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Using a mixed-methods design\u2014combining quantitative surveys of 458 students and qualitative interviews with 40 participants, this research integrates three frameworks: (1) the ABC-E model of AIL, encompassing affective, behavioral, cognitive, and ethical dimensions; (2) CKP, which involves competences such as collaboration, integration, creativity, sustainability, adaptability, engagement, and technological aspects; and (3) IL principles<jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold> Cultural interpretations are informed by Hofstede\u2019s six-dimensional model of national culture, with a focus on the Power Distance Index (PDI) and the Individualism\u2013Collectivism (IDV) dimensions. Quantitative analysis employed PLS-SEM and Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to uncover linear and non-linear relationships, while qualitative findings supported the multi-group analysis. Cross-cultural comparisons revealed that Finland emphasizes ethical AI use, China highlights innovation, Bangladesh focuses on problem-solving applications, and Turkey reflects multicultural collaboration\u2014each of which influences students\u2019 engagement with AI tools in distinct ways. The findings underscore CKP as a critical bridge between AIL and IL, highlighting the need for context-sensitive, collaborative pedagogies that equip students to address AI-driven challenges and lead inclusively in diverse global settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-025-09695-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T04:11:06Z","timestamp":1755144666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The nexus of artificial intelligence literacy collaborative knowledge practices and inclusive leadership development among higher education students in Bangladesh China Finland and Turkey"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Zaheer","family":"Asghar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Javed","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fatih Mutlu","family":"\u00d6zbilen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joinal","family":"Abedin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"J\u00e4rvenoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ultra","family":"Widanapathirana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"9695_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmed S, Simha A. 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