{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:29:14Z","timestamp":1780356554577,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]],"date-time":"2017-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["291508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["291508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Parallel Prog"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10766-017-0514-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]],"date-time":"2017-06-23T16:08:34Z","timestamp":1498234114000},"page":"1220-1246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Boosting the Hardware-Efficiency of Cascade Support Vector Machines for Embedded Classification Applications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7926-7642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Kyrkou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theocharis","family":"Theocharides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos-Savvas","family":"Bouganis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Polycarpou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"514_CR1","first-page":"273","volume":"20","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cortes, C., Vapnik, V.: Support-vector networks. J. Mach. Learn. 20(3), 273\u2013297 (1995)","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn."},{"key":"514_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009715923555","volume":"2","author":"CJC Burges","year":"1998","unstructured":"Burges, C.J.C.: A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition. Data Min. Knowl. Discov. 2, 121\u2013167 (1998)","journal-title":"Data Min. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"514_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osuna, E., Freund, R., Firosi, F.: Training support vector machines: an application to face detection. In: IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 130\u2013136 (1997)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1997.609310"},{"key":"514_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Rehg, J.M.: Chapter 8 object detection. In: Ensemble Machine Learning: Methods and Applications, 1st ed., pp. 225\u2013250. Springer-Verlag, New York (2012)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9326-7_8"},{"issue":"9","key":"514_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(03)00062-1","volume":"36","author":"B Heisele","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heisele, B., Serre, T., Prentice, S., Poggio, T.: Hierarchical classification and feature reduction for fast face detection with support vector machines. Pattern Recognit. 36(9), 2007\u20132017 (2003)","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"514_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kukenys, I., McCane, B.: Classifier cascades for support vector machines. In: International Conference on Image and Vision Computing, pp. 1\u20136 (2008)","DOI":"10.1109\/IVCNZ.2008.4762088"},{"key":"514_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Ding, X.: Face Detection Based on Cost-Sensitive Support Vector Machines. In: First International Workshop on Pattern Recognition with Support Vector Machines, pp. 260\u2013267 (2002)","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45665-1_20"},{"key":"514_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadambi, S., et al.: A Massively Parallel FPGA-Based Coprocessor for Support Vector Machines. In: IEEE International Symposium on Field Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM), pp. 115\u2013122 (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/FCCM.2009.34"},{"key":"514_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pina-Ramirez, O., Valdes-Cristerna, R., Yanez-Suarez, O.: An FPGA implementation of linear kernel support vector machines. In: IEEE International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGA\u2019s, pp. 1\u20136 (2006)","DOI":"10.1109\/RECONF.2006.307784"},{"key":"514_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Llata, M., Guarnizo, G., Y\u00e9benes-Calvino, M.: FPGA implementation of a support vector machine for classification and regression. In: International Conference on Neural Networks, pp. 1\u20135 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2010.5596820"},{"key":"514_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowers, J., Brown G., Cooke, P., Stitt, G.: A performance and energy comparison of FPGAs, GPUs, and multicores for sliding-window applications. In: ACM\/SIGDA International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA \u201912), pp. 47\u201356 (2012)","DOI":"10.1145\/2145694.2145704"},{"key":"514_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooke, P., Fowers, J., Brown, G., Stitt G.: A Tradeoff Analysis of FPGAs, GPUs, and Multicores for Sliding-Window Applications. In: ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology Systems, vol. 8, no. 1 (2015)","DOI":"10.1145\/2659000"},{"key":"514_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyrkou, C., Bouganis, C.-S., Theocharides, T.: An Embedded Hardware-Efficient Architecture for Real-Time Cascade Support Vector Machine Classification. In: International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems (SAMOS), pp. 129\u2013136 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/SAMOS.2013.6621115"},{"key":"514_CR14","unstructured":"Burges, C.J.C.: Simplified support vector decision rules. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 71\u201377 (1996)"},{"key":"514_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahbi, H., Geman, D., Boujemaa, N.: Face detection using coarse-to-fine support vector classifiers. In: International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 925\u2013928 (2001)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2002.1039124"},{"issue":"2051","key":"514_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2004.1333","volume":"460","author":"S Romdhani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Romdhani, S., Torr, P., Sch\u00f6lkopf, B., Blake, A.: Efficient face detection by a cascaded support-vector machine expansion. R. Soc. Lond. Proc. Ser. A 460(2051), 3283\u20133297 (2004)","journal-title":"R. Soc. Lond. Proc. Ser. A"},{"issue":"1","key":"514_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(95)00067-4","volume":"26","author":"T Ojala","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ojala, T., Pietikainen, M., Harwood, D.: A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distributions. Pattern Recognit. 26(1), 51\u201359 (1996)","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"514_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadid, A., Pietikainen, M., Ahonen, T.: A Discriminative Feature Space for Detecting and Recognizing Faces. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2004)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2004.1315246"},{"key":"514_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietikainen, M., Abdenour, H., Zhao, G., Ahonen, T.: Computer Vision Using Local Binary Patterns, vol. 40. Springer-Verlag, London (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-85729-748-8"},{"key":"514_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catanzaro, B., Sundaram, N., Keutzer, K.: Fast support vector machine training and classification on graphics processors. In: International conference on Machine Learning, pp. 104\u2013111 (2002)","DOI":"10.1145\/1390156.1390170"},{"key":"514_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H.-X., Magoules, F.: Parallel Support Vector Machines on Multi-core and Multiprocessor Systems. In: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications (2010)","DOI":"10.2316\/P.2011.717-056"},{"issue":"5","key":"514_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2003.816033","volume":"14","author":"D Anguita","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anguita, D., Boni, A., Ridella, S.: A digital architecture for support vector machines: theory, algorithm, and FPGA implementation. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 14(5), 993\u20131009 (2003)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"514_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2003.816345","volume":"14","author":"R Genov","year":"2003","unstructured":"Genov, R., Gauwengerghs, G.: Kerneltron: support vector machines in silicon. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 14, 1426\u20131434 (2003)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"514_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.4236\/jsea.2011.45036","volume":"4","author":"D Mahmoodi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mahmoodi, D., Soleimani, A., Khosravi, H., Taghizadeh, M.: FPGA simulation of linear and nonlinear support vector machine. J. Softw. Eng. Appl. 4, 320\u2013328 (2011)","journal-title":"J. Softw. Eng. Appl."},{"key":"514_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biasi, I., Boni, A., Zorat, A.: A reconfigurable parallel architecture for SVM classification. In: IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, pp. 2867\u20132872 (2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2005.1556380"},{"key":"514_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groleat, T., Arzel, M., Vaton, S.: Harware Acceleration of SVM-based traffic classification on FPGA. In: International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, pp. 443\u2013449 (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2012.6314245"},{"key":"514_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Llata, M., Yebenes-Calvino, M.: FPGA Implementation of Support Vector Machines for 3D Object Identification. In: International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04274-4_49"},{"key":"514_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1155\/ASP.2005.993","volume":"2005","author":"R Reyna-Rojas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reyna-Rojas, R., Houzet, D., Dragomirescu, D., Carlier, D., Ouadjaout, S.: Object recognition system-on-chip using the support vector machines. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. 2005, 993\u20131004 (2005)","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."},{"key":"514_CR29","unstructured":"Graf, H.P., et al.: A Massively Parallel Digital Learning Processor. In: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), pp. 529\u2013536 (2008)"},{"issue":"1","key":"514_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2006.887319","volume":"56","author":"A Boni","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boni, A., Pianegiani, F., Petri, D.: Low-power and low-cost implementation of SVMs for smart sensors. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 56(1), 39\u201344 (2007)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"514_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anguita, D., Ghio, A., Pischiutta, S., Ridella, S.: A Hardware-friendly Support Vector Machine for Embedded Automotive Applications. In: International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2007.4371156"},{"key":"514_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meher, P.K., Valls, J., Tso-Bing, J., Sridharan, K., Maharatna, K.: 50 Years of CORDIC: Algorithms, Architectures, and Applications. In:\u00a0IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 1893\u20131907 (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2009.2025803"},{"key":"514_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, F., Arnold, M., Pottenger, W.: Finite Precision Analysis of Support Vector Machine Classification in Logarithmic Number Systems. In: Euromicro Symposium on Digital System Design (2004)","DOI":"10.1109\/DSD.2004.1333285"},{"key":"514_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, F., Arnold, M., Pottenger, W.: Hardware-based support vector machine classification in logarithmic number systems. In: IEEE International Symposium on Circuirs and Systems (2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2005.1465795"},{"key":"514_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boni, A., Zorat, A.: FPGA Implementation of Support Vector Machines with Pseudo-Logarithmic Number Representation. In: International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (2006)","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2006.246740"},{"key":"514_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anguita, D., Ghio, A., Pischiutta, S.: A learning machine for resource-limited adaptive hardware. In: Second NASA\/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/AHS.2007.6"},{"key":"514_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghio, A., Pischiutta, S.: A Support Vector Machine based pedestrian recognition system on resource-limited hardware architectures. In: Research in Microelectronics and Electronics Conference (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/RME.2007.4401836"},{"key":"514_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2006.877537","volume":"17","author":"D Anguita","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anguita, D., Pischiutta, S., Ridella, S., Sterpi, D.: Feed-forward support vector machine without multipliers. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 17, 1328 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"514_CR39","unstructured":"Carpenter, A.: CUSVM: A CUDA Implementation of Support Vector Machines (2009)"},{"key":"514_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauer, S., Kohler, S., Doll, K., Brunsmann, U.: FPGA-GPU Architecture for Kernel SVM Pedestrian Detection. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2010.5543772"},{"issue":"7","key":"514_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2012.2196446","volume":"23","author":"M Papadonikolakis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Papadonikolakis, M., Bouganis, C.-S.: Novel cascade FPGA accelerator for support vector machines classification. Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 23(7), 1040\u20131052 (2012)","journal-title":"Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"514_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maghazeh, A., Bordoloi, U., Eles, P., Peng, Z.: General Purpose Computing on Low-Power Embedded GPUs : Has It Come of Age? In: International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems (SAMOS XIII) (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/SAMOS.2013.6621099"},{"issue":"6","key":"514_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2011.113","volume":"61","author":"C Kyrkou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kyrkou, C., Theocharides, T.: A parallel hardware architecture for real-time object detection with support vector machines. IEEE Trans. Comput. 61(6), 831\u2013842 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"514_CR44","unstructured":"Kryjak, T., Komorkiewicz, M., Gorgon, M.: FPGA implementation of real-time head-shoulder detection using local binary patterns, SVM and foreground object detection. In: International Conference on Design and Architectures for Signal and Image Processing (2012)"},{"key":"514_CR45","unstructured":"Microblaze Soft Processor. Xilinx, San Jose, CA. http:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/tools\/microblaze.htm"},{"key":"514_CR46","unstructured":"CBCL Face Database #1, MIT Center for Biological and Computation Learning. http:\/\/cbcl.mit.edu\/software-datasets\/FaceData2.html"},{"key":"514_CR47","unstructured":"CBCL PEDESTRIAN DATABASE #1, MIT Center for Biological and Computation Learning. http:\/\/iris.usc.edu\/Vision-Users\/OldUsers\/bowu\/DatasetWebpage\/dataset.html"},{"key":"514_CR48","unstructured":"Bao Face Database. http:\/\/www.facedetection.com\/downloads\/BaoDataBase.zip"},{"key":"514_CR49","unstructured":"CMU and MIT Face Database. http:\/\/vasc.ri.cmu.edu\/idb\/html\/face\/frontal_images\/"},{"key":"514_CR50","unstructured":"PETS 2012 Database. In: 14th IEEE International Workshop on Performance Evaluation of Tracking and Surveillance. http:\/\/www.pets2012.net\/"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Parallel Programming"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10766-017-0514-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10766-017-0514-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10766-017-0514-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T23:57:26Z","timestamp":1750377446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10766-017-0514-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10766-017-0514-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-7458","1573-7640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-7458","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]]}}}