{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T04:36:53Z","timestamp":1768970213085,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Computing"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-025-09674-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T09:22:12Z","timestamp":1753089732000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhanced modified SecOC protocol for secure automotive networks a comprehensive cryptographic framework"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Amjad","family":"Nsour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subramaniam","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"9674_CR1","first-page":"209","volume":"14","author":"A Alshaeri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alshaeri A, Younis M. Protocols for secure remote access to vehicle onboard diagnostic systems in smart cities. IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag. 2022;14(5):209\u201321.","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag"},{"issue":"1","key":"9674_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58694-4","volume":"14","author":"T Andreica","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andreica T, Musuroi A, Anistoroaei A, Jichici C, Groza B. Blockchain integration for in-vehicle can bus intrusion detection systems with ISO\/SAE 21434 compliant reporting. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):1\u201317.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"9674_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2023.100639","volume":"44","author":"A Anwar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anwar A, Anwar A, Moukahal L, Zulkernine M. Security assessment of in-vehicle communication protocols. Vehicular Commun. 2023;44: 100639.","journal-title":"Vehicular Commun"},{"issue":"July","key":"9674_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88907","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3200375","volume":"10","author":"TA Awaad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Awaad TA, El-Kharashi MW, Taher M, Ammar KA. An intelligent, two-stage, in-vehicle diagnostic-based secured framework. IEEE Access. 2022;10(July):88907\u201319.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9674_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Bella, P. Biondi, G. Costantino, and I. Matteucci. Cinnamon: A module for autosar secure onboard communication. In Proc. - 16th Eur. Dependable Comput. Conf. EDCC 2020, pages 103\u2013110, 2020.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDCC51268.2020.00026"},{"key":"9674_CR6","first-page":"2022","volume":"218","author":"G Bella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bella G, Biondi P, Costantino G, Matteucci I. Designing and implementing an autosar-based basic software module for enhanced security. Comput Networks. 2020;218:2022.","journal-title":"Comput Networks"},{"key":"9674_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1145\/3019612.3019682","volume":"F128005","author":"C Bernardeschi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bernardeschi C, Di Natale M, Dini G, Varano D. Modeling and generation of secure component communications in autosar. In Proc ACM Symp Appl Comput. 2017;F128005:1473\u201380.","journal-title":"In Proc ACM Symp Appl Comput"},{"key":"9674_CR8","unstructured":"S. Bharati, P. Podder, M. R. H. Mondal, and M. R. A. Robel. Threats and countermeasures of cyber security in direct and remote vehicle communication systems, 2020. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.08723."},{"key":"9674_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42334","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3168320","volume":"10","author":"IW Damaj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Damaj IW, Yousafzai JK, Mouftah HT. Future trends in connected and autonomous vehicles: enabling communications and processing technologies. IEEE Access. 2022;10:42334\u201345.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9674_CR10","unstructured":"B. Glas, J. Guajardo, H. Hacioglu, M. Ihle, K. Wehefritz, and A. Yavuz. Signal-based automotive communication security and its interplay with safety requirements. 2012."},{"issue":"2","key":"9674_CR11","first-page":"293","volume":"13","author":"TN Minh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Minh TN, LEE SH. Combustion and emission characteristics of wood pyrolysis oil-butanol blended fuels in a di diesel engine. Int J. 2012;13(2):293\u2013300.","journal-title":"Int J"},{"key":"9674_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Lauser, D. Zelle, D. Kern, C. Krau\u00df, and L. Volker. Security protocols for ethernet-based in-vehicle communication, 2024.","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC61989.2024.10575984"},{"key":"9674_CR13","first-page":"12","volume":"10","author":"T Lauser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lauser T, Zelle D, Krau\u00df C. Security analysis of automotive protocols. In Proc CSCS ACM Comput Sci Cars Symp. 2020;10:12.","journal-title":"In Proc CSCS ACM Comput Sci Cars Symp."},{"issue":"6","key":"9674_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2007.906878","volume":"56","author":"X Lin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lin X, Sun X, Ho P, Shen XS. A secure and privacy preserving protocol for. IEEE Trans Veh Technol. 2007;56(6):3442\u201356.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"9674_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Longari, A. Cannizzo, M. Carminati, and S. Zanero. A secure-by-design framework for automotive on-board network risk analysis. In IEEE Veh. Netw. Conf. VNC, volume 2019-December, 2019.","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC48660.2019.9062783"},{"issue":"23","key":"9674_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239211","volume":"22","author":"F Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo F, Bella G, Biondi P, Costantino G, Matteucci I. Cybersecurity testing for automotive domain: a survey. Sensors. 2022;22(23):10.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"9674_CR17","first-page":"20","volume":"180","author":"A Mart\u0131nez-Cruz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mart\u0131nez-Cruz A, Ram\u0131rez-Gutierrez KA, Feregrino-Uribe C, Morales-Reyes A. Security on in-vehicle communication protocols: issues, challenges, and future research directions. Comput Commun. 2021;180(1):20.","journal-title":"Comput Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"9674_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4889","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3247339","volume":"24","author":"E Moradi-Pari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moradi-Pari E, Tian D, Bahramgiri M, Rajab S, Bai S. DSRC versus LTE-V2X: empirical performance analysis of direct vehicular communication technologies. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst. 2023;24(5):4889\u2013903.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"9674_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3390\/vehicles6010020","volume":"6","author":"MMA Muslam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Muslam MMA. Enhancing security in vehicle-to-vehicle communication: a comprehensive review of protocols and techniques. Vehicles. 2024;6(1):450\u201367.","journal-title":"Vehicles"},{"key":"9674_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Oberti, E. Sanchez, A. Savino, F. Parisi, M. Brero, and S. Di Carlo. Lin-mm: Multiplexed message authentication code for local interconnect network message authentication in road vehicles. In Proc. - 2022 IEEE 28th Int. Symp. On-Line Test. Robust Syst. Des. IOLTS 2022, 2022.","DOI":"10.1109\/IOLTS56730.2022.9897819"},{"key":"9674_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Plappert, F. Fenzl, R. Rieke, I. Matteucci, G. Costantino, and M. De Vincenzi. Secpat: Security patterns for resilient automotive e\/e architectures. In Proc. - 30th Euromicro Int. Conf. Parallel, Distrib. Network-Based Process. PDP 2022, pages 255\u2013264, 2022.","DOI":"10.1109\/PDP55904.2022.00047"},{"key":"9674_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176679","author":"RS Rathore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rathore RS, Hewage C, Kaiwartya O, Lloret J. In-vehicle communication cyber security: challenges and solutions. Sensors. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22176679.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"9674_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Schweppe, Y. Roudier, and B. Weyl. Car2x communication: securing the last meter, 2011. http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=enbtnG=Searchq=intitle:Car2X+Communication+:+Securing+the+Last+Meter1.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2011.6093081"},{"key":"9674_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114854","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3104854","volume":"9","author":"C Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma C, Moylan S, Vasserman EY, Amariucai GT. Review of the security of backward-compatible automotive inter-ECU communication. IEEE Access. 2021;9:114854\u201369.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9674_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Studnia, V. Nicomette, E. Alata, Y. Deswarte, M. Kaaniche, and Y. Laarouchi. Survey on security threats and protection mechanisms in embedded automotive networks, 2013","DOI":"10.1109\/DSNW.2013.6615528"},{"key":"9674_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9143563","author":"Y Salami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salami Y, Khajehvand V, Zeinali E. SAIFC: a secure authentication scheme for IOV based on fog-cloud federation. Security Commun Netw. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/9143563.","journal-title":"Security Commun Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"9674_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-023-05499-3","volume":"80","author":"SSSR Depuru","year":"2024","unstructured":"Depuru SSSR. SOS-FCI: a secure offloading scheme in fog\u2013cloud-based IoT,\". J Supercomput. 2024;80(1):570\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11227-023-05499-3.","journal-title":"J Supercomput"},{"issue":"1","key":"9674_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56141-y","volume":"14","author":"E Rahmatpour","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rahmatpour E, Esmaeili A. a new secure offloading approach for internet of vehicles in fog-cloud federation. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):56141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-56141-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"9674_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56141-y","volume":"14","author":"Y Salami","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salami Y, Khajehvand V, Zeinali E. A new secure offloading approach for internet of vehicles in fog-cloud federation. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):5576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-56141-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"9674_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Salami, \"SOBT-UF: Secure Offloading in Blockchain Infrastructure for Intelligent Transportation Systems Using 5G-Enabled UAVs Within a Fog-Edge Computing Federation,\" in Proceedings of the 2024 19th Iranian Conference on Intelligent Systems (ICIS), Tehran, Iran, Oct. 2024, pp. 217\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICIS64839.2024.10887460","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIS64839.2024.10887460"},{"key":"9674_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Salami, V. Khajehvand, and E. Zeinali, \"LSMAK-IOV: Lightweight Secure Mutual AKE Scheme in Fog-Based IoV,\" in Proceedings of the 2024 10th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (QICAR), Doha, Qatar, Feb. 2024, pp. 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/QICAR61538.2024.10496659","DOI":"10.1109\/QICAR61538.2024.10496659"},{"issue":"1","key":"9674_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-023-05499-3","volume":"80","author":"Y Salami","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salami Y, Khajehvand V, Zeinali E. SOS-FCI: a secure offloading scheme in fog\u2013cloud-based IoT. J Supercomput. 2024;80(1):570\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11227-023-05499-3.","journal-title":"J Supercomput"}],"container-title":["Discover Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09674-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09674-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09674-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T16:33:43Z","timestamp":1757262823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09674-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9674"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09674-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2948-2992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2948-2992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This research study solely involves the use of historical datasets. No human participants or animals were involved in the collection or analysis of data for this study. As a result, ethical approval was not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human participants and\/or animals"}},{"value":"Not Applicable: This research does not involve personal data, and publishing of this manuscript will not result in the disruption of any individual\u2019s privacy.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"155"}}