{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T01:56:50Z","timestamp":1779242210200,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Computing"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-025-09643-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T11:25:59Z","timestamp":1749468359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Secure edge-based smart grid communication using lightweight authentication modeling with autoencoders and real-world data"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Omar Abdullah","family":"Saleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mesut","family":"Cevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"9643_CR1","first-page":"1345","volume":"9","author":"A Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith A, et al. Autoencoder-based anomaly detection for edge computing. IEEE Internet Things J. 2020;9(3):1345\u201356.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"9643_CR2","unstructured":"Lee K, Park H. Securing smart grids using lightweight models. In: Proceedings of IEEE Smart Energy Systems Conference, 2019."},{"issue":"2","key":"9643_CR3","first-page":"300","volume":"15","author":"M Ali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ali M, et al. Scalable authentication mechanisms for IoT and smart grids. J Grid Comput. 2021;15(2):300\u201315.","journal-title":"J Grid Comput"},{"key":"9643_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.04.004","volume":"85","author":"S Kaur","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaur S. Deep learning for anomaly detection in edge-based smart grids. Comput Secur. 2019;85:25\u201340.","journal-title":"Comput Secur"},{"issue":"7","key":"9643_CR5","first-page":"67","volume":"56","author":"F Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang F, et al. Security challenges in edge-based smart grid communication. IEEE Commun Mag. 2021;56(7):67\u201374.","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"issue":"2","key":"9643_CR6","first-page":"10","volume":"20","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zhou M. A lightweight framework for IoT-based smart grids. ACM Trans Internet Technol. 2019;20(2):10\u201325.","journal-title":"ACM Trans Internet Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9643_CR7","first-page":"123","volume":"7","author":"P Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang P, et al. Designing secure smart grid communication systems with autoencoders. Energy Inf J. 2020;7(3):123\u201335.","journal-title":"Energy Inf J"},{"issue":"12","key":"9643_CR8","first-page":"5123","volume":"46","author":"H Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim H, et al. Anomaly detection for distributed smart grid environments. IEEE Trans Cybernet. 2023;46(12):5123\u201335.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybernet"},{"key":"9643_CR9","first-page":"245","volume":"22","author":"G Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu G, Tan L. Efficient data preprocessing for smart grid communication security. Elsevier J Energy Syst. 2022;22:245\u201360.","journal-title":"Elsevier J Energy Syst"},{"issue":"5","key":"9643_CR10","first-page":"2314","volume":"19","author":"C Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang C. AI-based anomaly detection in IoT-driven smart grids. IEEE Sens J. 2018;19(5):2314\u201324.","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"key":"9643_CR11","unstructured":"Doe J. Lightweight authentication for smart grids: a comprehensive study. IEEE Trans Smart Grid. 8(4):1500\u20131512."},{"issue":"4","key":"9643_CR12","first-page":"412","volume":"28","author":"D Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel D, et al. Smart grid edge devices and security implications. J Secur Appl. 2019;28(4):412\u201325.","journal-title":"J Secur Appl"},{"key":"9643_CR13","first-page":"567","volume":"14","author":"E Garcia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia E, et al. Robust authentication mechanisms for edge-based smart grid systems. Springer Smart Grid J. 2020;14:567\u201380.","journal-title":"Springer Smart Grid J"},{"key":"9643_CR14","first-page":"123","volume":"12","author":"T Nakamura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nakamura T. Latency-efficient communication in smart grids. J Grid Efficiency. 2023;12:123\u201335.","journal-title":"J Grid Efficiency"},{"issue":"6","key":"9643_CR15","first-page":"1125","volume":"15","author":"JR Brown","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brown JR, et al. A comparative study of smart grid authentication models. IEEE Trans Cybersecur. 2023;15(6):1125\u201340.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybersecur"},{"key":"9643_CR16","first-page":"75401","volume":"7","author":"A Lopez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lopez A, et al. Lightweight encryption and authentication protocols for smart grids. IEEE Access. 2019;7:75401\u201314.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9643_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/info12080328","volume":"12","author":"R Qi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qi R, Rasband C, Zheng J, Longoria R. Detecting cyber attacks in smart grids using semi-supervised anomaly detection and deep representation learning. Information. 2021;12:328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info12080328.","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"9643_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities7040085","volume":"7","author":"D Agnew","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agnew D, Boamah S, Bretas A, McNair J. Network security challenges and countermeasures for software-defined smart grids: a survey. Smart Cities. 2024;7:2131\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/smartcities7040085.","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"9643_CR19","first-page":"2020","volume":"1\u201314","author":"Z Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen Z, et al. Adaptive anomaly detection using autoencoders in smart grids. J Electr Comput Eng. 2020;1\u201314:2020.","journal-title":"J Electr Comput Eng"},{"key":"9643_CR20","first-page":"452","volume":"9","author":"S Jain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jain S. Energy-efficient communication protocols for edge-based IoT systems. Elsevier Sustain Energy J. 2021;9:452\u201365.","journal-title":"Elsevier Sustain Energy J"},{"key":"9643_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.2968183","volume":"15","author":"R Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar R, et al. Scalable cybersecurity framework for distributed smart grids. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur. 2020;15:2514\u201323.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"issue":"3","key":"9643_CR22","first-page":"212","volume":"13","author":"H Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh H, Kaur V. Anomaly detection in smart grids using machine learning. Energy Inf J. 2019;13(3):212\u201325.","journal-title":"Energy Inf J"},{"issue":"2","key":"9643_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2018.2872905","volume":"34","author":"L Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang L, et al. Performance analysis of lightweight authentication in smart grids. IEEE Trans Power Syst. 2019;34(2):1515\u201325.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"9643_CR24","first-page":"310","volume":"16","author":"A Hassan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hassan A. Robust anomaly detection in industrial IoT applications. J Industr Eng Manage. 2021;16:310\u201320.","journal-title":"J Industr Eng Manage"},{"key":"9643_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74733-6","volume":"14","author":"SA Sharaf","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharaf SA, Ragab M, Albogami N, et al. Advanced mathematical modeling of mitigating security threats in smart grids through deep ensemble model. Sci Rep. 2024;14:23069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-74733-6.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"9643_CR26","first-page":"36","volume":"19","author":"R Verma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verma R. Threat mitigation in edge-based smart grids using autoencoders. ACM Trans Embedded Comput Syst. 2020;19(4):36\u201350.","journal-title":"ACM Trans Embedded Comput Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"9643_CR27","first-page":"1120","volume":"21","author":"C Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith C. A multi-stage anomaly detection approach for smart grid communication. IEEE Sens J. 2021;21(2):1120\u201332.","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"key":"9643_CR28","first-page":"273","volume":"15","author":"M Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park M. Scalability challenges in lightweight authentication. IEEE Trans IoT Syst. 2020;15:273\u201384.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans IoT Syst"},{"key":"9643_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-5442(87)90076-4","volume":"12","author":"R Gupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta R, et al. AI-driven anomaly detection for smart grid communication. ACM J Energy Inf. 2021;12:187\u201399.","journal-title":"ACM J Energy Inf"},{"key":"9643_CR30","first-page":"145","volume":"11","author":"F Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan F. Latent feature extraction in IoT security models. IEEE Trans Mach Learn Appl. 2020;11:145\u201357.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mach Learn Appl"},{"key":"9643_CR31","first-page":"410","volume":"17","author":"P Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar P, et al. Data preprocessing for smart grid anomaly detection. Elsevier Energy Technol J. 2020;17:410\u201323.","journal-title":"Elsevier Energy Technol J"},{"key":"9643_CR32","first-page":"340","volume":"20","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao Y. Anomaly detection speed optimization in edge-based grids. J Secure Energy Syst. 2021;20:340\u201352.","journal-title":"J Secure Energy Syst"},{"key":"9643_CR33","first-page":"567","volume":"14","author":"N Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel N, Brown J. Hybrid IoT models for smart grid security. IEEE Trans Industr Appl. 2019;14:567\u201380.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Appl"},{"key":"9643_CR34","first-page":"245","volume":"13","author":"C Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith C. Comparative analysis of lightweight security protocols. Springer J Grid Comput. 2020;13:245\u201358.","journal-title":"Springer J Grid Comput"},{"key":"9643_CR35","first-page":"1789","volume":"21","author":"J Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin J, et al. Efficient anomaly detection for edge-based communication. IEEE Sens J. 2021;21:1789\u2013801.","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"key":"9643_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith et al. A lightweight framework for securing IoT devices in smart grids. J Smart Syst. 2020;12(4):456\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1000\/smith2020.","DOI":"10.1000\/smith2020"},{"key":"9643_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doe et al. Evaluating energy efficiency in distributed smart grid systems. Energy Inf Res. 2019;8(2):123\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1000\/doe2019.","DOI":"10.1000\/doe2019"},{"key":"9643_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee et al. Scalable anomaly detection methods for edge-based smart grids. IEEE Trans Smart Syst. 2021;15(1):98\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1000\/lee2021.","DOI":"10.1000\/lee2021"}],"container-title":["Discover Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09643-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09643-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09643-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T11:26:07Z","timestamp":1749468367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09643-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09643-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2948-2992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2948-2992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"110"}}