{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:59:51Z","timestamp":1793332791507,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1918751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1918751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tech Know Learn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-022-09636-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T04:24:36Z","timestamp":1671510276000},"page":"21-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Scaffolding Computational Thinking Through Block Coding: A Learner Experience Design Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9172-3321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Tawfik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Olney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"9636_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alroobaea, R., & Mayhew, P. J. (2014). How many participants are really enough for usability studies? 2014 Science and Information Conference, 48\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SAI.2014.6918171","DOI":"10.1109\/SAI.2014.6918171"},{"issue":"1","key":"9636_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X11428813","volume":"41","author":"T Anderson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anderson, T., & Shattuck, J. (2012). Design-based research a decade of progress in education research? Educational Researcher, 41(1), 16\u201325. http:\/\/edr.sagepub.com\/content\/41\/1\/16.short.","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"key":"9636_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.106185","volume":"105","author":"C Angeli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Angeli, C., & Giannakos, M. (2020). Computational thinking education: issues and challenges. Computers in Human Behavior, 105, 106185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2019.106185.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"9636_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.12.020","volume":"53","author":"LA Annetta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Annetta, L. A., Minogue, J., Holmes, S. Y., & Cheng, M. T. (2009). Investigating the impact of video games on high school students\u2019 engagement and learning about genetics. Computers & Education, 53(1), 74\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.12.020.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"9636_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2677087","volume":"14","author":"M Armoni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Armoni, M., Meerbaum-Salant, O., & Ben-Ari, M. (2015). From scratch to \u201creal\u201d programming. ACM Transactions in Computing Education, 14(4), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2677087.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions in Computing Education"},{"key":"9636_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-020-09444-8","volume":"25","author":"A Bakki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bakki, A., Oubahssi, L., George, S., & Cherkaoui, C. (2020). A model and tool to support pedagogical scenario building for connectivist MOOC. Technology Knowledge and Learning, 25, 899\u2013927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10758-020-09444-8.","journal-title":"Technology Knowledge and Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"9636_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls1301_1","volume":"13","author":"S Barab","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barab, S., & Squire, K. (2004). Design-based research: putting a stake in the ground. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13(1), 1\u201314. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1466930.","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"9636_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1145\/3015455","volume":"60","author":"D Bau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bau, D., Gray, J., Kelleher, C., Sheldon, J., & Turbak, F. (2017). Learnable programming: blocks and beyond. Communications of the ACM, 60(6), 72\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3015455.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"3","key":"9636_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1109\/47.867942","volume":"43","author":"T Boren","year":"2000","unstructured":"Boren, T., & Ramey, J. (2000). Thinking aloud: reconciling theory and practice. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 43(3), 261\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/47.867942.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication"},{"key":"9636_CR10","unstructured":"Budiu, R. (2021, July 11). Why 5 participants are okay in a qualitative study, but not in a quantitative one. Nielsen Norman Group. https:\/\/www.nngroup.com\/articles\/5-test-users-qual-quant\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"9636_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-018-9602-1","volume":"66","author":"KL Carey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carey, K. L., & Stefaniak, J. E. (2018). An exploration of the utility of digital badging in higher education settings. Educational Technology Research and Development, 66(5), 1211\u20131229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-018-9602-1.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9636_CR12","unstructured":"Chang, Y. K., & Kuwata, J. (2020). Learning experience design: Challenges for novice designers. In M. Schmidt, A. A. Tawfik, I. Jahnke, & Y. Earnshaw (Eds.), Learner and user experience research: An introduction for the field of learning design & technology. EdTechBooks. https:\/\/edtechbooks.org\/ux\/LXD_challenges"},{"key":"9636_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaturvedi, D. K. (2017). Modeling and simulation of systems using MATLAB\u00ae and Simulink\u00ae. CRC press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315218335"},{"key":"9636_CR14","unstructured":"Computer Science Teachers Association. (2017). CSTA K-12 Computer Science. Computer Science Teachers Association. http:\/\/www.csteachers.org\/standards."},{"issue":"1","key":"9636_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22177","volume":"28","author":"W Deng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deng, W., Pi, Z., Lei, W., Zhou, Q., & Zhang, W. (2020). Pencil Code improves learners\u2019 computational thinking and computer learning attitude. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 28(1), 90\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cae.22177.","journal-title":"Computer Applications in Engineering Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"9636_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.432.0371","volume":"43","author":"J desRivieres","year":"2004","unstructured":"desRivieres, J., & Wiegand, J. (2004). Eclipse: a platform for integrating development tools. IBM Systems Journal, 43(2), 371\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1147\/sj.432.0371.","journal-title":"IBM Systems Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"9636_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1981.0309","volume":"51","author":"B Du Boulay","year":"1999","unstructured":"Du Boulay, B., O\u2019shea, T., & Monk, J. (1999). The black box inside the glass box: presenting computing concepts to novices. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 51(2), 265\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/ijhc.1981.0309.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"9636_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-016-9508-8","volume":"65","author":"M El-Masri","year":"2017","unstructured":"El-Masri, M., & Tarhini, A. (2017). Factors affecting the adoption of e-learning systems in Qatar and USA: extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2). Educational Technology Research and Development, 65(3), 743\u2013763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-016-9508-8.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"9636_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22255","volume":"29","author":"J Fagerlund","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fagerlund, J., H\u00e4kkinen, P., Vesisenaho, M., & Viiri, J. (2021). Computational thinking in programming with scratch in primary schools: a systematic review. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 29(1), 12\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cae.22255.","journal-title":"Computer Applications in Engineering Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"9636_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3325281","volume":"26","author":"M Fan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fan, M., Lin, J., Chung, C., & Truong, K. N. (2019). Concurrent think-aloud verbalizations and usability oroblems. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 26(5), 1\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3325281.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"issue":"2","key":"9636_CR21","first-page":"85","volume":"15","author":"M Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan, M., Shi, S., & Truong, K. N. (2020). Practices and challenges of using think-aloud protocols in industry: an international survey. Journal of Usability Studies, 15(2), 85\u2013102. http:\/\/uxpajournal.org\/practices-challenges-think-aloud-protocols-survey\/.","journal-title":"Journal of Usability Studies"},{"key":"9636_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Faulkner, L. (2003). Beyond the five-user assumption: benefits of increased sample sizes in usability testing. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers: A Journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc, 35(3), 379\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03195514","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03195514"},{"key":"9636_CR23","unstructured":"Gray, C. (2020). Paradigms of knowledge production in human-computer interaction: Towards a framing for learner experience (lx) design. In M. Schmidt, A. A. Tawfik, I. Jahnke, & Y. Earnshaw (Eds.), Learner and user experience research: An introduction for the field of learning design & technology. EdTechBooks. https:\/\/edtechbooks.org\/ux\/paradigms_in_hci"},{"key":"9636_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.07.004","volume":"126","author":"TC Hsu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hsu, T. C., Chang, S. C., & Hung, Y. T. (2018). How to learn and how to teach computational thinking: suggestions based on a review of the literature. Computers & Education, 126, 296\u2013310.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9636_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahnke, I., Schmidt, M., Pham, M., & Singh, K. (2020). Sociotechnical-pedagogical usability for designing and evaluating learner experience in technology-enhanced environments. In M. Schmidt, A. A. Tawfik, I. Jahnke, & Y. Earnshaw (Eds.), Learner and user experience research. EdTechBooks. https:\/\/edtechbooks.org\/ux\/sociotechnical_pedagogical_usability","DOI":"10.59668\/36"},{"issue":"2","key":"9636_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-019-09729-5","volume":"68","author":"J Janssen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Janssen, J., & Kirschner, P. A. (2020). Applying collaborative cognitive load theory to computer-supported collaborative learning: towards a research agenda. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(2), 783\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-019-09729-5.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9636_CR27","unstructured":"K-12 Computer Science Framework Steering Committee (2016). K-12 Computer Science Framework. K-12 Computer Science Framework. http:\/\/www.k12cs.org"},{"key":"9636_CR28","unstructured":"Kaggle (2017). The state of ML and data science 2017. Kaggle. https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/surveys\/2017"},{"key":"9636_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.05.047","volume":"52","author":"F Kalelio\u011flu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kalelio\u011flu, F. (2015). A new way of teaching programming skills to K-12 students: Code.org. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 200\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2015.05.047.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"9636_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104171","volume":"166","author":"D Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, D., Jung, E., Yoon, M., Chang, Y., Park, S., Kim, D., & Demir, F. (2021). Exploring the structural relationships between course design factors, learner commitment, self-directed learning, and intentions for further learning in a self-paced MOOC. Computers & Education, 166, 104171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104171.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"9636_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12859","volume":"50","author":"DJ Lemay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lemay, D. J., Doleck, T., & Bazelais, P. (2019). Context and technology use: Opportunities and challenges of the situated perspective in technology acceptance research: Context and technology use. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(5), 2450\u20132465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12859.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9636_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12705","volume":"49","author":"C Lewin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lewin, C., Cranmer, S., & McNicol, S. (2018). Developing digital pedagogy through learning design: an activity theory perspective. British Journal of Educational Technology, 49(6), 1131\u20131144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12705.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"9636_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, Y., Schoenfeld, A. H., diSessa, A. A., Graesser, A. C., Benson, L. C., English, L. D., & Duschl, R. A. (2020). On computational thinking and STEM education. Journal for STEM Educ Res 3, 147\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41979-020-00044-w.","DOI":"10.1007\/s41979-020-00044-w"},{"key":"9636_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu, J., Schmidt, M., Lee, M., & Huang, R. (2022). Usability research in educational technology: a state-of-the-art systematic review. Educational Technology Research and Development: ETR & D. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-022-10152-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-022-10152-6"},{"key":"9636_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moreno-Le\u00f3n, J., & Robles, G. (2016). Code to learn with Scratch? A systematic literature review. 2016 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 150\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EDUCON.2016.7474546","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON.2016.7474546"},{"key":"9636_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/12840","author":"National Research Council","year":"2010","unstructured":"National Research Council. (2010). Report of a workshop on the scope and nature of computational thinking. National Research Council. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/12840.","journal-title":"National Research Council"},{"key":"9636_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/13170","author":"National Research Council","year":"2011","unstructured":"National Research Council. (2011). Report of a workshop on the pedagogical aspects of computational thinking. National Research Council. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/13170.","journal-title":"National Research Council"},{"key":"9636_CR37","unstructured":"Nielsen, J. (2000, March 18). Why you only need to test with 5 users. Nielsen Norman Group. https:\/\/www.nngroup.com\/articles\/why-you-only-need-to-test-with-5-users\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"9636_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwy001","volume":"30","author":"E Novak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Novak, E., Daday, J., & McDaniel, K. (2018). Assessing intrinsic and extraneous cognitive complexity of e-textbook learning. Interacting with Computers, 30(2), 150\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/iwc\/iwy001.","journal-title":"Interacting with Computers"},{"key":"9636_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olney, A. M., & Fleming, S. D. (2019). A Cognitive Load Perspective on the Design of Blocks Languages for Data Science. 2019 IEEE Blocks and Beyond Workshop, 95\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/BB48857.2019.8941224","DOI":"10.1109\/BB48857.2019.8941224"},{"key":"9636_CR67","unstructured":"Olney, A. M., & Fleming, S. D. (2021). JupyterLab Extensions for Blocks Programming, Self-Explanations, and HTML Injection. In T. W. Price & S. San Pedro, Joint Proceedings of the Workshops at the 14th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, Vol. 3051, CSEDM\u20138. CEUR-WS.org."},{"key":"9636_CR39","unstructured":"Oprean, D., & Balakrishnan, B. (2020). From engagement to user experience: A theoretical perspective towards immersive learning.Learner and User Experience Research. https:\/\/edtechbooks.org\/ux\/10_from_engagement_t"},{"key":"9636_CR40","unstructured":"Papert, S. (1980). Mindstorms: children, computers, and powerful ideas. Basic Books."},{"key":"9636_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88121","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3089560","volume":"9","author":"P Perera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perera, P., Tennakoon, G., Ahangama, S., Panditharathna, R., & Chathuranga, B. (2021a). A systematic mapping of Introductory Programming Languages for Novice Learners. Ieee Access : Practical Innovations, Open Solutions, 9, 88121\u201388136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3089560.","journal-title":"Ieee Access : Practical Innovations, Open Solutions"},{"key":"9636_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perera, P., Tennakoon, G., Ahangama, S., Panditharathna, R., & Chathuranga, B. (2021b). A Systematic Review of Introductory Programming Languages for Novice Learners.IEEE Access. https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/9455382\/","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3089560"},{"key":"9636_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.10.005","volume":"128","author":"S Popat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Popat, S., & Starkey, L. (2019). Learning to code or coding to learn? A systematic review. Computers & Education, 128, 365\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.10.005.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"8","key":"9636_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-15-00308.1","volume":"98","author":"JG Powers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Powers, J. G., Klemp, J. B., Skamarock, W. C., Davis, C. A., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Coen, J. L., Gochis, D. J., Ahmadov, R., Peckham, S. E., Grell, G. A., Michalakes, J., Trahan, S., Benjamin, S. G., Alexander, C. R., Dimego, G. J., Wang, W., Schwartz, C. S., Romine, G. S., & Duda, M. G. (2017). The weather research and forecasting model: overview, system efforts, and future directions. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 98(8), 1717\u20131737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/BAMS-D-15-00308.1.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"9636_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Price, T. W., & Barnes, T. (2015). Comparing textual and block interfaces in a novice programming environment. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual International Conference on International Computing Education Research, 91\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2787622.2787712","DOI":"10.1145\/2787622.2787712"},{"issue":"1","key":"9636_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3077618","volume":"18","author":"Y Qian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qian, Y., & Lehman, J. (2017). Students\u2019 misconceptions and other difficulties in introductory programming. ACM Transactions on Computing Education, 18(1), 1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3077618.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education"},{"key":"9636_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reinhart, A., Evans, C., Luby, A., Orellana, J., Meyer, M., Wieczorek, J., Elliott, P., Burckhardt, P., & Nugent, R. (2022). Think-aloud interviews: a tool for exploring student statistical reasoning. Journal of Statistics and Data Science Education, 1\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/26939169.2022.2063209.","DOI":"10.1080\/26939169.2022.2063209"},{"issue":"11","key":"9636_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1145\/1592761.1592779","volume":"52","author":"M Resnick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Resnick, M., Maloney, J., Monroy-Hern\u00e1ndez, A., Rusk, N., Eastmond, E., Brennan, K., Millner, A., Rosenbaum, E., Silver, J., Silverman, B., & Kafai, Y. (2009). Scratch: programming for all. Communications of the ACM, 52(11), 60\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1592761.1592779.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"9636_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rijo-Garc\u00eda, S., Segredo, E., & Le\u00f3n, C. (2022). Computational thinking and user interfaces: A systematic review. IEEE Transactions on Education, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TE.2022.3159765","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2022.3159765"},{"issue":"3","key":"9636_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/mti4030065","volume":"4","author":"JM S\u00e1ez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2020","unstructured":"S\u00e1ez-L\u00f3pez, J. M., del Olmo-Mu\u00f1oz, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Calero, J. A., & C\u00f3zar-Guti\u00e9rrez, R. (2020). Exploring the effect of training in visual block programming for preservice teachers. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 4(3), 65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mti4030065.","journal-title":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction"},{"issue":"7525","key":"9636_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/515151a","volume":"515","author":"H Shen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shen, H. (2014). Interactive notebooks: sharing the code. Nature, 515(7525), 151\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/515151a.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9636_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2017.09.003","volume":"22","author":"VJ Shute","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shute, V. J., Sun, C., & Asbell-Clarke, J. (2017). Demystifying computational thinking. Educational Research Review, 22, 142\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2017.09.003.","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"issue":"9","key":"9636_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1145\/6592.6594","volume":"29","author":"E Soloway","year":"1986","unstructured":"Soloway, E. (1986). Learning to program = learning to construct mechanisms and explanations. Communications of the ACM, 29(9), 850\u2013858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/6592.6594.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"1","key":"9636_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-020-09482-2","volume":"27","author":"AA Tawfik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tawfik, A. A., Gatewood, J., Gish-Lieberman, J., & Hampton, A. (2022). Toward a definition of learning experience design. Technology Knowledge & Learning, 27(1), 309\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10758-020-09482-2.","journal-title":"Technology Knowledge & Learning"},{"key":"9636_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tedre, M., & Denning, P. J. (2016). The long quest for computational thinking. Proceedings of the 16th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research, 120\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2999541.2999542","DOI":"10.1145\/2999541.2999542"},{"issue":"4","key":"9636_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2996201","volume":"17","author":"K Umapathy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Umapathy, K., & Ritzhaupt, A. D. (2017). A meta-analysis of pair-programming in computer programming courses: implications for educational practice. ACM Trans Comput Educ, 17(4), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2996201.","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput Educ"},{"key":"9636_CR57","unstructured":"Vann, S., & Tawfik, A. A. (2020). Flow theory and learning experience design in gamified learning environments. In M. Schmidt, A. A. Tawfik, I. Jahnke, & Y. Earnshaw (Eds.), Learner and user experience research. EdTechBooks. https:\/\/edtechbooks.org\/ux\/flow_theory_and_lxd"},{"key":"9636_CR58","unstructured":"Wang, C., Shen, J., & Chao, J. (2021). Integrating computational thinking in stem education: A literature review. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 1\u201324. https:\/\/idp.springer.com\/authorize\/casa?redirect_uri=https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10763021-10227-5&casa_token=jdU2Pd8G40MAAAAA:oTTAX9vCNPBngGf-xS7X1d9TRE07TEBsjPDYwEvsd02Q2mNtmikfFikEv7e7N7zTs-55hKqL4Jv4k2b_"},{"key":"9636_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.12.013","volume":"83","author":"HC Wei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wei, H. C., Peng, H., & Chou, C. (2015). Can more interactivity improve learning achievement in an online course? Effects of college students\u2019 perception and actual use of a course-management system on their learning achievement. Computers & Education, 83, 10\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.12.013.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9636_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weintrop, D., & Wilensky, U. (2015). To block or not to block, that is the question: students\u2019 perceptions of blocks-based programming. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children, 199\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2771839.2771860","DOI":"10.1145\/2771839.2771860"},{"key":"9636_CR61","unstructured":"Whitenton, K. (2019, February 24). How to respond to skepticism of testing small groups of users. Nielsen Norman Group. https:\/\/www.nngroup.com\/articles\/responding-skepticism-small-usability-tests\/"},{"key":"9636_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-021-09957-8","volume":"69","author":"K Wijekumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wijekumar, K. (2021). Influence of emotions on digital learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 69, 55\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-021-09957-8.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9636_CR63","unstructured":"Wing, J. (2011). Research notebook: Computational thinking\u2013what and why? The Link: The Magazine of Carnegie Mellon University\u2019s School of Computer Science, 20\u201323. https:\/\/www.cs.cmu.edu\/link\/research-notebook-computational-thinking-what-and-why"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"9636_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2019.1565233","volume":"29","author":"Z Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Ritzhaupt, A. D., Tian, F., & Umapathy, K. (2019). Block-based versus text-based programming environments on novice student learning outcomes: a meta-analysis study. Computer Science Education, 29(2\u20133), 177\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08993408.2019.1565233.","journal-title":"Computer Science Education"},{"key":"9636_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103607","volume":"141","author":"L Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, L., & Nouri, J. (2019). A systematic review of learning computational thinking through scratch in K-9. Computers & Education, 141, 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103607.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"}],"container-title":["Technology, Knowledge and Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10758-022-09636-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10758-022-09636-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10758-022-09636-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T22:02:44Z","timestamp":1707602564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10758-022-09636-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10758-022-09636-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-1662","2211-1670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-1662","type":"print"},{"value":"2211-1670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statements and Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}