{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:38:17Z","timestamp":1780400297075,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Computing"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-025-09779-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T12:22:06Z","timestamp":1762863726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An efficient lightweight authentication scheme for smart healthcare in IoMT applications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Merchant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Panchami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Justine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sivaraman","family":"Eswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"9779_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-022-01300-z","volume":"3","author":"AN Bahache","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bahache AN, Chikouche N, Mezrag F. Authentication schemes for healthcare applications using wireless medical sensor networks: a survey. SN Comput Sci. 2022;3(5):382.","journal-title":"SN Comput Sci"},{"key":"9779_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192177","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3032680","volume":"8","author":"S Son","year":"2020","unstructured":"Son S, Lee J, Kim M, Yu S, Das AK, Park Y. Design of secure authentication protocol for cloud-assisted telecare medical information system using blockchain. IEEE Access. 2020;8:192177\u201391.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9779_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171771","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3022429","volume":"8","author":"X Xiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiang X, Wang M, Fan W. A permissioned blockchain-based identity management and user authentication scheme for e-health systems. IEEE Access. 2020;8:171771\u201383.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9779_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2023.07.042","volume":"212","author":"V Panchami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Panchami V, Mathews MM, Justine S, et al. A provably secure, privacy-preserving lightweight authentication scheme for peer-to-peer communication in healthcare systems based on internet of medical things. Comput Commun. 2023;212:284\u201397.","journal-title":"Comput Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"9779_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3202968","volume":"19","author":"M Zia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zia M, Obaidat MS, Mahmood K, Shamshad S, Saleem MA, Chaudhry SA. A provably secure lightweight key agreement protocol for wireless body area networks in healthcare system. IEEE Trans Ind Inform. 2023;19(2):1683\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2022.3202968.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inform"},{"issue":"2","key":"9779_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eij.2022.02.004","volume":"23","author":"K Azbeg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Azbeg K, Ouchetto O, Andaloussi SJ. Blockmedcare: a healthcare system based on iot, blockchain and ipfs for data management security. Egypt Inform J. 2022;23(2):329\u201343.","journal-title":"Egypt Inform J"},{"key":"9779_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178183","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3025733","volume":"8","author":"AM Almuhaideb","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almuhaideb AM, Alqudaihi KS. A lightweight and secure anonymity preserving protocol for wban. IEEE Access. 2020;8:178183\u201394.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9779_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.06.010","volume":"160","author":"A Gupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gupta A, Tripathi M, Sharma A. A provably secure and efficient anonymous mutual authentication and key agreement protocol for wearable devices in wban. Comput Commun. 2020;160:311\u201325.","journal-title":"Comput Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"9779_CR9","first-page":"2793116","volume":"2022","author":"AS Rajasekaran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rajasekaran AS, Azees M. An anonymous blockchain-based authentication scheme for secure healthcare applications. Secur Commun Netw. 2022;2022(1):2793116.","journal-title":"Secur Commun Netw"},{"key":"9779_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175385","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3026630","volume":"8","author":"ZU Rehman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rehman ZU, Altaf S, Iqbal S. An efficient lightweight key agreement and authentication scheme for wban. IEEE Access. 2020;8:175385\u201397.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"9779_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-020-00963-w","volume":"14","author":"M Vivekanandan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vivekanandan M, Sastry VN, Srinivasulu Reddy U. Bidapsca5g: Blockchain based internet of things (iot) device to device authentication protocol for smart city applications using 5g technology. Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl. 2021;14(1):403\u201319.","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl"},{"key":"9779_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133809","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3115706","volume":"9","author":"ZU Rehman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rehman ZU, Altaf S, Ahmad S, Huda S, Al-Shayea AM, Iqbal S. An efficient, hybrid authentication using ecg and lightweight cryptographic scheme for wban. IEEE Access. 2021;9:133809\u201319.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"21","key":"9779_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21838","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3181609","volume":"9","author":"X Jia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jia X, Luo M, Wang H, Shen J, He D. A blockchain-assisted privacy-aware authentication scheme for internet of medical things. IEEE Internet Things J. 2022;9(21):21838\u201350.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"9779_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2025.107706","volume":"166","author":"A Yao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yao A, Pal S, Li G, Li X, Zhang Z, Jiang F, et al. Fedshufde: a privacy preserving framework of federated learning for edge-based smart uav delivery system. Futur Gener Comput Syst. 2025;166:107706.","journal-title":"Futur Gener Comput Syst"},{"key":"9779_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3529808","author":"C Dong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dong C, Pal S, Chen S, Jiang F, Liu X. A privacy-aware task distribution architecture for uav communications system using blockchain. IEEE Internet of Things J. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3529808.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things J"},{"key":"9779_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao A, Pal S, Dong C, Li X, Liu X. A framework for user biometric privacy protection in uav delivery systems with edge computing. In: 2024 IEEE international conference on pervasive computing and communications workshops and other affiliated events (PerCom Workshops), 2024; 631\u2013636. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/PerComWorkshops59983.2024.10502849"},{"key":"9779_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang K, Deng J, Dong C, Naseem U, Liu T, Feng H, Wang W. Mocfl: Mobile cluster federated learning framework for highly dynamic network. In: Proceedings of the ACM on web conference 2025;2025:5065\u20135074.","DOI":"10.1145\/3696410.3714515"},{"issue":"1","key":"9779_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-024-06801-7","volume":"81","author":"C Trivedi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Trivedi C, Parmar K, Rao UP. Almash: an anonymity-based lightweight mutual authentication scheme for internet of healthcare things. J Supercomput. 2025;81(1):301.","journal-title":"J Supercomput"},{"issue":"12","key":"9779_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-19379-2","volume":"84","author":"L Khajehzadeh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khajehzadeh L, Barati H, Barati A. A lightweight authentication and authorization method in iot-based medical care. Multimed Tools Appl. 2024;84(12):11137\u201376.","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"9779_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2017.03.013","volume":"129","author":"X Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li X, Ibrahim MH, Kumari S, Sangaiah AK, Gupta V, Choo K-KR. Anonymous mutual authentication and key agreement scheme for wearable sensors in wireless body area networks. Comput Netw. 2017;129:429\u201343.","journal-title":"Comput Netw"},{"issue":"3","key":"9779_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-022-03205-4","volume":"29","author":"S Mandal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mandal S. Provably secure certificateless protocol for wireless body area network. Wirel Netw. 2022;29(3):1421\u201338.","journal-title":"Wirel Netw"},{"key":"9779_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diffie W, Hellman ME. New directions in cryptography. In: Democratizing cryptography: the work of Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, 2022; pp. 365\u2013390.","DOI":"10.1145\/3549993.3550007"},{"key":"9779_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9210761","volume":"2022","author":"J Iqbal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iqbal J, Adnan M, Khan Y, AlSalman H, Hussain S, Ullah SS, et al. Designing a healthcare-enabled software-defined wireless body area network architecture for secure medical data and efficient diagnosis. J Healthcare Eng. 2022;2022:1\u201319.","journal-title":"J Healthcare Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"9779_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4667586","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4667586","volume":"2021","author":"Y Salami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salami Y, Khajehvand V. Lske: lightweight secure key exchange scheme in fog federation. Complexity. 2021;2021(1):4667586.","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"9779_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salami Y, Khajehvand V, Zeinali E. Lsmak-iov: Lightweight secure mutual ake scheme in fog-based iov. In: 2024 10th international conference on artificial intelligence and robotics (QICAR), 2024; pp. 1\u20135. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/QICAR61538.2024.10496659"},{"issue":"1","key":"9779_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-023-05499-3","volume":"80","author":"Y Salami","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salami Y, Khajehvand V, Zeinali E. Sos-fci: a secure offloading scheme in fog-cloud-based iot. J Supercomput. 2024;80(1):570\u2013600.","journal-title":"J Supercomput"},{"issue":"1","key":"9779_CR27","first-page":"9143563","volume":"2023","author":"Y Salami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salami Y, Khajehvand V, Zeinali E. Saifc: a secure authentication scheme for iov based on fog-cloud federation. Secur Commun Netw. 2023;2023(1):9143563.","journal-title":"Secur Commun Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"9779_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56141-y","volume":"14","author":"Y Salami","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salami Y, Khajehvand V, Zeinali E. A new secure offloading approach for internet of vehicles in fog-cloud federation. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):5576.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"9779_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salami Y. Sobt-uf: Secure offloading in blockchain infrastructure for intelligent transportation systems using 5g-enabled uavs within a fog-edge computing federation. In: 2024 19th Iranian conference on intelligent systems (ICIS), 2024; pp. 217\u2013222. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIS64839.2024.10887460"},{"issue":"1","key":"9779_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1145\/77648.77649","volume":"8","author":"M Burrows","year":"1990","unstructured":"Burrows M, Abadi M, Needham R. A logic of authentication. ACM Trans Comput Syst (TOCS). 1990;8(1):18\u201336.","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput Syst (TOCS)"},{"key":"9779_CR31","unstructured":"Cremers CJF. Scyther: semantics and verification of security protocols, 2006."},{"key":"9779_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kompara M, Hafizul Islam SK, H\u00f6lbl M. A robust and efficient mutual authentication and key agreement scheme with untraceability for WBANs. Comput Net 2019;148:196\u2013213.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.11.016"}],"container-title":["Discover Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09779-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09779-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09779-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T12:22:09Z","timestamp":1762863729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09779-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09779-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2948-2992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2948-2992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not Applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"Not Applicable","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"This study does not involve a clinical trial; therefore, registration is not required.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical Trial Registration"}},{"value":"The authors declare no Conflict of interest.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"261"}}