{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:34:07Z","timestamp":1785411247948,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]],"date-time":"2025-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]],"date-time":"2025-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Computing"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-025-09600-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]],"date-time":"2025-05-17T14:29:27Z","timestamp":1747492167000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Securing smart microgrids with a novel multi-layer cybersecurity framework for Industry 4.0 renewable energy systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"9600_CR1","unstructured":"Abir AZMN. Industry 4.0 technologies for a data-driven, secure, green and circular manufacturing economy. In: 2024 IEEE Green Technologies Conference (GreenTech). IEEE; 2024."},{"key":"9600_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alimkhan A, Makhambayev A, Ukaegbu IA. The fourth industrial revolution: towards energy 4.0 in Kazakhstan. In 2019 21st International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT). IEEE; 2019.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT.2019.8701979"},{"key":"9600_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apata O, Adebayo AV, Ainah PK. Renewable energy systems and the fourth industrial revolution. In: 2021 IEEE PES\/IAS PowerAfrica. IEEE; 2021.","DOI":"10.1109\/PowerAfrica52236.2021.9543307"},{"key":"9600_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48015","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2979077","volume":"8","author":"J-M Clairand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clairand J-M, Brice\u00f1o-Le\u00f3n M, Escriv\u00e1-Escriv\u00e1 G, Pantaleo AM. Review of energy efficiency technologies in the food industry: trends, barriers, and opportunities. IEEE Access. 2020;8:48015.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"11","key":"9600_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2869404","volume":"22","author":"HHR Sherazi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sherazi HHR, Imran MA, Boggia G, Grieco LA. Energy harvesting in LoRaWAN: a cost analysis for the industry 4.0. IEEE Commun Lett. 2018;22(11):2358.","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Lett"},{"key":"9600_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kyrtsilas N, Symeonaki E, Drosos C, Papoutsidakis M. Integrating industry 4.0 technologies for smart energy management in the industrial sector: trends and challenges. In: 13th Mediterranean Conference on Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Energy Conversion (MEDPOWER 2022), Hybrid Conference, Valletta, Malta. 2022. pp. 436\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/icp.2023.0032.","DOI":"10.1049\/icp.2023.0032"},{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"9600_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.11.005","volume":"6","author":"AH Bagdadee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bagdadee AH, Aurangzeb M, Ali S, Zhang L. Energy management for the industrial sector in smart grid system. Energy Rep. 2020;6(Suppl 9):1432\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.11.005.","journal-title":"Energy Rep"},{"key":"9600_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imtiaz A, Shehzad D, Akbar H, Afzaal M, Zubair M, Nasim F. Blockchain technology: the future of cybersecurity. In: 2023 24th International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT). IEEE; 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIT58888.2023.10453839"},{"key":"9600_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fakir K, Ennawaoui C, El Mouden M. Design of a six-layer data architecture based on OT\/IT convergence in the context of industry 4.0. In: 2023 3rd International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET). IEEE; 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/IRASET57153.2023.10152971"},{"key":"9600_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gal I-A, Vl\u0103d\u0103reanu L, Vl\u0103d\u0103reanu V, Melinte D-O. Industry 4.0 renewable energy power plant architecture using next-generation service interface linked data connectors. In: 2023 8th International Conference on Mathematics and Computers in Sciences and Industry (MCSI). IEEE; 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSI60294.2023.00033"},{"key":"9600_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad GP, Kathrine GJW, Kuruvilla JM, Moosa MMRJ, Implementation of industry 4.0 in the energy sector. In: 2023 2nd International Conference on Edge Computing and Applications (ICECAA). IEEE; 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECAA58104.2023.10212266"},{"key":"9600_CR12","unstructured":"Karmaker AK, Islam SMR. Energy transferring technology for electric vehicle charging station considering renewable resources. In: 2021 International Conference on Automation, Control and Mechatronics for Industry 4.0 (ACMI). IEEE; 2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"9600_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2984549","volume":"17","author":"HHR Sherazi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sherazi HHR, Grieco LA, Imran MA, Boggia G. Energy-efficient LoRaWAN for industry 4.0 applications. IEEE Trans Ind Inform. 2021;17(2):891.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inform"},{"key":"9600_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenzhina M, Kalysh I, Ukaegbu I, Nunna SK. Virtual power plant in industry 4.0: the strategic planning of emerging virtual power plant in Kazakhstan. In: 2019 21st International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT). IEEE; 2019.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT.2019.8701989"},{"key":"9600_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandya B, Joshi S. Simulation and analysis for 100kw standalone hybrid renewable energy system. In: 2023 IEEE IAS Global Conference on Renewable Energy and Hydrogen Technologies (GlobConHT). IEEE; 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/GlobConHT56829.2023.10087671"},{"key":"9600_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habib A, Alam MA, Islam MT, Rahman MF, Raka AM, Awal MR. A novel asymmetric nine-level inverter with reduced device count suitable for renewable energy applications. In: 2022 4th International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI). IEEE; 2022.","DOI":"10.1109\/STI56238.2022.10103274"},{"key":"9600_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam MR, Rafi JA, Hossain MS. Operation planning of renewable energy based hybrid system incorporating waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. In: 2019 International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI). IEEE; 2019.","DOI":"10.1109\/STI47673.2019.9067990"},{"key":"9600_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombardi P, Mattepu SY, Arendarski B, Richter M, Komarmicki P. Blockchain application within net-zero energy factories: a cost-benefit analysis for a German carpentry. In: 2022 Workshop on Blockchain for Renewables Integration (BLORIN). IEEE; 2022.","DOI":"10.1109\/BLORIN54731.2022.10028615"},{"key":"9600_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabev E, Trifonov R, Pavlova G, Rainova K. Cybersecurity analysis of wind farm SCADA systems. In: 2021 International Conference on Information Technologies (InfoTech). IEEE; 2021.","DOI":"10.1109\/InfoTech52438.2021.9548589"},{"key":"9600_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swaroop CJ, Rao KSSK, Harshitha KS, Lahari ML, Jadala VC, Govindan R. Artificial intelligence support system design for smart offices. In: 2023 Second International Conference on Electronics and Renewable Systems (ICEARS). IEEE; 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEARS56392.2023.10085205"},{"key":"9600_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakor S, Ahir P, Joshi S. Performance evaluation and comparative analysis of 100kw wind and photovoltaic energy conversion systems. In: 2024 IEEE 9th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT). IEEE; 2024.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2CT61223.2024.10543568"},{"issue":"7","key":"9600_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7371","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3069354","volume":"23","author":"M Sheikh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sheikh M, et al. Synergies between transportation systems, energy hub and the grid in smart cities. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst. 2021;23(7):7371\u201385.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"9600_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakun L, Viedienina Y, Khomenko M, Rieznik D, Kovalenko M. Introduction of energy storage facilities as an element of industry 4.0 of the energy sector of Ukraine. In: 2022 IEEE 4th International Conference on Modern Electrical and Energy System (MEES). IEEE; 2022.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEES58014.2022.10005630"}],"container-title":["Discover Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09600-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09600-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09600-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]],"date-time":"2025-05-17T14:29:36Z","timestamp":1747492176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09600-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09600-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2948-2992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2948-2992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research study solely involves the use of historical datasets. No human participants or animals were involved in the collection or analysis of data for this study. As a result, ethical approval was not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human participants and\/or animals"}},{"value":"Since this research study did not involve human participants or animals, no informed consent procedures were conducted. The data used for analysis was publicly available and did not require informed consent. The author affirms their commitment to conducting research following the highest ethical standards and ensuring the presented findings'accuracy, transparency, and reliability.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"80"}}