{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T21:54:04Z","timestamp":1774994044581,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Computing"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-025-09635-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T18:51:35Z","timestamp":1749840695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Exploring mechanisms of effective informal GenAI-supported second language speaking practice: a cognitive-motivational model of achievement emotions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Hanwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"9635_CR1","unstructured":"Beare K. November. How many people learn English? Available online: <https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/how-many-people-learn-english-globally-1210367 (accessed on 18 2019)."},{"key":"9635_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003043454","volume-title":"Informal digital learning of english","author":"JS Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee JS. Informal digital learning of english. New York: Routledge; 2021."},{"key":"9635_CR3","first-page":"421","volume-title":"The handbook of informal Language learning; blackwell handbooks in linguistics","author":"DM Odo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Odo DM. Connecting informal and formal Language learning. The handbook of informal Language learning; blackwell handbooks in linguistics. Hoboken, NJ, US: Wiley Blackwell; 2020. pp. 421\u201338."},{"key":"9635_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1057\/s41267-022-00544-4","volume":"54","author":"V Peltokorpi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peltokorpi V. The Language of career success: the effects of english Language competence on local employees\u2019 career outcomes in foreign subsidiaries. J Int Bus Stud. 2023;54:258\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41267-022-00544-4.","journal-title":"J Int Bus Stud"},{"key":"9635_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6775","DOI":"10.12973\/ejmste\/78525","volume":"13","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Y. Construction elements and path of practical education model in universities. Eurasia J Math Sci Technol Educ. 2017;13:6775\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12973\/ejmste\/78525.","journal-title":"Eurasia J Math Sci Technol Educ"},{"key":"9635_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.22158\/selt.v8n4p63","volume":"8","author":"Y Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan Y. Analysis of reasons for Chinese college students\u2019 lack of oral english proficiency. Stud Engl Lang Teach. 2020;8:63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22158\/selt.v8n4p63.","journal-title":"Stud Engl Lang Teach"},{"key":"9635_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2015.06.007","volume":"53","author":"N Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou N. Oral participation in EFL classroom: perspectives from the administrator, teachers and learners at a Chinese university. System. 2015;53:35\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2015.06.007.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"9635_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12898","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12898","volume":"60","author":"H Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu H, Pan Z. What deserve studying the most? A Q methodology approach to explore stakeholders\u2019 perspectives on research priorities in GenAI-supported second Language education. Eur J Educ. 2025;60:e12898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.12898.","journal-title":"Eur J Educ"},{"key":"9635_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103259","volume":"121","author":"C Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang C, Meng Y, Ma X. Artificial intelligence in EFL speaking: impact on enjoyment, anxiety, and willingness to communicate. System. 2024;121:103259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2024.103259.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"9635_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.70020","volume":"60","author":"Z Pan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pan Z, Wang Y. From technology-challenged teachers to empowered digitalized citizens: exploring the profiles and antecedents of teacher Ai literacy in the Chinese EFL context. Eur J Educ. 2025;60:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.70020.","journal-title":"Eur J Educ"},{"key":"9635_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12770","volume":"59","author":"F Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang F, Wang Y, Zhang H. Modeling generative AI acceptance, perceived teachers\u2019 enthusiasm, and self-efficacy to english as foreign Language learners\u2019 well-being in the digital era. Eur J Educ. 2024;59:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.12770.","journal-title":"Eur J Educ"},{"key":"9635_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103533","volume":"127","author":"C Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang C, Zou B, Du Y, Wang Z. The impact of different conversational generative AI chatbots on EFL learners: an analysis of willingness to communicate, foreign Language speaking anxiety, and self-perceived communicative competence. System. 2024;127:103533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2024.103533.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"9635_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo Y, Wang Y. Exploring the effects of artificial intelligence application on EFL students\u2019 academic engagement and emotional experiences: A mixed-methods study. Eur J Educ. 2024;e12812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.12812.","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12812"},{"key":"9635_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105112","volume":"220","author":"T-Y Tai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tai T-Y, Chen HH-J. Improving elementary EFL speaking skills with generative AI chatbots: exploring individual and paired interactions. Comput Educ. 2024;220:105112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105112.","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"9635_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12986-4","author":"D Darmawansah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Darmawansah D, Rachman D, Febiyani F, Hwang G-J. ChatGPT-supported collaborative argumentation: integrating collaboration script and argument mapping to enhance EFL students\u2019 argumentation skills. Educ Inf Technol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12986-4.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"9635_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103254","volume":"121","author":"J Fathi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fathi J, Rahimi M, Derakhshan A. Improving EFL learners\u2019 speaking skills and willingness to communicate via artificial intelligence-mediated interactions. System. 2024;121:103254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2024.103254.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"9635_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3544489","author":"H Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu H, Dong Z. What motivates second Language majors to use generative AI for informal learning? Insights from the theory of planned behavior. IEEE Access. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3544489.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9635_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203148211","volume-title":"International handbook of emotions in education","author":"R Pekrun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pekrun R, Perry PR. Control-value theory of achievement emotions. International handbook of emotions in education. New York: Routledge; 2014. pp. 120\u201341."},{"key":"9635_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.21832\/9781847691293-003","volume-title":"Motivation, Language identity and the L2 self","author":"Z D\u00f6rnyei","year":"2009","unstructured":"D\u00f6rnyei Z. The L2 motivational self system. In: Zolt\u00e1n D, Ema U, editors. Motivation, Language identity and the L2 self. Multilingual Matters: Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit; 2009. pp. 9\u201342."},{"key":"9635_CR20","first-page":"149","volume-title":"The study of Language","author":"Y George","year":"2005","unstructured":"George Y. First Language acquisition. The study of Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005. pp. 149\u201361.","edition":"3"},{"key":"9635_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothman J, Bayram F, Cunnings I, Alonso JG. Formal linguistic approaches to adult L2 acquisition and processing. In The Cambridge handbook of language learning; Schwieter, J.W., Benati, A., Eds.; Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2019; pp. 13\u201340.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108333603.002"},{"key":"9635_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1177\/0033688220966632","volume":"53","author":"JS Barrot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barrot JS. Integrating technology into ESL\/EFL writing through grammarly. RELC J. 2022;53:764\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033688220966632.","journal-title":"RELC J"},{"key":"9635_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2021.1933540","volume":"36","author":"M Shortt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shortt M, Tilak S, Kuznetcova I, Martens B, Akinkuolie B. Gamification in mobile-assisted Language learning: A systematic review of Duolingo literature from public release of 2012 to early 2020. Comput Assist Lang Learn. 2023;36:517\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2021.1933540.","journal-title":"Comput Assist Lang Learn"},{"key":"9635_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-020-09801-5","volume":"68","author":"Z Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen Z, Chen W, Jia J, An H. The effects of using mobile devices on Language learning: A meta-analysis. Educ Technol Res Dev. 2020;68:1769\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-020-09801-5.","journal-title":"Educ Technol Res Dev"},{"key":"9635_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12835","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12835","volume":"60","author":"MF Shahzad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shahzad MF, Xu S, Liu H, Zahid H. Generative artificial intelligence (ChatGPT-4) and social media impact on academic performance and psychological well-being in china\u2019s higher education. Eur J Educ. 2025;60:e12835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.12835.","journal-title":"Eur J Educ"},{"key":"9635_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v25i3.7708","volume":"25","author":"H Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu H, Wang Y, Wang Y. To use or not to use? A mixed-methods study on the determinants of EFL college learners\u2019 behavioral intention to use AI in the distributed learning context. Int Rev Res Open Dis. 2024;25:158\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19173\/irrodl.v25i3.7708.","journal-title":"Int Rev Res Open Dis"},{"key":"9635_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Xue L. Using AI-driven chatbots to foster Chinese EFL students\u2019 academic engagement: an intervention study. Comput Hum Behav. 2024;108353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108353.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108353"},{"key":"9635_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104376","volume":"248","author":"H Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu H, Liu W, Zeng Y. Validating the AI-assisted second Language (L2) learning attitude scale for Chinese college students and its correlation with L2 proficiency. Acta Psychol. 2024;248:104376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104376.","journal-title":"Acta Psychol"},{"key":"9635_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00478-x","volume":"21","author":"MF Shahzad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shahzad MF, Xu S, Javed I. ChatGPT awareness, acceptance, and adoption in higher education: the role of trust as a cornerstone. Int J Educ Technol High Educ. 2024;21:46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-024-00478-x.","journal-title":"Int J Educ Technol High Educ"},{"key":"9635_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12949-9","volume":"30","author":"MF Shahzad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shahzad MF, Xu S, Zahid H. Exploring the impact of generative AI-based technologies on learning performance through self-efficacy, fairness & ethics, creativity, and trust in higher education. Educ Inf Technol. 2025;30:3691\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12949-9.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"9635_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/berj.4084","author":"MF Shahzad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shahzad MF, Xu S, Asif M. Factors affecting generative artificial intelligence, such as chatgpt, use in higher education: an application of technology acceptance model. Br Educ Res J. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/berj.4084.","journal-title":"Br Educ Res J"},{"key":"9635_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"073563312413072","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331241307297","volume":"0","author":"AH Alsofyani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alsofyani AH, Barzanji AM. The effects of ChatGPT-generated feedback on Saudi EFL learners\u2019 writing skills and perception at the tertiary level: A mixed-methods study. J Educ Comput Res. 2024;0:07356331241307297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07356331241307297.","journal-title":"J Educ Comput Res"},{"key":"9635_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103561","volume":"128","author":"R Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang R, Zou D, Cheng G. ChatGPT affordance for logic learning strategies and its usefulness for developing knowledge and quality of logic in english argumentative writing. System. 2025;128:103561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2024.103561.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"9635_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136216882412397","DOI":"10.1177\/13621688241239764","volume":"0","author":"M Ghafouri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghafouri M, Hassaskhah J, Mahdavi-Zafarghandi A. From virtual assistant to writing mentor: exploring the impact of a ChatGPT-based writing instruction protocol on EFL teachers\u2019 self-efficacy and learners\u2019 writing skill. Lang Teach Res. 2024;0:13621688241239764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13621688241239764.","journal-title":"Lang Teach Res"},{"key":"9635_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103528","volume":"127","author":"NHM Tram","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tram NHM, Nguyen TT, Tran CD. ChatGPT as a tool for self-learning english among EFL learners: A multi-methods study. System. 2024;127:103528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2024.103528.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"9635_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng Y, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Meng X, Hong S, Li W, Wang Z, Wang Z, Yin F, Zhao J, et al. Exploring large Language model based intelligent agents: definitions, methods, and prospects. ArXiv Preprint arXiv. 2024;2401(03428). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2401.03428.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2401.03428"},{"key":"9635_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lam W, Wong J. The effects of strategy training on developing discussion skills in an ESL classroom. ELT J. 2000;54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/elt\/54.3.245.","DOI":"10.1093\/elt\/54.3.245"},{"key":"9635_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tudini V. Conversational elements of online chatting: speaking practice for distance Language learners? Alsic. 2003;6(n\u20132). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/alsic.2238.","DOI":"10.4000\/alsic.2238"},{"key":"9635_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2022.2056203","volume":"37","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang X, Pang H, Wallace MP, Wang Q, Chen W. Learners\u2019 perceived AI presences in AI-supported Language learning: A study of AI as a humanized agent from community of inquiry. Comput Assist Lang Learn. 2024;37:814\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2022.2056203.","journal-title":"Comput Assist Lang Learn"},{"key":"9635_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108355","volume":"159","author":"F Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang F, Zou B. English speaking with artificial intelligence (AI): the roles of enjoyment, willingness to communicate with AI, and innovativeness. Comput Hum Behav. 2024;159:108355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108355.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"9635_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/17501229.2024.2309539","volume":"18","author":"H Shafiee Rad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shafiee Rad H, Revolutionizing. L2 speaking proficiency, willingness to communicate, and perceptions through artificial intelligence: A case of Speeko application. Innov Lang Learn Teach. 2024;18:364\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17501229.2024.2309539.","journal-title":"Innov Lang Learn Teach"},{"key":"9635_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731721","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.731721","volume":"12","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Derakhshan A, Zhang LJ. Researching and practicing positive psychology in second\/foreign Language learning and teaching: the past, current status and future directions. Front Psychol. 2021;12:731721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.731721.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"9635_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wu H, Wang Y. Engagement and willingness to communicate in the L2 classroom: identifying the latent profiles and their relationships with achievement emotions. J Multiling Multicult Dev. 2024;1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01434632.2024.2379534.","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2024.2379534"},{"key":"9635_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang Y, Ortega Mart\u00edn J. The predicting role of EFL students\u2019 achievement emotions and technological self-efficacy in their technology acceptance. Asia-Pacific Educ Res. 2023;1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40299-023-00750-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299-023-00750-0"},{"key":"9635_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu H, Zeng Y. A mixed-methods investigation into the interplay between supportive work environment, achievement emotions, and teaching for creativity as perceived by Chinese EFL teachers. Percept Mot Skills. 2024;1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00315125241272593.","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125241272593"},{"key":"9635_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104153","volume":"243","author":"H Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu H, Zeng Y, Fan Z. Unveiling Chinese senior high school EFL students\u2019 burnout and engagement: profiles and antecedents. Acta Psychol. 2024;243:104153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104153.","journal-title":"Acta Psychol"},{"key":"9635_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02142","volume":"11","author":"K Shao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shao K, Nicholson LJ, Kutuk G, Lei F. Emotions and instructed Language learning: proposing a second Language emotions and positive psychology model. Front Psychol. 2020;11:2142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02142.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"9635_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2022.2042540","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Derakhshan A, Rahimpour H. Developing resilience among Chinese and Iranian EFL teachers: A multi-dimensional cross-cultural study. J Multiling Multicult Dev. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01434632.2022.2042540.","journal-title":"J Multiling Multicult Dev"},{"key":"9635_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.30827\/portalin.vi39.23625","volume":"39","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Derakhshan A. Teacher confirmation and caring in Chinese and Iranian students\u2019 willingness to attend EFL classes. Porta Linguarum. 2023;39:165\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30827\/portalin.vi39.23625.","journal-title":"Porta Linguarum"},{"key":"9635_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12598-y","volume":"29","author":"K Qu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qu K, Wu X. ChatGPT as a CALL tool in Language education: A study of hedonic motivation adoption models in english learning environments. Educ Inf Technol. 2024;29:19471\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12598-y.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"9635_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108337","volume":"159","author":"L Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang L, Zhao S. AI-induced emotions in L2 education: exploring EFL students\u2019 perceived emotions and regulation strategies. Comput Hum Behav. 2024;159:108337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108337.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"9635_CR52","volume-title":"Examining the L2 motivational self system through meta-analysis","author":"D Qi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qi D. Examining the L2 motivational self system through meta-analysis. Washington: Georgetown University; 2022."},{"key":"9635_CR53","volume-title":"The psychology of the Language learner: individual differences in second Language acquisition","author":"Z D\u00f6rnyei","year":"2005","unstructured":"D\u00f6rnyei Z. The psychology of the Language learner: individual differences in second Language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2005."},{"key":"9635_CR54","volume-title":"The psychology of second language acquisition","author":"Z D\u00f6rnyei","year":"2009","unstructured":"D\u00f6rnyei Z. The psychology of second Language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009."},{"key":"9635_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1002\/tesq.3132","volume":"56","author":"PP Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun PP. Strategic self-regulation for speaking english as a foreign language: scale development and validation. TESOL Q. 2022;56:1369\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tesq.3132.","journal-title":"TESOL Q"},{"key":"9635_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.21832\/9781783095360-010","volume-title":"Positive psychology in SLA","author":"J-M Dewaele","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dewaele J-M, Macintyre P. Foreign Language enjoyment and foreign Language classroom anxiety. The right and left feet of FL learning? In: Gregersen T, MacIntyre PD, Mercer S, editors. Positive psychology in SLA. Multilingual Matters: Bristol; 2016. pp. 215\u201336."},{"key":"9635_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/modl.12693","volume":"105","author":"C Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li C. A control\u2013value theory approach to boredom in english classes among university students in China. Mod Lang J. 2021;105:317\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/modl.12693.","journal-title":"Mod Lang J"},{"key":"9635_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-018-9606-3","volume":"48","author":"M Mahmoodzadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mahmoodzadeh M, Khajavy GH. Towards conceptualizing Language learning curiosity in SLA: an empirical study. J Psycholinguist Res. 2019;48:333\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10936-018-9606-3.","journal-title":"J Psycholinguist Res"},{"key":"9635_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0001050","volume":"108","author":"AC Klotz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Klotz AC, Swider BW, Kwon SH. Back-translation practices in organizational research: avoiding loss in translation. J Appl Psychol. 2023;108:699\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/apl0001050.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"9635_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bieleke M, Gogol K, Goetz T, Daniels L, Pekrun R. The AEQ-S: A short version of the achievement emotions questionnaire. Contemp Educ Psychol. 2020;101940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101940.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101940"},{"key":"9635_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11749-x","volume":"28","author":"X Deng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deng X, Yu Z. An extended hedonic motivation adoption model of TikTok in higher education. Educ Inf Technol. 2023;28:13595\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11749-x.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"9635_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2014.01.011","volume":"42","author":"Q Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li Q. Differences in the motivation of Chinese learners of english in a foreign and second Language context. System. 2014;42:451\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2014.01.011.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"9635_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jslw.2014.09.005","volume":"26","author":"B Bult\u00e9","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bult\u00e9 B, Housen A. Conceptualizing and measuring short-term changes in L2 writing complexity. J Second Lang Writ. 2014;26:42\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jslw.2014.09.005.","journal-title":"J Second Lang Writ"},{"key":"9635_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Housen A, Complexity. Accuracy and fluency (CAF). In: Mohebbi H, Coombe C, editors. Research questions in Language education and applied linguistics: A reference guide. Springer International Publishing: Cham,; 2021. pp. 787\u201392.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79143-8_136"},{"key":"9635_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263111000489","volume":"34","author":"N de Jong","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Jong N, Steinel M, Florijn A, Schoonen R, Hulstijn J. Facets of speaking proficiency. Stud Second Lang Acquis. 2012;34:5\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0272263111000489.","journal-title":"Stud Second Lang Acquis"},{"key":"9635_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hair J, Hult GTM, Ringle C, Sarstedt M. A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (. PLS-SEM); SAGE Publications Ltd; 2022.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80519-7"},{"key":"9635_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.32890\/jict2025.24.1.1","volume":"24","author":"MS Mohamed Soliman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohamed Soliman MS, Adel R, Mahmud I, Noipom T. Unlocking AI-powered tools adoption among university students: A fuzzy-set approach. J Inf Commun Technol. 2025;24:1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32890\/jict2025.24.1.1.","journal-title":"J Inf Commun Technol"},{"key":"9635_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-024-00333-y","author":"M Soliman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soliman M, Ali RA, Khalid J, Mahmud I, Ali WB. Modelling continuous intention to use generative artificial intelligence as an educational tool among university students: findings from PLS-SEM and ANN. J Comput Educ. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40692-024-00333-y.","journal-title":"J Comput Educ"},{"key":"9635_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-48397-4_3","volume-title":"Current and future trends on intelligent technology adoption: volume 1","author":"M Soliman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soliman M, Ali RA, Khalid J, Mahmud I, Assalihee M. Modeling the continuous intention to use the metaverse as a learning platform: PLS-SEM and FsQCA approach. In: Al-Sharafi MA, Al-Emran M, Tan GW-H, Ooi K-B, editors. Current and future trends on intelligent technology adoption: volume 1. Nature Switzerland: Cham,: Springer; 2023. pp. 41\u201362."},{"key":"9635_CR70","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 6th ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2016.","edition":"6"},{"key":"9635_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.4.422","volume":"7","author":"PE Shrout","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shrout PE, Bolger N. Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychol Methods. 2002;7:422\u201345.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"9635_CR72","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press; 2013."},{"key":"9635_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","volume":"88","author":"PM Podsakoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee JY, Podsakoff NP. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88:879\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"9635_CR74","unstructured":"Hair J, Black W, Babin B, Anderson R. Multivariate data analysis: a global perspective; Pearson Education: Upper Saddle River, 2010."},{"key":"9635_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s11628-011-0120-z","volume":"5","author":"T Ramayah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ramayah T, Lee JWC, In JBC. Network collaboration and performance in the tourism sector. Serv Bus. 2011;5:411\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11628-011-0120-z.","journal-title":"Serv Bus"},{"key":"9635_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02723327","volume":"16","author":"RP Bagozzi","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bagozzi RP, Yi Y. On the evaluation of structural equation models. J Acad Mark Sci. 1988;16:74\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02723327.","journal-title":"J Acad Mark Sci"},{"key":"9635_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.33.3.268401","volume":"33","author":"C Viladrich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Viladrich C, Angulo-Brunet A, Doval E. A journey around alpha and Omega to estimate internal consistency reliability. Anales De Psicologia. 2017;33:755\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6018\/analesps.33.3.268401.","journal-title":"Anales De Psicologia"},{"key":"9635_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446268261.n31","volume-title":"The SAGE handbook of innovation in social research methods","author":"RB Kline","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kline RB. Convergence of structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling. The SAGE handbook of innovation in social research methods. London: SAGE; 2008. pp. 562\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781446268261.n31."},{"key":"9635_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2307\/3151312","volume":"18","author":"C Fornell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res. 1981;18:39\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3151312.","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"key":"9635_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-017-0065-y","volume":"14","author":"E V\u00e1zquez-Cano","year":"2017","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez-Cano E, Meneses EL, Garc\u00eda-Garz\u00f3n E. Differences in basic digital competences between male and female university students of social sciences in Spain. Int J Educ Technol High Educ. 2017;14:27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-017-0065-y.","journal-title":"Int J Educ Technol High Educ"},{"key":"9635_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2022.101129","volume":"46","author":"CM Cheong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheong CM, Zhang J, Yao Y, Zhu X. The role of gender differences in the effect of ideal L2 writing self and imagination on continuation writing task performance. Think Skills Creat. 2022;46:101129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsc.2022.101129.","journal-title":"Think Skills Creat"},{"key":"9635_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asw.2024.100832","volume":"60","author":"Y Yao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yao Y, Zhu X, Zhan J. The associations among growth mindsets, the ideal L2 writing self, and L2 writing enjoyment and their impacts on L2 english writing performance: A gender difference perspective. Assess Writ. 2024;60:100832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asw.2024.100832.","journal-title":"Assess Writ"},{"key":"9635_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103311","volume":"123","author":"Q Dan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dan Q, Bai B, Huang Q. Gender differences in the relations between EFL students\u2019 classroom relationships and english Language proficiency: the mediating role of self-regulated learning strategy use. System. 2024;123:103311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2024.103311.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"9635_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.24815\/siele.v6i1.13024","volume":"6","author":"N Erdiana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erdiana N, Bahri S, Nurul Akhmal C. Male vs. female EFL students: who is better in speaking skill? Stud. Engl Lang Educ. 2019;6:131\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24815\/siele.v6i1.13024.","journal-title":"Engl Lang Educ"},{"key":"9635_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103399","volume":"125","author":"BL Moorhouse","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moorhouse BL, Wan Y, Wu C, Kohnke L, Ho TY, Kwong T. Developing Language teachers\u2019 professional generative AI competence: an intervention study in an initial Language teacher education course. System. 2024;125:103399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2024.103399.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"9635_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100278","volume":"7","author":"Q Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma Q, Crosthwaite P, Sun D, Zou D. Exploring ChatGPT literacy in Language education: A global perspective and comprehensive approach. Comput Educ Artif Intell. 2024;7:100278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100278.","journal-title":"Comput Educ Artif Intell"},{"key":"9635_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-024-10119-z","volume":"54","author":"L Nikitina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nikitina L, Su LL, Furuoka F. The relationship between L2 motivation and epistemic emotions of boredom and curiosity: A study among adolescent learners of english. J Psycholinguist Res. 2024;54:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10936-024-10119-z.","journal-title":"J Psycholinguist Res"},{"key":"9635_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"073563312412990","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331241299058","volume":"0","author":"A Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen A, Jia J, Li Y, Fu L. Investigating the effect of role-play activity with GenAI agent on EFL students\u2019 speaking performance. J Educ Comput Res. 2024;0:07356331241299058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07356331241299058.","journal-title":"J Educ Comput Res"},{"key":"9635_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yin X. The interplay of EFL students\u2019 enjoyment, hope, pride and self-regulation. Front Psychol. 2021;12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.803476.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.803476"},{"key":"9635_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104143","volume":"243","author":"S Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li S, Wu H, Wang Y. Positive emotions, self-regulatory capacity, and EFL performance in the Chinese senior high school context. Acta Psychol. 2024;243:104143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104143.","journal-title":"Acta Psychol"},{"key":"9635_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2023.103067","volume":"115","author":"J Fathi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fathi J, Pawlak M, Mehraein S, Hosseini HM, Derakhshesh A. Foreign Language enjoyment, ideal L2 self, and intercultural communicative competence as predictors of willingness to communicate among EFL learners. System. 2023;115:103067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2023.103067.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"9635_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2022.2153854","volume":"45","author":"E Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu E, Wang J, Bai S. Self-guides, enjoyment, gender, and achievement: A survey of Chinese EFL high school students. J Multiling Multicult Dev. 2024;45:4270\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01434632.2022.2153854.","journal-title":"J Multiling Multicult Dev"},{"key":"9635_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2023.103033","volume":"115","author":"P Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao P, Zhu X, Yao Y, Liao X. Ideal L2 self, enjoyment, and strategy use in L2 integrated writing: A self-regulatory learning perspective. System. 2023;115:103033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2023.103033.","journal-title":"System"}],"container-title":["Discover Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09635-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09635-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09635-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T18:51:38Z","timestamp":1749840698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09635-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09635-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2948-2992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2948-2992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hunan Normal University in July 2023 (No. 2023673).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"This study was carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics norm"}},{"value":"Informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors gave their approval for the manuscript to be published.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"119"}}