{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:25:59Z","timestamp":1783340759729,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Computing"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-025-09520-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T14:44:49Z","timestamp":1743086689000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improving ethical sensitivity for ethical decision-making in conversational artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Kyungsun","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seongjin","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"9520_CR1","unstructured":"Stanford HAI. Measuring trends in artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2022. 2022."},{"key":"9520_CR2","unstructured":"Bolukbasi T, Chang KW, Zou JY, Saligrama V, Kalai AT. Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? Debiasing word embeddings. 2016 arXiv preprint arXiv:1607.06520. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1607.06520"},{"issue":"6334","key":"9520_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4230","volume":"356","author":"A Caliskan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caliskan A, Bryson JJ, Narayanan A. Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases. Science. 2017;356(6334):183\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aal4230.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9520_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dev S, Li T, Phillips JM, Srikumar V. On measuring and mitigating biased inferences of word embeddings. In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. ACM. 2021; pp. 680\u2013688 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3442188.3445902","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445902"},{"key":"9520_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Manzini T, Lim YC, Terenzi L, Glass J. Black is to criminal as Caucasian is to police: Detecting and removing multiclass bias in word embeddings. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers). ACL. 2019; pp. 615\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/N19-1062","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1062"},{"key":"9520_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sap M, Gabriel S, Qin L, Jurafsky D, Smith NA, Choi Y. Social bias frames: Reasoning about social and power implications of language. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. ACL. 2020; pp. 5477\u20135490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.486","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.486"},{"key":"9520_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sheng E, Chang K-W, Natarajan P, Peng N. The woman worked as a babysitter: on biases in language generation. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). ACL. 2019; pp. 3407\u20133412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/D19-1339","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1339"},{"key":"9520_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rudinger R, Naradowsky J, Leonard B, Van Durme B. Gender bias in coreference resolution. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers). ACL. 2018; pp. 15\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/N18-2002","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-2002"},{"key":"9520_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244091","author":"DG Mitchem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitchem DG, Lange K, Martin NG. Blinded by beauty: attractiveness bias and accurate perceptions of academic performance. PLoS ONE. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244091.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9520_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F\u00e4rber M, Burkard V, Jatowt A, Lim S. A multidimensional dataset based on crowdsourcing for analyzing and detecting news bias. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management (CIKM). Association for Computing Machinery. 2020; pp. 3007\u20133014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3340531.3412876","DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3412876"},{"key":"9520_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gupta V, Venkit PN, Wilson S, Passonneau RJ. Sociodemographic bias in language models: a survey and forward path. In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing (GeBNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics. 2024; pp. 295\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2024.gebnlp-1.19","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.gebnlp-1.19"},{"key":"9520_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao J, Wang T, Yatskar M, Ordonez V, Chang K-W. Gender bias in coreference resolution: evaluation and debiasing methods. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics. 2018; pp. 15\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/N18-2003","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"9520_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-021-04176-7","volume":"127","author":"M Kowal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kowal M, Sorokowski P, Kulczycki E, \u017bela\u017aniewicz A. The impact of geographical bias when judging scientific studies. Scientometrics. 2022;127(1):265\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-021-04176-7.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"9520_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee HR, Lee SH, Park JS, Kim TY, Kim GH, Ha JW. KoSBi: A dataset for mitigating social bias risks towards safer large language model application. 2023. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.17701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2305.17701","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2305.17701"},{"key":"9520_CR15","first-page":"556","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology","author":"JR Rest","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rest JR. Morality. In: Flavell J, Markman E, editors. Handbook of child psychology. Wiley; 1983. p. 556\u2013629."},{"key":"9520_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2307\/258313","volume":"11","author":"LK Trevino","year":"1986","unstructured":"Trevino LK. Ethical decision making in organizations: a person-situation interactionist model. Acad Manag Rev. 1986;11:601\u201317.","journal-title":"Acad Manag Rev"},{"key":"9520_CR17","first-page":"205","volume":"3","author":"DP Wittmer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wittmer DP. Ethical decision making. Pub Integr Annu. 2000;3:205\u201326.","journal-title":"Pub Integr Annu"},{"key":"9520_CR18","volume-title":"The responsible administrator: an approach to ethics for the administrative role","author":"TL Cooper","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cooper TL. The responsible administrator: an approach to ethics for the administrative role. Hoboken: Jossey-Bass; 2006."},{"key":"9520_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410601162","volume-title":"Moral development in the professions: psychology and applied ethics","author":"JR Rest","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rest JR, Narvaez H. Moral development in the professions: psychology and applied ethics. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1994."},{"issue":"5","key":"9520_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.32431\/kace.2023.26.5.010","volume":"26","author":"KS Yoo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoo KS, Ahn SJ. A study on the social prejudice in large language model using topic modeling. J Korean Assoc Comput Educ. 2023;26(5):119\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32431\/kace.2023.26.5.010.","journal-title":"J Korean Assoc Comput Educ"},{"key":"9520_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b16018","volume-title":"Bayesian data analysis","author":"A Gelman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gelman A, Carlin JB, Stern HS, Dunson DB, Vehtari A, Rubin DB. Bayesian data analysis. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall\/CRC; 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/b16018.","edition":"3"}],"container-title":["Discover Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09520-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09520-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09520-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T14:45:05Z","timestamp":1743086705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09520-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09520-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4999457\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2948-2992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2948-2992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Sungkyunkwan University Ethics Committee (Approval Number: IRB 202403016), and was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This study adhered to all applicable ethical standards, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of the Sungkyunkwan University Ethics Committee (Approval Number: IRB 202403016, Approval Date: 2024-03-16). All participants were fully informed about the purpose, procedures, and potential risks of the study, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. Therefore, all required Human Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations are fulfilled.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants were informed about the study's purpose, procedures, and their rights. Consent was obtained via a survey form which included a detailed consent question, and participation was voluntary and conditional upon their acceptance.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Participants provided explicit consent for publication of their data. For this manuscript, no personally identifiable information was used, and thus Consent to Publish declaration is not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19"}}