{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T07:15:58Z","timestamp":1780643758000,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007826","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tech Know Learn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>In this study, we investigated whether intercultural communication can be learned as effectively through desktop-based social virtual reality (social VR) as it can through online study, and if social VR improves the motivation to gain cultural intelligence in distance learning. Two groups of international students attended a seminar called \u201cIntercultural Communication\u201d\u2014one online via social VR rooms and videoconferencing, and one via videoconferencing only. The students then completed an online questionnaire and qualitative interviews regarding their experiences of learning intercultural encounters and development of intercultural communication skills through social VR. Based on our findings, social VR is an engaging complement to online study for learning intercultural communication competence. However, students claimed that it could not replace online or face-to-face study, and the quality of students\u2019 experiences depended on their technical equipment. The rapid development of virtual teaching methods, virtual reality hardware, and international Internet connectivity offers the hope that learning intercultural communication via social VR will become easier in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-025-09822-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T05:26:25Z","timestamp":1741584385000},"page":"1167-1187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Using Social Virtual Reality in Teaching Intercultural Communication"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9734-7638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin","family":"Knutzen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4222-5094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liane","family":"Rothenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Tribusean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3099-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"09","key":"9822_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v16i09.28289","volume":"16","author":"GA Alwafi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alwafi, G. A., Almalki, S., Alrougi, M., Meccawy, M., & Meccawy, Z. (2022). A social virtual reality Mobile ApplicatiInon for learning and practicing English. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 16(09), 55\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijim.v16i09.28289","journal-title":"International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM)"},{"key":"9822_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ang, S., Rockstuhl, T., & Tan, M. L. (2015). Cultural Intelligence and Competencies. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 433\u2013439). Elsevier. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-08-097086-8.25050-2","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-097086-8.25050-2"},{"issue":"6","key":"9822_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.51594\/ijarss.v6i6.1178","volume":"6","author":"ES Animashaun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Animashaun, E. S., Familoni, B. T., & Onyebuchi, N. C. (2024). The role of virtual reality in enhancing educational outcomes across disciplines. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, 6(6), 1169\u20131177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51594\/ijarss.v6i6.1178","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences"},{"key":"9822_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bailenson, J. N., Yee, N., Blascovich, J., & Guadagno, R. E. (2008). Transformed social interaction in mediated interpersonal communication. In E. Konijn, M. Tanis, S. Utz, & A. Linden (Eds.), Mediated interpersonal communication (pp. 77\u201399). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203926864","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203926864"},{"key":"9822_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct54149.2021.00066","volume":"292","author":"G Burnett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burnett, G., Kay, R. P., & Harvey, C. (2021). Future visions for higher education: An investigation of the benefits of virtual reality for teaching university students. 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct), 292, 297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct54149.2021.00066","journal-title":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct)"},{"issue":"3","key":"9822_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10984-015-9193-2","volume":"18","author":"V Busse","year":"2015","unstructured":"Busse, V., & Krause, U. M. (2015). Addressing cultural diversity: Effects of a problem-based intercultural learning unit. In Learning Environments Research, 18(3), 425\u2013452.","journal-title":"In Learning Environments Research"},{"key":"9822_CR7","unstructured":"Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Multilingual Matters."},{"key":"9822_CR8","first-page":"2000","volume":"3","author":"GM Chen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2000). The development and validation of the intercultural sensitivity scale. Human Communication, 3, 2000\u2013pp1.","journal-title":"Human Communication"},{"issue":"2","key":"9822_CR9","first-page":"313","volume":"19","author":"EY \u00c7ift\u00e7i","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u00c7ift\u00e7i, E. Y. (2016). A review of research on intercultural learning through computer-based digital technologies. Educational Technology & Society, 19(2), 313\u2013327. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/jeductechsoci.19.2.313","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"9822_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Coffey, A. J. (2013). New media environments\u2019 comparative effects upon intercultural sensitivity: A five-dimensional analysis. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 605\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2013.06.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2013.06.006"},{"issue":"24","key":"9822_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10367","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410367","volume":"12","author":"C Coman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coman, C., \u021a\u00eeru, L. G., Mese\u0219an-Schmitz, L., Stanciu, C., & Bularca, M. C. (2020). Online teaching and learning in higher education during the coronavirus pandemic: Students\u2019 perspective. Sustainability, 12(24), 10367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su122410367","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"9822_CR12","unstructured":"Cruz-Neira, C. (1993). Virtual reality overview. In SIGGRAPH (Vol. 93, No. 23, p. 2)."},{"issue":"3","key":"9822_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315306287002","volume":"10","author":"DK Deardorff","year":"2006","unstructured":"Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(3), 241\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1028315306287002","journal-title":"Journal of Studies in International Education"},{"key":"9822_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Delgado-Algarra, E. J. (2020). ICTs and Innovation for Didactics of Social Sciences: IGI Global. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/978-1-7998-2882-2","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-2882-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"9822_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-021-10074-9","volume":"70","author":"D DeWitt","year":"2022","unstructured":"DeWitt, D., Chan, S. F., & Lohan, R. (2022). Virtual reality for developing intercultural communication competence in Mandarin as a foreign language. Educational Technology Research and Development, 70(2), 615\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-021-10074-9","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"9822_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0047239520934018","volume":"49","author":"S Dhawan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5\u201322.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"9822_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/14708470802139619","volume":"8","author":"WC Diehl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Diehl, W. C., & Prins, E. (2008). Unintended outcomes in Second Life: Intercultural literacy and Cultural Identity in a virtual world. Language and Intercultural Communication, 8(2), 101\u2013118.","journal-title":"Language and Intercultural Communication"},{"key":"9822_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00f6rner, R., Jung, B., Broll, W., & G\u00f6bel, M. (2019). Einf\u00fchrung in virtual und augmented reality [Introduction to virtual and augmented reality]. In R. D\u00f6rner, W. Broll, P. Grimm, & B. Jung (Eds.), Virtual und augmented reality (VR\/AR) (2nd ed., pp. 1\u201341). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-58861-1_1"},{"key":"9822_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-3085(02)24008-3","volume":"24","author":"PC Earley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Earley, P. C. (2002). Redefining interactions across cultures and organizations: Moving forward with cultural intelligence. Research in Organizational Behavior, 24, 271\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0191-3085(02)24008-3","journal-title":"Research in Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"9822_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12180","volume":"22","author":"SK Evans","year":"2017","unstructured":"Evans, S. K., Pearce, K. E., Vitak, J., & Treem, J. W. (2017). Explicating affordances: A conceptual Framework for understanding Affordances in Communication Research. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(1), 35\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcc4.12180","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"key":"9822_CR21","unstructured":"F\u00f6rster, K., Hein, R., Grafe, S., Latoschik, M. E., & Wienrich, C. (2021). Fostering Intercultural Competencies in Initial Teacher Education: Implementation of Educational Design Prototypes Using a Social Virtual Reality Environment. Innovate Learning Summit 2020, 14."},{"key":"9822_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.08.011","volume":"89","author":"Y Georgiou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Georgiou, Y., & Kyza, E. A. (2018). Relations between student motivation, immersion and learning outcomes in location-based augmented reality settings. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 173\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.08.011","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"9822_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344023000125","volume":"35","author":"A Gruber","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gruber, A., Canto, S., & Jauregi-Ondarra, K. (2023). Exploring the use of social virtual reality for virtual exchange. ReCALL, 35(3), 258\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0958344023000125","journal-title":"ReCALL"},{"key":"9822_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hernik, J., & Jaworska, E. (2018). The effect of enjoyment on learning. 508\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21125\/inted.2018.1087","DOI":"10.21125\/inted.2018.1087"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"9822_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1163\/156913306778667401","volume":"5","author":"R Inglehart","year":"2006","unstructured":"Inglehart, R. (2006). Mapping global values. Comparative Sociology, 5(2\u20133), 115\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156913306778667401","journal-title":"Comparative Sociology"},{"key":"9822_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuckartz, U., & R\u00e4diker, S. (2019). Analyzing qualitative data with MAXQDA: Text, audio, and video. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15671-8"},{"key":"9822_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, J., Vinayagamoorthy, V., Williamson, J., Shamma, D. A., & Cesar, P. (2021). Social VR: A New Medium for Remote Communication and Collaboration. Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411763.3441346","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3441346"},{"key":"9822_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loosen, W. (2016). Das Leitfadeninterview\u2013 eine untersch\u00e4tzte Methode [The guided interview\u2013 an underestimated method]. In S. M. Averbeck-Lietz, Handbuch nicht standardisierte Methoden in der Kommunikationswissenschaft. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-01656-2_9"},{"key":"9822_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Fern\u00e1ndez, D., Mayor, J., Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, M., & Gordillo, A. (2023). Are Virtual Reality Serious Video Games More Effective Than Web Video Games? IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 43(2), 32\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCG.2023.3244036.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2023.3244036"},{"key":"9822_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lottin, J., Alzahmi, E., Wiseman, A., Sukker, H., Eltoum, M., Alayyan, M., Quirke, P., Aghar, T. A., Alghourani, A., & Anand, A. (2021). Reduce Academic Fatigue and Enhance Retention for The Determined Ones (TDOs) in Online Learning. 2021 Sustainable Leadership and Academic Excellence International Conference (SLAE), 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SLAE54202.2021.9788087","DOI":"10.1109\/SLAE54202.2021.9788087"},{"key":"9822_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Makransky, G., Andreasen, N. K., Baceviciute, S., & Mayer, R. E. (2021). Immersive virtual reality increases liking but not learning with a science simulation and generative learning strategies promote learning in immersive virtual reality. Journal of Educational Psychology, 113(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/edu0000473","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000473"},{"key":"9822_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maloney, D., Freeman, G., & Wohn, D. Y. (2020). Talking without a voice. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 4(CSCW2), 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3415246","DOI":"10.1145\/3415246"},{"key":"9822_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McVeigh-Schultz, J., Kolesnichenko, A., & Isbister, K. (2019). Shaping pro-social interaction in VR: An emerging design framework. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3290605.3300794","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300794"},{"issue":"4","key":"9822_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e07085","DOI":"10.24857\/rgsa.v18n4-144","volume":"18","author":"CEG Moy\u00f3n","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moy\u00f3n, C. E. G., Bastidas-Gonz\u00e1lez, K. A., Figueroa, M. N., & Policarpo, E. R. H. (2024). Virtual reality as a Tool for Training Communication Skills in Higher Education Students. Revista De Gest\u00e3o Social E Ambiental, 18(4), e07085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24857\/rgsa.v18n4-144","journal-title":"Revista De Gest\u00e3o Social E Ambiental"},{"key":"9822_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oppermann, D. (2022). Virtual Reality in the Social Sciences. Cen\u00e1rios Contempor\u00e2neos No \u00c2mbito Da Governan\u00e7a Global: Pol\u00edticas Nacionais e Internacionais de Enfrentamento Da Crise Em Perspectiva Comparada, 248\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31560\/pimentacultural\/2022.947.248-264","DOI":"10.31560\/pimentacultural\/2022.947.248-264"},{"issue":"2","key":"9822_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878119831420","volume":"50","author":"F Pallavicini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pallavicini, F., Pepe, A., & Minissi, M. E. (2019). Gaming in virtual reality: What changes in terms of usability, emotional response and sense of Presence compared to Non-immersive Video games? Simulation & Gaming, 50(2), 136\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1046878119831420","journal-title":"Simulation & Gaming"},{"key":"9822_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v6i1.1870","author":"A Picciano","year":"2002","unstructured":"Picciano, A. (2002). Beyond student perceptions: Issues of Interaction, Presence, and performance in an online course. JALN Volume. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24059\/olj.v6i1.1870.6.","journal-title":"JALN Volume"},{"key":"9822_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pjesivac, I., Wojdynski, B. W., Binford, M. T., Kim, J., Jay, & Herndon, K. L. (2021). Using directional cues in immersive journalism: The impact on information processing, narrative transportation, presence, news attitudes, and credibility. Digital Journalism, 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21670811.2021.1897473","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2021.1897473"},{"key":"9822_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103778","volume":"147","author":"J Radianti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Radianti, J., Majchrzak, T. A., Fromm, J., & Wohlgenannt, I. (2020). A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: Design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda. Computers & Education, 147, 103778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103778","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9822_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v21i3.4752","volume":"21","author":"R Shadiev","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shadiev, R., Wang, X., & Huang, Y. M. (2020). Promoting intercultural competence in a learning activity supported by virtual reality technology. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 21(3), 157\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19173\/irrodl.v21i3.4752","journal-title":"International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning"},{"issue":"7","key":"9822_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7759","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12143-3","volume":"29","author":"R Shadiev","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shadiev, R., Wang, X., Chen, X., Gayevskaya, E., & Borisov, N. (2024). Research on the impact of the learning activity supported by 360-degree video and translation technologies on cross-cultural knowledge and attitudes development. Education and Information Technologies, 29(7), 7759\u20137791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12143-3","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"9822_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.1.120","volume":"1","author":"T Sheridan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sheridan, T. (1992). Musings on telepresence and virtual Presence. Presence, 1, 120\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres.1992.1.1.120","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"9822_CR43","unstructured":"Short, J., Williams, E., & Christie, B. (1976). The social psychology of telecommunications. Wiley."},{"key":"9822_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Slater, M., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2016). Enhancing our lives with immersive virtual reality. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2016.00074","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2016.00074"},{"issue":"1","key":"9822_CR45","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"A Solomon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Solomon, A., & Steyn, R. (2017). Exploring cultural intelligence truths: A systematic review. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(1), 1\u201311. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10520\/EJC-74a0c4790","journal-title":"SA Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"9822_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5325\/korelangamer.23.1.0085","volume":"23","author":"J Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song, J. (2019). Enhancing intercultural competence with 360-Degree virtual reality videos. The Korean Language in America, 23(1), 85\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5325\/korelangamer.23.1.0085","journal-title":"The Korean Language in America"},{"key":"9822_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steinicke, F., Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., & Meinecke, A. L. (2020). A First Pilot Study to Compare Virtual Group Meetings using Video Conferences and (Immersive) Virtual Reality. Symposium on Spatial User Interaction, 1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3385959.3422699","DOI":"10.1145\/3385959.3422699"},{"issue":"3","key":"9822_CR48","first-page":"108","volume":"27","author":"N Taguchi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taguchi, N. (2023). Using immersive virtual reality for the assessment of intercultural conflict mediation. Language Learning & Technology, 27(3), 108\u2013128. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10125\/73534","journal-title":"Language Learning & Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9822_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1470595808091787","volume":"8","author":"DC Thomas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thomas, D. C., Elron, E., Stahl, G., Ekelund, B. Z., Ravlin, E. C., Cerdin, J. L., & Lazarova, M. B. (2008). Cultural intelligence: Domain and assessment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(2), 123\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1470595808091787","journal-title":"International Journal of Cross Cultural Management"},{"issue":"9","key":"9822_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2014.67","volume":"46","author":"DC Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas, D. C., Liao, Y., Aycan, Z., Cerdin, J. L., Pekerti, A. A., Ravlin, E. C., Stahl, G. K., Lazarova, M. B., Fock, H., Arli, D., Moeller, M., Okimoto, T. G., & van de Vijver, F. (2015). Cultural intelligence: A theory-based, short form measure. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(9), 1099\u20131118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/jibs.2014.67","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"key":"9822_CR51","unstructured":"Walther, J. B. (2011). Theories of computer-mediated communication and interpersonal relations. In M. L. Knapp, & J. A. Daly (Eds.), The handbook of Interpersonal Communication (pp. 443\u2013479). Sage."},{"issue":"3","key":"9822_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","volume":"7","author":"BG Witmer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Witmer, B. G., & Singer, M. J. (1998). Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 7(3), 225\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474698565686","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"9822_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2016.11.036","volume":"235","author":"S Yeke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yeke, S., & Semerci\u00f6z, F. (2016). Relationships between personality traits, cultural intelligence and intercultural communication competence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 313\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2016.11.036","journal-title":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences"}],"container-title":["Technology, Knowledge and Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10758-025-09822-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10758-025-09822-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10758-025-09822-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T03:59:09Z","timestamp":1748059149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10758-025-09822-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10758-025-09822-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-1662","2211-1670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-1662","type":"print"},{"value":"2211-1670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed Consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}