of Education Policy & Leadership, 7(7), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"International Journal of Education Policy & Leadership"},{"key":"9514_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenz, B., Kikkas, K., & Laanpere, M. (2016). Digital Turn in the schools of Estonia: Obstacles and Solutions. In P. Zaphiris, & A. Ioannou (Eds.), Learning and collaboration technologies (pp. 722\u2013731). Toronto, ON: Third International Conference.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39483-1_65"},{"key":"9514_CR21","volume-title":"Leading technology-rich schools: Award winning models for success","author":"BB Levin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Levin, B. B., & Schrum, L. (2012). Leading technology-rich schools: Award winning models for success. Teacher College Press."},{"key":"9514_CR22","unstructured":"Microsoft leadership transformation self-reflection Tool. http:\/\/www.istoolkit.com\/self_reflection.html."},{"key":"9514_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3877.262","volume":"164","author":"EP Odum","year":"1969","unstructured":"Odum, E. P. (1969). The strategy of ecosystem development. Science, 164, 262\u2013270.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9514_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD (2015). Building responsive schools for 21st-century learners. In Schools for 21st-Century learners: Strong leaders, confident teachers, innovative approaches. Paris: OECD Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264231191-en.","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264231191-en"},{"key":"9514_CR25","unstructured":"OPEKA. An online tool for Finnish schools to measure ICT in teaching. http:\/\/opeka.fi\/."},{"key":"9514_CR26","unstructured":"Sahlberg, P. (2011). Finnish lessons. Can the world learn from the educational change in Finland? New York, NY: Teachers College Press."},{"key":"9514_CR41","unstructured":"SELFIE. An online tool for Self-reflection on Effective Learning by Fostering the use of Innovative Educational technologies. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/education\/schools-go-digital_en."},{"key":"9514_CR27","volume-title":"The fifth discipline fieldbook: Strategies and tools for building a learning organization","author":"P Senge","year":"1994","unstructured":"Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R. B., & Smith, B. (1994). The fifth discipline fieldbook: Strategies and tools for building a learning organization. Doubleday."},{"key":"9514_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergis, S. E., Sampson, D. G. (2014). From teachers\u2019 to schools\u2019 ICT competence profiles. In Digital systems for open access to formal and informal learning (pp. 307\u2013327). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-02264-2_19"},{"key":"9514_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergis, S., & Sampson, D. G. (2016). School analytics: a framework for supporting school complexity leadership. In Competencies in Teaching, Learning and Educational Leadership in the Digital Age (79\u2013122). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30295-9_6"},{"key":"9514_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.06.016","volume":"89","author":"S Sergis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sergis, S., Sampson, D. G., & Giannakos, M. N. (2018). Supporting school leadership decision making with holistic school analytics: Bridging the qualitative-quantitative divide using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 355\u2013366.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"9514_CR31","unstructured":"Sheninger, E. (2014). Pillars of digital leadership.\u00a0International Center for Leadership in Education, 1\u20134."},{"key":"9514_CR32","volume-title":"Distributed leadership","author":"J Spillane","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spillane, J. (2006). Distributed leadership. Jossey-Bass."},{"issue":"4","key":"9514_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/13603124.2017.1318958","volume":"21","author":"VC Tam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tam, V. C., Chan, J. W., Li, S. C., & Pow, J. (2018). Developing and managing school human capital for information and communication technology integration: A case study of a school-based e-learning project in Hong Kong. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 21(4), 447\u2013461.","journal-title":"International Journal of Leadership in Education"},{"key":"9514_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teiniker, E., & Seuchter, G. (2018). A digital step-by-step transformation towards a flipped classroom. In International Conference on Interactive Collaborative Learning (460\u2013471). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11932-4_44"},{"issue":"1","key":"9514_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2007.05.003","volume":"51","author":"J Tondeur","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tondeur, J., Van Keer, H., Van Braak, J., & Valcke, M. (2008). ICT integration in the classroom: Challenging the potential of a school policy. Computers & Eeducation, 51(1), 212\u2013223.","journal-title":"Computers & Eeducation"},{"key":"9514_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vanari, K., Tammets, K., & Eisenschmidt, E. (2020). School-university partnership for evidence-driven school improvement in Estonia. IntechOpen. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.89513.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.89513"},{"issue":"2","key":"9514_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.975","volume":"27","author":"EML Wong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wong, E. M. L., & Li, S. C. (2011). Framing ICT implementation in a context of educational change: A structural equation modelling analysis. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(2), 361\u2013379.","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9514_CR38","first-page":"3","volume":"10","author":"L Zhong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhong, L. (2017). Indicators of digital leadership in the context of K-12 education. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE), 10(1), 3.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)"}],"container-title":["Technology, Knowledge and Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10758-021-09514-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10758-021-09514-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10758-021-09514-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T18:08:35Z","timestamp":1698948515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10758-021-09514-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10758-021-09514-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-1662","2211-1670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-1662","type":"print"},{"value":"2211-1670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}