{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T02:26:09Z","timestamp":1783995969188,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031728","name":"Walter Sisulu University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031728","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Computing"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>This study investigates password management challenges and human factor vulnerabilities within a South African district health department using a quantitative approach with 50 respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed, guided by the Human Factor Diamond (HFD) model as an analytical lens. Results highlight poor password hygiene, with 60% of users reusing passwords and 20% never updating them. Significant associations were found between operational delays and unclear role assignment (p\u2009&lt;.001), while a positive correlation (\u03c1\u2009=.416, p\u2009=.003) linked perceived system security with data protection confidence. Inconsistent training and decentralised policy enforcement exacerbate cybersecurity risks. While nearly half of the respondents rated current reset mechanisms as effective, many expressed the need for clearer guidance, stronger safeguards, and improved support. Human factors, including digital literacy, preparedness, and role clarity, emerged as central barriers to effective password management. The study recommends centralised oversight, enhanced training, and secure, user-friendly technologies such as multi-factor authentication and AI-supported reset systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-025-09659-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T08:31:19Z","timestamp":1752481879000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Strengthening cybersecurity in a government department by addressing password management challenges and human factor vulnerabilities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Matipa Ricky","family":"Ngandu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gardner","family":"Mwansa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyanda","family":"Mkabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"9659_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08348-9","volume":"119","author":"OI Abiodun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abiodun OI, Abiodun EO, Alawida M, Alkhawaldeh RS, Arshad H. A review on the security of the internet of things: challenges and solutions. Wireless Pers Commun. 2021;119(3):2603\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08348-9.","journal-title":"Wireless Pers Commun"},{"key":"9659_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19393555.2025.2469519","author":"SE Adewumi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Adewumi SE, Ani UD. Impact of detection accuracy rates on phishing email spikes: towards more effective mitigation. Info Secur J Glob Perspect. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19393555.2025.2469519.","journal-title":"Info Secur J Glob Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"9659_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp5010006","volume":"5","author":"A Alali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alali A, Theodorakopoulos G. Partial fake speech attacks in the real world using deepfake audio. J Cybersecur Privacy. 2025;5(1):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcp5010006.","journal-title":"J Cybersecur Privacy"},{"key":"9659_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34028\/iajit\/19\/1\/7","author":"Y Al-Slais","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Slais Y, El-Medany W. User-centric adaptive password policies to combat password fatigue. Int Arab J Info Technol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34028\/iajit\/19\/1\/7.","journal-title":"Int Arab J Info Technol"},{"key":"9659_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anghel M, Pereteanu G-C. Cyber security approaches in e-learning. 2020. 4820\u20134825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21125\/inted.2020.1323","DOI":"10.21125\/inted.2020.1323"},{"issue":"2","key":"9659_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp1020012","volume":"1","author":"M Antunes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Antunes M, Maximiano M, Gomes R, Pinto D. Information security and cybersecurity management: a case study with SMEs in Portugal. J Cybersecur Privacy. 2021;1(2):219\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcp1020012.","journal-title":"J Cybersecur Privacy"},{"issue":"1","key":"9659_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-018-0724-5","volume":"19","author":"ST Argaw","year":"2019","unstructured":"Argaw ST, Bempong N-E, Eshaya-Chauvin B, Flahault A. The state of research on cyberattacks against hospitals and available best practice recommendations: a scoping review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2019;19(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-018-0724-5.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"9659_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Armas R, Taherdoost H. Exploring cybersecurity training and awareness approaches 2024, pp. 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-97-5791-6_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-5791-6_1"},{"issue":"6","key":"9659_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12061333","volume":"12","author":"\u00d6 Aslan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aslan \u00d6, Aktu\u011f SS, Ozkan-Okay M, Yilmaz AA, Akin E. A comprehensive review of cyber security vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, and solutions. Electronics. 2023;12(6):1333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics12061333.","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"2","key":"9659_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1108\/ICS-07-2021-0093","volume":"30","author":"B Bhana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhana B, Flowerday SV. Usability of the login authentication process: passphrases and passwords. Info Comput Secur. 2022;30(2):280\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ICS-07-2021-0093.","journal-title":"Info Comput Secur"},{"key":"9659_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhavana SU, Doreen Hephzibah Miriam D, Rene Robin CR. Understanding the implications of SIM card swap fraud in india: a comprehensive study. 2024 International Conference on Communication, Computing and Internet of Things (IC3IoT), 2024, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IC3IoT60841.2024.10550217","DOI":"10.1109\/IC3IoT60841.2024.10550217"},{"key":"9659_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carr M, Shahandashti SF. Revisiting security vulnerabilities in commercial password managers 2020, pp. 265\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-58201-2_18","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58201-2_18"},{"issue":"3","key":"9659_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3391195","volume":"53","author":"H Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen H, Pendleton M, Njilla L, Xu S. A survey on ethereum systems security. ACM Comput Surv. 2021;53(3):1\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3391195.","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"issue":"4","key":"9659_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-023-00669-z","volume":"22","author":"FT Chimuco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chimuco FT, Sequeiros JBF, Lopes CG, Sim\u00f5es TMC, Freire MM, In\u00e1cio PRM. Secure cloud-based mobile apps: attack taxonomy, requirements, mechanisms, tests and automation. Int J Inf Secur. 2023;22(4):833\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10207-023-00669-z.","journal-title":"Int J Inf Secur"},{"key":"9659_CR15","unstructured":"Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). Multi-factor authentication guidance. n.d. https:\/\/www.cisa.gov\/topics\/cybersecurity-best-practices\/multifactor-authentication. Accessed 24 Jan 2025."},{"key":"9659_CR16","unstructured":"Das S, Wang B, Tingle Z, Camp LJ. Evaluating user perception of multi-factor authentication a systematic review. 2019. https:\/\/harzing.com\/resources\/publish-or-perish"},{"key":"9659_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dziembowski S, Jarecki S, Kedzior P, Krawczyk H, Ngo CN, Xu J. Password-protected threshold signatures 2025, pp. 174\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-96-0891-1_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-0891-1_6"},{"issue":"1","key":"9659_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-024-02451-1","volume":"13","author":"OL Finnegan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Finnegan OL, White JW, Armstrong B, Adams EL, Burkart S, Beets MW, Nelakuditi S, Willis EA, von Klinggraeff L, Parker H, Bastyr M, Zhu X, Zhong Z, Weaver RG. The utility of behavioral biometrics in user authentication and demographic characteristic detection: a scoping review. Syst Rev. 2024;13(1):61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-024-02451-1.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"9659_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119672357","volume-title":"Hacking multifactor authentication","author":"RA Grimes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grimes RA. Hacking multifactor authentication. Wiley; 2020."},{"issue":"4","key":"9659_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v11i4.pp3410-3423","volume":"11","author":"A Hamas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hamas A, Muneer A, Fati SM. Smart security door system using SMS based energy harvest. IJECE. 2021;11(4):3410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11591\/ijece.v11i4.pp3410-3423.","journal-title":"IJECE"},{"key":"9659_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3660853.3660930","author":"AA Hammad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hammad AA, Ahmed SR, Abdul-Hussein MK, Ahmed MR, Majeed DA, Algburi S. Deep reinforcement learning for adaptive cyber defense in network security. Proc Cogn Models Artif Intell Conf. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3660853.3660930.","journal-title":"Proc Cogn Models Artif Intell Conf"},{"key":"9659_CR22","unstructured":"Healthcare Dive. Passwords in healthcare: a doctor\u2019s perspective on why they aren\u2019t working. 2023. https:\/\/www.healthcaredive.com"},{"key":"9659_CR23","unstructured":"Healthcare ITSM. Healthcare business password manager: enhancing system security. 2023. https:\/\/healthcareitsm.com"},{"issue":"1","key":"9659_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp2010001","volume":"2","author":"TBG Herath","year":"2022","unstructured":"Herath TBG, Khanna P, Ahmed M. Cybersecurity practices for social media users: a systematic literature review. J Cybersecur Privacy. 2022;2(1):1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcp2010001.","journal-title":"J Cybersecur Privacy"},{"key":"9659_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hitaj B, Gasti P, Ateniese G, Perez-Cruz F. PassGAN: a deep learning approach for password guessing (pp. 217\u2013237). 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-21568-2_11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21568-2_11"},{"key":"9659_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Innocenti T, Mirheidari SA, Kharraz A, Crispo B, Kirda E. You\u2019ve Got (a Reset) Mail: A Security Analysis of Email-Based Password Reset Procedures (pp. 1\u201320). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-80825-9_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80825-9_1"},{"key":"9659_CR27","unstructured":"Kebande VR. The impact of virtual laboratories on active learning and engagement in cybersecurity distance education. 2024. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.04952"},{"key":"9659_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lei Z, Nan Y, Fratantonio Y, Bianchi A. On the Insecurity of SMS One-Time Password Messages against Local Attackers in Modern Mobile Devices. Proc 2021 Netw Distrib Syst Secur Symp. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14722\/ndss.2021.24212","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2021.24212"},{"key":"9659_CR29","unstructured":"Leyden L. Sensitive client emails, usernames, passwords exposed in Deloitte hack. The Register. 2017. https:\/\/www.theregister.com\/2017\/09\/25\/deloitte_email_breach\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com"},{"issue":"1","key":"9659_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2020.2975789","volume":"19","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Chen Z, Wang H, Sun K, Jajodia S. Understanding account recovery in the wild and its security implications. IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput. 2022;19(1):620\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TDSC.2020.2975789.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput"},{"issue":"14","key":"9659_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v15i14.14669","volume":"15","author":"Z-J Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Z-J, Tretyakova N, Fedorov V, Kharakhordina M. Digital literacy and digital didactics as the basis for new learning models development. IJET. 2020;15(14):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijet.v15i14.14669","journal-title":"IJET"},{"key":"9659_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.879","volume":"8","author":"S Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu S, Huang K, Meraj T, Rauf HT. A novel CAPTCHA solver framework using deep skipping convolutional neural networks. PeerJ Comput Sci. 2022;8: e879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj-cs.879.","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput Sci"},{"key":"9659_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma S, Feng R, Li J, Liu Y, Nepal S, Diethelm B, Deng RH, Ma Z, Jha S. An empirical study of SMS one-time password authentication in Android apps. Proc 35th Annual Comput Secur Appl Conf. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3359789.3359828","DOI":"10.1145\/3359789.3359828"},{"issue":"3","key":"9659_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.18280\/ria.370319","volume":"37","author":"JS Mane","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mane JS, Bhosale S. Advancements in biometric authentication systems: a comprehensive survey on internal traits, multimodal systems, and vein pattern biometrics. Revue d\u2019Intelligence Artificielle. 2023;37(3):709\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18280\/ria.370319.","journal-title":"Revue d\u2019Intelligence Artificielle"},{"issue":"1","key":"9659_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.34218\/IJRCAIT_08_01_042","volume":"8","author":"M Manoharan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Manoharan M. Multi-factor authentication and passwordless authentication: the future of SAAS security. IJRCAIT. 2025;8(1):509\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34218\/IJRCAIT_08_01_042.","journal-title":"IJRCAIT"},{"key":"9659_CR36","unstructured":"MedPro Group. Password security: Best practices for healthcare organizations. 2023. https:\/\/www.medpro.com"},{"key":"9659_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56536\/jebv.v3i1.46","author":"NA Memon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Memon NA, Shah GM, Warsi F. Unlocking the key to customer loyalty in Pakistan\u2019s e-logistics industry: a quantitative survey analysis. J Entrepr Bus Ventur. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56536\/jebv.v3i1.46.","journal-title":"J Entrepr Bus Ventur"},{"key":"9659_CR38","unstructured":"Meyer LA, Romero S, Bertoli G, Burt T, Weinert A, Ferres JML. How effective is multifactor authentication at deterring cyberattacks? 2023. https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/publication\/how-effective-is-multifactor-authentication-at-deterring-cyberattacks\/"},{"key":"9659_CR39","unstructured":"Microsoft. Authentication methods in Microsoft Entra ID\u2014security questions. Microsoft. 2024. https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/entra\/identity\/authentication\/concept-authentication-security-questions"},{"issue":"10","key":"9659_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14101099","volume":"14","author":"G Mwansa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mwansa G, Ngandu MR, Dasi ZS. Enhancing practical skills in computer networking: evaluating the unique impact of simulation tools, particularly cisco packet tracer. Resour Constrain High Educ Sett Educ Sci. 2024;14(10):1099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci14101099.","journal-title":"Resour Constrain High Educ Sett Educ Sci"},{"key":"9659_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nash A, Choo K-KR. Password managers and vault application security and forensics: research challenges and future opportunities (pp. 31\u201353). 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-56583-0_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-56583-0_3"},{"issue":"4","key":"9659_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.55927\/esa.v3i4.10225","volume":"3","author":"AB Nasution","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nasution AB, Hrp AYN, Yudi Y, Fauzi M. Implementation of OTP code as application login verification via whatsapp. Indonesian J Appl Indus Sci. 2024;3(4):395\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55927\/esa.v3i4.10225.","journal-title":"Indonesian J Appl Indus Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"9659_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7120436","volume":"7","author":"OG Oyebanji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oyebanji OG, Mathole T, Jackson D. Promoting awareness of the role of the district clinical specialist team in the Amathole District, South Africa: a valuable specialty in improving healthcare access and quality. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022;7(12):436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed7120436.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"9659_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pietil\u00e4 A-M, Nurmi S-M, Halkoaho A, Kyng\u00e4s H. Qualitative research: ethical considerations. In: The application of content analysis in nursing science research (pp. 49\u201369). Springer International Publishing. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-30199-6_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30199-6_6"},{"key":"9659_CR45","unstructured":"Raintree Inc. Password best practices for healthcare: streamlining workflows with SSO. 2023. https:\/\/www.raintreeinc.com"},{"issue":"8","key":"9659_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10517","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-022-03707-1","volume":"14","author":"PM Rao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rao PM, Deebak BD. Security and privacy issues in smart cities\/industries: technologies, applications, and challenges. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput. 2023;14(8):10517\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12652-022-03707-1.","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput"},{"issue":"1145\/3485832","key":"9659_CR47","first-page":"3485889","volume":"10","author":"J Simmons","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simmons J, Diallo O, Oesch S, Ruoti S. Systematization of password manageruse cases and design paradigms. Annual Comput Security Appl Conf. 2021;10(1145\/3485832):3485889.","journal-title":"Annual Comput Security Appl Conf"},{"issue":"12","key":"9659_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-020-03213-1","volume":"76","author":"H Tabrizchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tabrizchi H, Kuchaki Rafsanjani M. A survey on security challenges in cloud computing: issues, threats, and solutions. J Supercomput. 2020;76(12):9493\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11227-020-03213-1.","journal-title":"J Supercomput"},{"key":"9659_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2017.081005","author":"M Taleby","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taleby M, Li Q, Rabbani M, Raza A. A survey on smartphones security: software vulnerabilities, malware, and attacks. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14569\/IJACSA.2017.081005.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"key":"9659_CR50","unstructured":"Twingate Team. What happened in the Dropbox data breach? 2024. https:\/\/www.twingate.com\/blog\/tips\/dropbox-data-breach?utm_source=chatgpt.com"},{"issue":"1","key":"9659_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.30564\/ssid.v3i1.3152","volume":"3","author":"J Williamson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williamson J, Curran K. The role of multi-factor authentication for modern day security. Semiconductor Sci Info Dev. 2021;3(1):16\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30564\/ssid.v3i1.3152.","journal-title":"Semiconductor Sci Info Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"9659_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2042384","volume":"42","author":"V Zimmermann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zimmermann V, Marky K, Renaud K. Hybrid password meters for more secure passwords\u2014a comprehensive study of password meters including nudges and password information. Behav Info Technol. 2023;42(6):700\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2042384.","journal-title":"Behav Info Technol"}],"container-title":["Discover Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09659-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09659-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09659-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T08:45:17Z","timestamp":1757234717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09659-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09659-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2948-2992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2948-2992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The need for ethical approval was waived by the Department of Networking and IT Support (Walter Sisulu University) research and ethics committee for this study. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. This study does not use any patient data nor conduct any medical trials. This study adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki (). All human subjects who participated in this study freely participated. Informed consent was obtained from all individual respondents included in the study. This study does not use any patient data nor conduct any medical trials. This study adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki ().","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The respondents in the study have provided informed consent to the publication of anonymised results to the journal. This study does not use any patient data nor conduct any medical trials. This study adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki ().","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"148"}}