{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T18:34:45Z","timestamp":1784918085908,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Computing"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-025-09540-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T08:37:30Z","timestamp":1754642250000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MeDiStore trust protocol integrating reputation based proof of stake consensus for enhanced security of blockchain networks in electronic health record management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Adla","family":"Sanober","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamama","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"9540_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2870644","volume":"6","author":"W Cai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cai W, Wang Z, Ernst JB, Hong Z, Feng C, Leung VC. Decentralized applications: the blockchain-empowered software system. IEEE Access. 2018;6:53.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"9540_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3390\/math8010131","volume":"8","author":"V Gayoso Martinez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gayoso Martinez V, Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1lvarez L, Hernandez Encinas L. Analysis of the cryptographic tools for blockchain and bitcoin. Mathematics. 2020;8(1):131.","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"9540_CR3","first-page":"278","volume-title":"International conference on internet of things and connected technologies","author":"A Sanober","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanober A, Anwar S. A concept of e-medical record storage and sharing based on blockchain technology. In: International conference on internet of things and connected technologies. Cham: Springer; 2020. p. 278\u201386."},{"issue":"4","key":"9540_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWGS.2018.095647","volume":"14","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai H-N, Chen X, Wang H. Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey. Int J Web Grid Serv. 2018;14(4):352\u201375.","journal-title":"Int J Web Grid Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"9540_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1108\/SCM-03-2018-0143","volume":"25","author":"MM Queiroz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Queiroz MM, Telles R, Bonilla SH. Blockchain and supply chain management integration: a systematic review of the literature. Supply Chain Manag Int J. 2020;25(2):241\u201354.","journal-title":"Supply Chain Manag Int J"},{"issue":"12","key":"9540_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.3390\/app10124113","volume":"10","author":"K Demestichas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Demestichas K, Peppes N, Alexakis T, Adamopoulou E. Blockchain in agriculture traceability systems: a review. Appl Sci. 2020;10(12):4113.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"9540_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7606","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2886601","volume":"7","author":"IU Din","year":"2018","unstructured":"Din IU, Guizani M, Hassan S, Kim BS, Khan MK, Atiquzzaman M, Ahmed SH. The internet of things: a review of enabled technologies and future challenges. IEEE Access. 2018;7:7606\u201340.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9540_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2023.103718","volume":"218","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, Yi W, Yang M, Ma J, Zhang S, Hao S. \u2018Enhance the trust between IoT devices, mobile apps, and the cloud based on blockchain.\u2019 J Netw Comput Appl. 2023;218:103718.","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"9540_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-07-2020-0102","volume":"18","author":"P Bhaskar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhaskar P, Tiwari CK, Joshi A. \u2018Blockchain in education management: present and future applications.\u2019 Interactive Technol Smart Educ. 2020;18(1):1\u201317.","journal-title":"Interactive Technol Smart Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"9540_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3390\/su11041185","volume":"11","author":"E Tijan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tijan E, Aksentijevi\u0107 S, Ivani\u0107 K, Jardas M. Blockchain technology implementation in logistics. Sustainability. 2019;11(4):1185.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"9540_CR11","first-page":"5","volume":"31","author":"J Dai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dai J, Vasarhelyi MA. \u2018Toward blockchain-based accounting and assurance.\u2019 J Inf Syst. 2017;31(3):5\u201321.","journal-title":"J Inf Syst"},{"issue":"10","key":"9540_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3390\/sym10100470","volume":"10","author":"M H\u00f6lbl","year":"2018","unstructured":"H\u00f6lbl M, Kompara M, Kami\u0161ali\u0107 A, Nemec Zlatolas L. A systematic review of the use of blockchain in healthcare. Symmetry. 2018;10(10):470.","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"9540_CR13","first-page":"103633","volume":"10","author":"J Andrew","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andrew J, Isravel DP, Sagayam KM, Bhushan B, Sei Y, Eunice J. Blockchain for healthcare systems: architecture, security challenges, trends and future directions. J Netw Comput Appl. 2023;10:103633.","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"issue":"7","key":"9540_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-024-03239-9","volume":"5","author":"WA Jebbar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jebbar WA, Al-Zubaidie M. Transaction-based blockchain systems security improvement employing micro-segmentation controlled by smart contracts and detection of saddle Goatfish. SN Comput Sci. 2024;5(7):1\u201323.","journal-title":"SN Comput Sci"},{"key":"9540_CR15","first-page":"66","volume":"7","author":"DC Nguyen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nguyen DC, Pathirana PN, Ding M, Seneviratne A. Blockchain for secure EHRs sharing of mobile Cloud based E-health systems. IEEE Access. 2019;7:66.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"01","key":"9540_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2250010","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218126622500104","volume":"31","author":"A Mubashar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mubashar A, Asghar K, Javed AR, Rizwan M, Srivastava G, Gadekallu TR, Wang D, Shabbir M. Storage and proximity management for centralized personal health records using an IPFS-based optimization algorithm. J Circ Syst Comput. 2022;31(01):2250010.","journal-title":"J Circ Syst Comput"},{"key":"9540_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2017.8258226","volume-title":"2017 IEEE international conference on big data (Big Data)","author":"Y Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Y, Li H, Li K, Zhang J. \u2018An improved p2p file system scheme based on IPFS and blockchain.\u2019 In: 2017 IEEE international conference on big data (Big Data). New York: IEEE; 2017. p. 2652\u20137."},{"key":"9540_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2022.03.009","volume":"164","author":"J Jayabalan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jayabalan J, Jeyanthi N. \u2018Scalable blockchain model using off-chain IPFS storage for healthcare data security and privacy.\u2019 J Paral Distrib Comput. 2022;164:152\u201367.","journal-title":"J Paral Distrib Comput"},{"key":"9540_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2023.103686","volume":"217","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang J, Zhang H. A survey of state-of-the-art sharding blockchains: models, components, and attack surfaces. J Netw Comput Appl. 2023;217:103686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnca.2023.103686.","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"9540_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.102471","volume":"149","author":"A Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh A, Click K, Parizi RM, Zhang Q, Dehghantanha A, Raymond Choo KK. Sidechain technologies in blockchain networks: an examination and state-of-the-art review. J Netw Comput Appl. 2020;149:102471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.102471.","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"9540_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2023.103696","volume":"217","author":"RU Haque","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haque RU, Hasan AT, Daria A, Rasool A, Chen H, Jiang Q, Zhang Y. A novel secure and distributed architecture for privacy preserving healthcare system. J Netw Comput Appl. 2023;217:103696.","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"issue":"9","key":"9540_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16091490","volume":"16","author":"M Al-Zubaidie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Zubaidie M, Zhang Z, Zhang J. PAX: Using pseudonymization and anonymization to protect patients\u2019 identities and data in the healthcare system. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(9):1490.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"9540_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/EMR.2019.2930702","volume":"47","author":"M Wehde","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wehde M. Healthcare 4.0. IEEE Eng Manage Rev. 2019;47(3):24\u20138.","journal-title":"IEEE Eng Manage Rev"},{"key":"9540_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3440170","volume-title":"A blockchain-based E-healthcare system with provenance awareness","author":"L Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun L, Liu D, Li Y, Zhou D. A blockchain-based E-healthcare system with provenance awareness. New York: IEEE Access; 2024."},{"key":"9540_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2019.102407","volume":"50","author":"S Tanwar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanwar S, Parekh K, Evans R. \u2018Blockchain-based electronic healthcare record system for healthcare 4.0 applications.\u2019 Journal of Information Security and Applications. 2020;50:102407.","journal-title":"Journal of Information Security and Applications"},{"key":"9540_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/OBD.2016.11","volume-title":"2016 2nd international conference on open and big data (OBD)","author":"A Azaria","year":"2016","unstructured":"Azaria A, Ekblaw A, Vieira T, Lippman A. Medrec: Using blockchain for medical data access and permission management. In: 2016 2nd international conference on open and big data (OBD). New York: IEEE; 2016. p. 25\u201330."},{"key":"9540_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2730843","volume":"5","author":"Q Xia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xia Q, Sifah EB, Asamoah KO, Gao J, Du X, Guizani M. Medshare: trust-less medical data sharing among Cloud service providers via blockchain. IEEE Access. 2017;5:14.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"5","key":"9540_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5897","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2023.3315510","volume":"23","author":"BD Deebak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deebak BD, Hwang SO. Healthcare applications using blockchain with a cloud-assisted decentralized privacy-preserving framework. IEEE Trans Mob Comput. 2024;23(5):5897\u2013916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMC.2023.3315510.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mob Comput"},{"key":"9540_CR29","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps)","author":"J Vora","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vora J, Nayyar A, Tanwar S, Tyagi S, Kumar N, Obaidat MS, Rodrigues JJ. Bheem: a blockchain-based framework for securing electronic health records. In: 2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps). New York: IEEE; 2018. p. 1\u20136."},{"key":"9540_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83183","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3412793","volume":"12","author":"R Benaich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Benaich R, El Mendili S, Gahi Y. Securing EHRs with a Novel Token-based and PPoS blockchain methodology. IEEE Access. 2024;12:83183\u2013204.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9540_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31449\/inf.v48i12.6047","author":"MH Al-Zubaidie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Zubaidie MH, Razzaq RH. Maintaining security of patient data by employing private blockchain and fog computing technologies based on Internet of Medical Things. Informatica. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31449\/inf.v48i12.6047.","journal-title":"Informatica"},{"key":"9540_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3032553","volume":"8","author":"MM Madine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Madine MM, Battah AA, Yaqoob I, Salah K, Jayaraman R, AlHammadi Y, Pesic S, Ellahham S. Blockchain for giving patients control over their medical records. IEEE Access. 2020;8:193.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9540_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3043350","volume":"8","author":"HR Hasan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hasan HR, Salah K, Jayaraman R, Arshad J, Yaqoob I, Omar M, Ellahham S. Blockchain-based solution for covid-19 digital medical passports and immunity certificates. IEEE Access. 2020;8:222.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"14","key":"9540_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6641","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146641","volume":"23","author":"A Onwubiko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Onwubiko A, Singh R, Awan S, Pervez Z, Ramzan N. \u2018Enabling trust and security in digital twin management: a blockchain-based approach with Ethereum and IPFS.\u2019 Sensors. 2023;23(14):6641.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"9540_CR35","first-page":"12","volume":"19","author":"S King","year":"2012","unstructured":"King S, Nadal S. Ppcoin: peer-to-peer crypto-currency with Proof of-Stake. August. 2012;19(1):12.","journal-title":"August"},{"issue":"4","key":"9540_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458218769699","volume":"25","author":"V Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel V. A framework for secure and decentralized sharing of medical imaging data via blockchain consensus. Health Inf J. 2019;25(4):1398\u2013411.","journal-title":"Health Inf J"},{"key":"9540_CR37","first-page":"39","volume":"7","author":"T Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou T, Li X, Zhao H. Dlattice: a permission-less blockchain based on dpos-ba-dag consensus for data tokenization. IEEE Access. 2019;7:39.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9540_CR38","unstructured":"I. Grigg, \u2018\u2018Eos-an introduction,\u2019\u2019 White paper. https:\/\/whitepaperdatabase.com\/eos-whitepaper, 2017."},{"key":"9540_CR39","first-page":"40","volume":"25","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiao Y, Zhang N, Li J, Lou W, Hou YT. Distributed consensus protocols and algorithms. Blockchain Distrib Syst Secur. 2019;25:40.","journal-title":"Blockchain Distrib Syst Secur"},{"key":"9540_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vukoli\u0107 M, The quest for scalable blockchain fabric: Proof-of-Work vs. BFT replication. In: Open Problems in Network Security: IFIP WG 11.4 International Workshop, iNetSec 2015, Zurich, Switzerland, October 29, 2015, Revised Selected Papers. Springer, pp. 112\u2013125, 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39028-4_9"},{"key":"9540_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/SEGE52446.2021.9534994","volume-title":"2021 IEEE 9th international conference on smart energy grid engineering (SEGE)","author":"U Chikezie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chikezie U, Karacolak T, Do Prado JC. Examining the applicability of blockchain to the smart grid using Proof-of-Authority consensus. In: 2021 IEEE 9th international conference on smart energy grid engineering (SEGE). New York: IEEE; 2021. p. 19\u201325."},{"issue":"1","key":"9540_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5330","DOI":"10.14704\/WEB\/V19I1\/WEB19358","volume":"19","author":"P Shamili","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shamili P, Muruganantham B. \u2018Design and implementation considerations of PoA network architecture in the Ethereum blockchain.\u2019 Webology. 2022;19(1):5330\u201352.","journal-title":"Webology"},{"key":"9540_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2022.102503","volume":"127","author":"A Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh A, Kumar G, Saha R, Conti M, Alazab M, Thomas R. A survey and taxonomy of consensus protocols for blockchains. J Syst Architect. 2022;127:102503.","journal-title":"J Syst Architect"},{"key":"9540_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3424685","author":"MZU Rahman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rahman MZU, Akunuri S, Babu DN, Ramprasad MVS, Shareef SM, Bayleyegn MD. Proof of trust and expertise (PoTE): a novel consensus mechanism for enhanced security and scalability in electronic health record management. IEEE Access. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3424685.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9540_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1145\/3404512.3404522","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 2nd international conference on big data engineering","author":"C Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang C, Cangshuai W, Wang X. Overview of blockchain consensus mechanism. In: John R, editor. Proceedings of the 2020 2nd international conference on big data engineering. New York: IEEE; 2020. p. 7\u201312."},{"key":"9540_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85727","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2925010","volume":"7","author":"CT Nguyen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nguyen CT, et al. Proof-of-stake consensus mechanisms for future blockchain networks: fundamentals, applications and opportunities. IEEE Access. 2019;7:85727\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2925010.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9540_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6392","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2024.3381983","volume":"11","author":"Hu Jian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jian Hu, et al. A secure medical information storage and sharing method based on multiblockchain architecture. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst. 2024;11:6392\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSS.2024.3381983.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst"},{"key":"9540_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25236\/icefbd.18.062","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao Y. Research on the consensus mechanisms of blockchain technology. Netinfo Secur. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25236\/icefbd.18.062.","journal-title":"Netinfo Secur"},{"key":"9540_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info15100644","author":"J Ahn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahn J, Yi E, Kim M. Blockchain consensus mechanisms: a bibliometric analysis (2014\u20132024) using VOSviewer and R bibliometrix. Information. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info15100644.","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"9540_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.09.795","author":"PSG Aruna Sri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aruna Sri PSG, Lalitha Bhaskari D. Blockchain technology for secure medical data sharing using consensus mechanism. Mater Today Proceed. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.09.795.","journal-title":"Mater Today Proceed"},{"key":"9540_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11172694","author":"Z Auhl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Auhl Z, et al. A comparative study of consensus mechanisms in blockchain for IoT networks. Electronics. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics11172694.","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"9540_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1109\/IITCEE57236.2023.10090882","volume-title":"2023 International conference on intelligent and innovative technologies in computing, electrical and electronics (IITCEE)","author":"T Kumari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumari T, Kumar R, Dwivedi RK. Designing blockchain based consensus mechanism for smart healthcare IoT. In: 2023 International conference on intelligent and innovative technologies in computing, electrical and electronics (IITCEE). New York: IEEE; 2023. p. 878\u201384."},{"issue":"3","key":"9540_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2021.3092519","volume":"16","author":"M Younis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Younis M, et al. Blockchain-enabled and data-driven smart healthcare solution for secure and privacy-preserving data access. IEEE Syst J. 2021;16(3):3746\u201357.","journal-title":"IEEE Syst J"},{"key":"9540_CR54","first-page":"2558469","volume":"1","author":"W Rafique","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rafique W, et al. Securemed: a blockchain-based privacy-preserving framework for Internet of Medical Things. Wirel Commun Mobile Comput. 2023;1:2558469.","journal-title":"Wirel Commun Mobile Comput"},{"issue":"7","key":"9540_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19029","DOI":"10.2196\/19029","volume":"22","author":"Y Zhuang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhuang Y, et al. Generalizable layered blockchain architecture for health care applications: development, case studies, and evaluation. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7):e19029.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2014","key":"9540_CR56","first-page":"1","volume":"151","author":"G Wood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wood G, et al. Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum Project Yellow Paper. 2014;151(2014):1\u201332.","journal-title":"Ethereum Project Yellow Paper"},{"key":"9540_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.06.009","volume":"54","author":"LD Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh LD, Singh KM. Implementation of text encryption using elliptic curve cryptography. Procedia Comput Sci. 2015;54:73\u201382.","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"9540_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s102070100002","volume":"1","author":"D Johnson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Johnson D, Menezes A, Vanstone S. The elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA). Int J Inf Secur. 2001;1:36\u201363.","journal-title":"Int J Inf Secur"},{"key":"9540_CR59","unstructured":"Al-Zubaidie M, Zhongwei Z and Ji Z. Efficient and secure ECDSA algorithm and its applications: a survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.10313 (2019)."},{"key":"9540_CR60","first-page":"69","volume-title":"IoT node authentication, securing the internet of things","author":"S Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li S. IoT node authentication, securing the internet of things. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2017. p. 69\u201395."},{"key":"9540_CR61","volume-title":"Journal of physics: Coce series","author":"S Zhai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhai S, Yang Y, Li J, Qiu C, Zhao J. Research on the application of cryptography on the blockchain. In: Journal of physics: Coce series. Glassfields: IOP Publishing; 2019."},{"key":"9540_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.11.003","volume":"127","author":"L Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang L, Shen X, Li J, Shao J, Yang Y. Cryptographic primitives in blockchains. J Netw Comput Appl. 2019;127:43\u201358.","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"9540_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946373","volume":"7","author":"A Shahnaz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shahnaz A, Qamar U, Khalid A. Using blockchain for electronic health records. IEEE Access. 2019;7:147.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9540_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2020.08.020","volume":"121","author":"S Aggarwal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aggarwal S, Kumar N. Attacks on blockchain. Adv Comput Elsevier. 2021;121:399\u2013410.","journal-title":"Adv Comput Elsevier"},{"key":"9540_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.107978","volume":"191","author":"Y Wen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wen Y, Lu F, Liu Y, Huang X. Attacks and countermeasures on blockchains: a survey from layering perspective. Comput Netw. 2021;191:107978.","journal-title":"Comput Netw"},{"issue":"19","key":"9540_CR66","first-page":"9053","volume":"12","author":"D Mahto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mahto D, Yadav DK. \u2018RSA and ECC: a comparative analysis.\u2019 Int J Appl Eng Res. 2017;12(19):9053\u201361.","journal-title":"Int J Appl Eng Res"},{"key":"9540_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.23919\/MIPRO.2018.8400278","volume-title":"2018 41st international convention on information and communication technology, electronics and microelectronics (MIPRO)","author":"LM Bach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bach LM, Mihaljevic B, Zagar M. Comparative analysis of blockchain consensus algorithms. In: 2018 41st international convention on information and communication technology, electronics and microelectronics (MIPRO). Croatia: Opatija; 2018. p. 1545\u201350."},{"key":"9540_CR68","unstructured":"Buterin V, Hernandez D, Kamphefner T, Pham K, Qiao Z, Ryan D and Zhang YX, Combining GHOST and casper. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.03052. 2020."},{"key":"9540_CR69","unstructured":"Jepson C, Dtb001: Decred technical brief. Available at https:\/\/coss.io\/documents\/white-papers\/decred.pdf Additional information available at https:\/\/www.decred.org. 2015."},{"key":"9540_CR70","unstructured":"Gauld S, von Ancoina F, and Stadler R, The burst dymaxion. An Arbitrary Scalable, Energy Efficient and Anonymous Transaction Network Based on Colored Tangles, abrufbar unter< www. burst-coin. org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/The-Burst-Dymaxion-1.00. pdf> oder< https:\/\/perma.cc\/UP3B-RRWG. 2017."},{"key":"9540_CR71","unstructured":"Nem Foundation. NEM Technical Reference. Available online: https:\/\/www.cryptoground.com\/nem-white-paper. Accessed 20 Aug 2022"},{"key":"9540_CR72","unstructured":"Ahmed-Rengers M and Kostiainen K, Don't mine, wait in line: fair and efficient blockchain consensus with robust round Robin.\u201d\u00a0arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.07391. 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"9540_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2018.2860009","volume":"68","author":"J Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu J, Li W, Karame GO, Asokan N. Scalable Byzantine consensus via hardware-assisted secret sharing. IEEE Trans Comput. 2018;68(1):139\u201351.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput"},{"key":"9540_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39273","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2906637","volume":"7","author":"T Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou T, Li X, Zhao H. DLattice: a permission-less blockchain based on DPoS-BA-DAG consensus for data tokenization. IEEE Access. 2019;7:39273\u201387.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Discover Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09540-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09540-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09540-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T19:47:33Z","timestamp":1757360853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09540-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09540-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2948-2992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2948-2992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"167"}}