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However, no single Computational Thinking (CT) assessment spans primary school, and no group of CT assessments provides a means of transitioning between instruments. This study therefore investigated whether the competent CT test (cCTt) could evaluate learning reliably from grades 3 to 6 (ages 7\u201311) using data from 2709 students. The psychometric analysis employed Classical Test Theory, Item Response Theory, Measurement Invariance analyses which include Differential Item Functioning, normalised z-scoring, and PISA\u2019s methodology to establish proficiency levels. The findings indicate that the cCTt is valid, reliable and gender-fair for grades 3\u20136, although more complex items would be beneficial for grades 5\u20136. Grade-specific proficiency levels are provided to help tailor interventions, with a normalised scoring system to compare students across and between grades, and help establish transitions between instruments. To improve the utility of CT assessments among researchers, educators and practitioners, the findings emphasise the importance of (i) developing and validating gender-fair, grade-specific, instruments aligned with students\u2019 cognitive maturation, and providing (ii) proficiency levels, and (iii) equivalency scales to transition between assessments. To conclude, the study provides insight into the design of longitudinal developmentally appropriate assessments and interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-024-09777-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T09:53:40Z","timestamp":1737798820000},"page":"1607-1661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Competent Computational Thinking Test (cCTt): A Valid, Reliable and Gender-Fair Test for Longitudinal CT Studies in Grades 3\u20136"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6046-4822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laila","family":"El-Hamamsy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Zapata-C\u00e1ceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00edn-Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Mondada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica Dehler","family":"Zufferey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Rom\u00e1n-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"9777_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14399","volume":"76","author":"M Alavi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alavi, M., Visentin, D. 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