{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T17:47:36Z","timestamp":1773164856721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tech Know Learn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-024-09737-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T05:02:00Z","timestamp":1714712520000},"page":"1231-1248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Predicting Low and High Student Performance in Programming Education Using PLS-SEM Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Aykut","family":"Durak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vahide","family":"Bulut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"9737_CR1","unstructured":"A\u015fkar, P., & Davenport, D. (2009). An investigation of factors related to self-efficacy for Java programming among engineering students. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 8(1)."},{"key":"9737_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atman Uslu, N. (2023). How do computational thinking self-efficacy and performance differ according to secondary school students\u2019 profiles? The role of computational identity, academic resilience, and gender. Education and Information Technologies, 28(5), 6115\u20136139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11425-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"9737_CR2","first-page":"452","volume":"2","author":"AAY Azarfam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Azarfam, A. A. Y., & Jabbari, Y. (2012). Dealing with teachers\u2019 technophobia in classroom. Advances in Asian Social Science, 2(2), 452\u2013455.","journal-title":"Advances in Asian Social Science"},{"key":"9737_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barr, V., & Stephenson, C. (2011). Bringing computational thinking to K-12: What is involved and what is the role of the computer science education community? Acm Inroads, 2(1), 48\u201354.","DOI":"10.1145\/1929887.1929905"},{"key":"9737_CR49","unstructured":"Brennan, K., & Resnick, M. (2012). New frameworks for studying and assessing the development of computational thinking. In Proceedings of the 2012 annual meeting of the American educational research association (Vol. 1, p. 25), Vancouver, Canada."},{"issue":"1","key":"9737_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.06.008","volume":"60","author":"V Celik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Celik, V., & Yesilyurt, E. (2013). Attitudes to technology, perceived computer self-efficacy and computer anxiety as predictors of computer supported education. Computers & Education, 60(1), 148\u2013158.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9737_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Childs, M. (2011). Identity: A primer. Reinventing ourselves: Contemporary concepts of identity in virtual worlds (pp. 13\u201331). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-85729-361-9_2"},{"issue":"6","key":"9737_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12281","volume":"34","author":"HY Durak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Durak, H. Y. (2018a). Digital story design activities used for teaching programming effect on learning of programming concepts, programming self-efficacy, and participation and analysis of student experiences. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 34(6), 740\u2013752.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"6","key":"9737_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12302","volume":"34","author":"HY Durak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Durak, H. Y. (2018b). Flipped learning readiness in teaching programming in middle schools: Modelling its relation to various variables. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 34(6), 939\u2013959.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"9737_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durak, A., & Bulut, V. (2024). Classification and prediction-based machine learning algorithms to predict students\u2019 low and high programming performance. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 32(1), e22679.","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22679"},{"issue":"3","key":"9737_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/03634529609379048","volume":"45","author":"AB Frymier","year":"1996","unstructured":"Frymier, A. B., Shulman, G. M., & Houser, M. (1996). The development of a learner empowerment measure. Communication Education, 45(3), 181\u2013199.","journal-title":"Communication Education"},{"key":"9737_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hair Jr, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107\u2013123.","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMDA.2017.087624"},{"issue":"2","key":"9737_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2753\/MTP1069-6679190202","volume":"19","author":"JF Hair","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139\u2013152.","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"9737_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-11-2018-0203","volume":"31","author":"JF Hair","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2\u201324.","journal-title":"European Business Review"},{"key":"9737_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43, 115\u2013135.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8"},{"key":"9737_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.07.004","volume":"126","author":"TC Hsu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hsu, T. C., Chang, S. C., & Hung, Y. T. (2018). How to learn and how to teach computational thinking: Suggestions based on a review of the literature. Computers & Education, 126, 296\u2013310.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9737_CR12","unstructured":"Jenkins, T. (2002, August). On the difficulty of learning to program. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Conference of the LTSN Centre for Information and Computer Sciences (Vol. 4, No. 2002, pp. 53\u201358)."},{"key":"9737_CR42","unstructured":"J\u00f6reskog, K.G. and S\u00f6rbom, D. (1976). Statistical models and methods for test-retest situations. In D. N. M. de Gruijter & L. J. Th. van der Kamp (Eds.), Advances in Psychological and Educational Measurement (pp. 135\u2013157). London: Wiley."},{"key":"9737_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kafai, Y. B., & Burke, Q. (2017). Computational participation: Teaching kids to create and connect through code. Emerging research, practice, and policy on computational thinking, 393\u2013405.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52691-1_24"},{"key":"9737_CR14","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford."},{"issue":"3","key":"9737_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13175","volume":"53","author":"SC Kong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kong, S. C., & Lai, M. (2022). Computational identity and programming empowerment of students in computational thinking development. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(3), 668\u2013686.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"9737_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104598","volume":"190","author":"SC Kong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kong, S. C., & Lin, T. (2022). High achievers\u2019 attitudes, flow experience, programming intentions and perceived teacher support in primary school: A moderated mediation analysis. Computers & Education, 190, 104598.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9737_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.106230","volume":"106","author":"SC Kong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kong, S. C., & Wang, Y. Q. (2020). Formation of computational identity through computational thinking perspectives development in programming learning: A mediation analysis among primary school students. Computers in Human Behavior, 106, 106230.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"9737_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.08.026","volume":"127","author":"SC Kong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kong, S. C., Chiu, M. M., & Lai, M. (2018). A study of primary school students\u2019 interest, collaboration attitude, and programming empowerment in computational thinking education. Computers & Education, 127, 178\u2013189.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9737_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korkmaz, \u00d6., \u00c7akir, R., & \u00d6zden, M. Y. (2017). A validity and reliability study of the computational thinking scales (CTS). Computers in human behavior, 72, 558\u2013569.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.01.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"9737_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.01.002","volume":"57","author":"WW Lau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lau, W. W., & Yuen, A. H. (2011). Modelling programming performance: Beyond the influence of learner characteristics. Computers & Education, 57(1), 1202\u20131213.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"9737_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3365571","volume":"20","author":"J Mahadeo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahadeo, J., Hazari, Z., & Potvin, G. (2020). Developing a computing identity framework: Understanding computer science and information technology career choice. ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE), 20(1), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE)"},{"issue":"1","key":"9737_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-347","volume":"7","author":"L Mazzone","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mazzone, L., Ducci, F., Scoto, M. C., Passaniti, E., D\u2019Arrigo, V. G., & Vitiello, B. (2007). The role of anxiety symptoms in school performance in a community sample of children and adolescents. BMC Public Health, 7(1), 1\u20136.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"9737_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599826795","volume":"13","author":"J Neath","year":"1998","unstructured":"Neath, J., & Schriner, K. (1998). Power to people with disabilities: Empowerment issues in employment programming. Disability & Society, 13(2), 217\u2013228.","journal-title":"Disability & Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"9737_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"37","author":"N Page","year":"1999","unstructured":"Page, N., & Czuba, C. E. (1999). Empowerment: What is it. Journal of Extension, 37(5), 1\u20135.","journal-title":"Journal of Extension"},{"key":"9737_CR24","unstructured":"Sar\u0131tepeci, M., & Durak, H. (2017). Analyzing the Effect of Block and Robotic Coding Activities on Computational Thinking in Programming Education. In, I. Koleva & G. Duman (Eds.). Educational Research and Practice, (Chap. 49, pp. 490\u2013501). St. Kliment Ohridski University Press."},{"key":"9737_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., & Ringle, C. M. (2022). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet\u2013retrospective observations and recent advances. J Market Theor Pract, 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1080\/10696679.2022.2056488"},{"issue":"4","key":"9737_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X034004014","volume":"34","author":"A Sfard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sfard, A., & Prusak, A. (2005). Telling identities: In search of an analytic tool for investigating learning as a culturally shaped activity. Educational Researcher, 34(4), 14\u201322.","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"key":"9737_CR27","unstructured":"Spielberger, C. (1972). Anxiety: Current trends in research. Academic."},{"issue":"5","key":"9737_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005197704441","volume":"28","author":"J Sprague","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sprague, J., & Hayes, J. (2000). Self-determination and empowerment: A feminist standpoint analysis of talk about disability. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28(5), 671\u2013695.","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"9737_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2023.103424","volume":"74","author":"A Sukhov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sukhov, A., Friman, M., & Olsson, L. E. (2023). Unlocking potential: An integrated approach using PLS-SEM, NCA, and fsQCA for informed decision making. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 74, 103424.","journal-title":"Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services"},{"issue":"4","key":"9737_CR30","first-page":"666","volume":"15","author":"KW Thomas","year":"1990","unstructured":"Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An interpretive model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666\u2013681.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"9737_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, M. J., Wang, C. Y., & Hsu, P. F. (2019). Developing the computer programming self-efficacy scale for computer literacy education. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 56(8), 1345\u20131360.","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633117746747"},{"key":"9737_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-015-0047-9","volume":"3","author":"HY Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, H. Y., Huang, I., & Hwang, G. J. (2016). Comparison of the effects of project-based computer programming activities between mathematics-gifted students and average students. Journal of Computers in Education, 3, 33\u201345.","journal-title":"Journal of Computers in Education"},{"key":"9737_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenger, E. (1999). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803932"},{"issue":"1881","key":"9737_CR33","first-page":"3717","volume":"366","author":"JM Wing","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wing, J. M. (2008). Computational thinking and thinking about computing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 366(1881), 3717\u20133725.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"9737_CR34","first-page":"1005","volume":"14","author":"S Yal\u00e7\u0131nalp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yal\u00e7\u0131nalp, S., & Cab\u0131, E. (2015). A scale development study: Educational technologies anxiety scale (ETAS). Elementary Education Online, 14(3), 1005\u20131016.","journal-title":"Elementary Education Online"},{"key":"9737_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-018-9391-y","volume":"25","author":"H Yildiz Durak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yildiz Durak, H. (2020). The effects of using different tools in programming teaching of secondary school students on engagement, computational thinking and reflective thinking skills for problem solving. Technology Knowledge and Learning, 25, 179\u2013195.","journal-title":"Technology Knowledge and Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"9737_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22487","volume":"30","author":"H Yildiz Durak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yildiz Durak, H. (2022). Flipped classroom model applications in computing courses: Peer-assisted groups, collaborative group and individual learning. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 30(3), 803\u2013820.","journal-title":"Computer Applications in Engineering Education"},{"key":"9737_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11975-3","volume":"29","author":"H Yildiz Durak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yildiz Durak, H. (2024). The model for middle school students\u2019 computational identity. Education and Information Technologies, 29, 4223\u20134251.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"9737_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.09.004","volume":"116","author":"HY Yildiz Durak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yildiz Durak, H. Y., & Saritepeci, M. (2018). Analysis of the relation between computational thinking skills and various variables with the structural equation model. Computers & Education, 116, 191\u2013202.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"9737_CR39","first-page":"165","volume":"28","author":"H Yildiz Durak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yildiz Durak, H., Saritepeci, M., & Durak, A. (2023). Modeling of relationship of personal and affective variables with computational thinking and programming. Technology Knowledge and Learning, 28(1), 165\u2013184.","journal-title":"Technology Knowledge and Learning"},{"key":"9737_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yildirim, O. G., & Ozdener, N. (2022). The development and validation of the programming anxiety scale. International Journal of Computer Science Education in Schools, 5(3), 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.21585\/ijcses.v5i3.140"},{"issue":"5","key":"9737_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02506983","volume":"23","author":"MA Zimmerman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 581\u2013599.","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"}],"container-title":["Technology, Knowledge and Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10758-024-09737-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10758-024-09737-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10758-024-09737-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T19:16:17Z","timestamp":1757099777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10758-024-09737-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10758-024-09737-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-1662","2211-1670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-1662","type":"print"},{"value":"2211-1670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}