{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T15:18:45Z","timestamp":1782832725853,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Social Science Federation","award":["2026N165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026N165"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Computing"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-025-09830-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T19:59:24Z","timestamp":1764446364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Leveraging generative AI powered rubric-indexed feedback as a formative assessment strategy for enhancing medical English education"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9170-1192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"9830_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agustini NPO. Examining the role of ChatGPT as a learning tool in promoting students\u2019 English language learning autonomy relevant to Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar. EDUKASIA: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran. 2023;4(2):921\u201334. https:\/\/jurnaledukasia.org\/index.php\/edukasia\/article\/download\/373\/281","DOI":"10.62775\/edukasia.v4i2.373"},{"issue":"3","key":"9830_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/1469787416654794","volume":"17","author":"KM Baker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baker KM. Peer review as a strategy for improving students\u2019 writing process. Act Learn High Educ. 2016;17(3):179\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1469787416654794.","journal-title":"Act Learn High Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"9830_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.567","volume":"59","author":"SW Beck","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beck SW, Levine S. The next word: A framework for imagining the benefits and harms of generative AI as a resource for learning to write. Read Res Q. 2024;59(4):706\u201315.","journal-title":"Read Res Q"},{"key":"9830_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compcom.2024.102833","volume":"71","author":"A Bedington","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bedington A, Halcomb EF, McKee HA, Sargent T, Smith A. Writing with generative AI and human-machine teaming: insights and recommendations from faculty and students. Comput Compos. 2024;71:102833.","journal-title":"Comput Compos"},{"issue":"1","key":"9830_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/0969595980050102","volume":"5","author":"P Black","year":"1998","unstructured":"Black P, Wiliam D. Assessment and classroom learning. Assess Educ. 1998;5(1):7\u201374.","journal-title":"Assess Educ"},{"key":"9830_CR6","volume-title":"Associates. Assessment 2020: seven propositions for assessment reform in higher education","author":"D Boud","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boud D. Associates. Assessment 2020: seven propositions for assessment reform in higher education. Sydney: Australian Learning and Teaching Council; 2010."},{"key":"9830_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315042565","volume-title":"Peer learning in higher education: learning from and with each other","author":"D Boud","year":"2001","unstructured":"Boud D, Cohen R, Sampson J. Peer learning in higher education: learning from and with each other. 1st ed. London: Routledge; 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315042565.","edition":"1"},{"issue":"2","key":"9830_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2020.1765310","volume":"48","author":"D Boud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boud D, Dawson P. What feedback literate teachers do: an empirically-derived competency framework. Assess Eval High Educ. 2021;48(2):158\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02602938.2020.1765310.","journal-title":"Assess Eval High Educ"},{"key":"9830_CR9","first-page":"57","volume-title":"APA handbook of research methods in psychology: research designs","author":"V Braun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic analysis. In: Cooper H, Camic PM, Long DL, Panter AT, Rindskopf D, Sher KJ, editors. APA handbook of research methods in psychology: research designs. Volume 2. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2012. pp. 57\u201371."},{"issue":"4","key":"9830_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806","volume":"11","author":"V Braun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health. 2019;11(4):589\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806.","journal-title":"Qual Res Sport Exerc Health"},{"key":"9830_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qual Res Psychol. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14780887.2020.1769238","DOI":"10.1080\/14780887.2020.1769238"},{"key":"9830_CR12","unstructured":"Cai J. Design considerations for the \u2018Chinese academic english competency scale\u2019: categorization and grading. Foreign Lang Teach Theory Pract. 2023;(2)."},{"issue":"7","key":"9830_CR13","first-page":"178","volume":"38","author":"Y Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao Y. Peer feedback in L2 writing: theory and practice. J Jilin Prov Educ Coll. 2022;38(7):178\u201382.","journal-title":"J Jilin Prov Educ Coll"},{"issue":"8","key":"9830_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2018.1463354","volume":"43","author":"D Carless","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carless D, Boud D. The development of student feedback literacy: enabling uptake of feedback. Assess Eval High Educ. 2018;43(8):1315\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02602938.2018.1463354.","journal-title":"Assess Eval High Educ"},{"key":"9830_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clark E, Ross AS, Tan C, Ji Y, Smith NA. Creative writing with a machine in the loop: case studies on slogans and stories. Proc 23rd Int Conf Intell User Interfaces. 2018;329\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3172944.3172983.","DOI":"10.1145\/3172944.3172983"},{"key":"9830_CR16","unstructured":"Cui Y, Gai X, Zhang S. The effectiveness of peer feedback and its feasibility in english writing instruction. Foreign Lang Educ China. 2019;(2):3\u20139."},{"issue":"1","key":"9830_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.20071\/j.cnki.xdwy.20241030.011","volume":"48","author":"XL Cui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cui XL. Disciplinary development issues in linguistics in the AI era. Mod Foreign Lang. 2025;48(1):139\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20071\/j.cnki.xdwy.20241030.011.","journal-title":"Mod Foreign Lang"},{"key":"9830_CR18","volume-title":"Cognitive models of writing: writing proficiency as a complex integrated skill","author":"P Deane","year":"2008","unstructured":"Deane P, Odendahl N, Quinlan T, Fowles M, Welsh C, Bivens-Tatum J. Cognitive models of writing: writing proficiency as a complex integrated skill. Princeton (NJ): Educational Testing Service; 2008."},{"key":"9830_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2025.2536609","author":"M De Wet","year":"2025","unstructured":"De Wet M, Silva D, M. O., Bohnsack R. Can AI give good feedback on essay-type assignments? An explorative case study of LLMs in higher education. Innovations Educ Teach Int. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14703297.2025.2536609.","journal-title":"Innovations Educ Teach Int"},{"key":"9830_CR20","unstructured":"Dickson Z. Doubao Review: ByteDance\u2019s Game-Changing AI Assistant. AIPURE. 2024. https:\/\/aipure.ai\/articles\/doubao-review-bytedances-game-changing-ai-assistant. Accessed 27 Aug 2024."},{"key":"9830_CR21","unstructured":"Fan L. On the mechanism guarantee of the construction of new Liberal arts. China High Educ Res. 2023;(5):4\u20138."},{"key":"9830_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fathi J, Rahimi M. Utilising artificial intelligence-enhanced writing mediation to develop academic writing skills in EFL learners: A qualitative study. Comput Assist Lang Learn. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2024.2374772","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2024.2374772"},{"key":"9830_CR23","volume-title":"The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research","author":"BG Glaser","year":"1967","unstructured":"Glaser BG, Strauss AL. The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter; 1967."},{"key":"9830_CR24","unstructured":"Google. What is generative AI and what are its applications? Google Cloud. 2023. https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/use-cases\/generative-ai. Accessed 25 Feb 2024."},{"key":"9830_CR25","unstructured":"Grimes D, Warschauer M. Utility in a fallible tool: A multi-site case study of automated writing evaluation. J Technol Learn Assess. 2010;8(6). https:\/\/ejournals.bc.edu\/index.php\/jtla\/article\/view\/1625"},{"key":"9830_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104862","volume":"203","author":"K Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo K, Zhong Y, Li D, Chu S. Effects of chatbot-assisted in-class debates on students\u2019 argumentation skills and task motivation. Comput Educ. 2023;203:104862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104862.","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9830_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12812","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12812","volume":"60","author":"Y Guo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo Y, Wang Y. Exploring the effects of artificial intelligence application on EFL students\u2019 academic engagement and emotional experiences: A mixed-methods study. Eur J Educ. 2025;60(1):e12812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.12812.","journal-title":"Eur J Educ"},{"key":"9830_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gvenetadze N. Importance of english Language for medical students. Mod Issues Med Manag. 2022;23(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56580\/GEOMEDI0010.","DOI":"10.56580\/GEOMEDI0010"},{"key":"9830_CR29","unstructured":"He L. New Liberal arts and the construction of foreign Language disciplines - The exploration and practice of comprehensive universities. China Foreign Lang. 2021;(1):8\u20139."},{"key":"9830_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong WCH. The impact of ChatGPT on foreign language teaching and learning: Opportunities in education and research. J Educ Technol Innov. 2023;5(1):37\u201345. https:\/\/jeti.thewsu.org\/index.php\/cieti\/article\/view\/103\/64","DOI":"10.61414\/jeti.v5i1.103"},{"key":"9830_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang JYT, Mizumoto A. The effects of generative AI usage in EFL classrooms on the L2 motivational self system. Educ Inf Technol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13071-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13071-6"},{"key":"9830_CR32","first-page":"12","volume":"2","author":"JL Jiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiao JL, Chen T. Empowering english teaching with large Language models: four scenarios. Foreign Lang Educ Technol. 2023;2:12\u20137. 106.","journal-title":"Foreign Lang Educ Technol"},{"key":"9830_CR33","volume-title":"Effective assessment in a digital age: A guide to technology-enhanced assessment and feedback","author":"JISC","year":"2010","unstructured":"JISC. Effective assessment in a digital age: A guide to technology-enhanced assessment and feedback. Bristol: JISC; 2010."},{"key":"9830_CR34","unstructured":"Jourdan L, Boudin F, Dufour R, Hernandez N. Text revision in scientific writing assistance: An overview. arXiv. 2023. https:\/\/arxiv.org"},{"issue":"8","key":"9830_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2022.2093914","volume":"30","author":"NT Kerman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kerman NT, Noroozi O, Banihashem SK, Karami M, Biemans HJ. Online peer feedback patterns of success and failure in argumentative essay writing. Interact Learn Environ. 2022;30(8):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2022.2093914.","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"key":"9830_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim S, Yang JW, Lim J. The impact of writing on academic performance for medical students. BMC Med Educ. 2021;21(61). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-021-02485-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02485-2"},{"key":"9830_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100156","volume":"5","author":"L Kohnke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kohnke L, Moorhouse B, Zou D. Exploring generative artificial intelligence preparedness among university Language instructors: A case study. Comput Educ Artif Intell. 2023;5:100156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100156.","journal-title":"Comput Educ Artif Intell"},{"key":"9830_CR38","first-page":"100371","volume":"8","author":"L Kohnke","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kohnke L, Zou D, Su F. Exploring the potential of GenAI for personalised english teaching: learners\u2019 experiences and perceptions. Comput Educ. 2025;8:100371.","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"9830_CR39","unstructured":"Koraishi O. Teaching English in the age of AI: Embracing ChatGPT to optimize EFL materials and assessment. Lang Educ Technol (LET J). 2023;3(1):55\u201372. https:\/\/langedutech.com\/letjournal\/index.php\/let\/article\/download\/48\/37"},{"key":"9830_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2023.100338","volume":"12","author":"MC Laupichler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Laupichler MC, Aster A, Haverkamp N, Raupach T. Development of the scale for the assessment of non-experts\u2019 AI literacy: an exploratory factor analysis. Comput Hum Behav Rep. 2023;12:100338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbr.2023.100338.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav Rep"},{"key":"9830_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-01953-1","author":"BC Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee BC, Chung J. An empirical investigation of the impact of ChatGPT on creativity. Nat Hum Behav. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-024-01953-1.","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"9830_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li AW. Exploring revision as a self-regulated process in EFL writing [master\u2019s thesis]. Vancouver (Canada): University of British Columbia; 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14288\/1.0407287","DOI":"10.14288\/1.0407287"},{"key":"9830_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asw.2023.100746","volume":"57","author":"AW Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li AW. Using peerceptiv to support AI-based online writing assessment across the disciplines. Assess Writ. 2023;57:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asw.2023.100746.","journal-title":"Assess Writ"},{"key":"9830_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-023-10466-8","volume":"37","author":"AW Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li AW, Hebert M. Unpacking an online peer-mediated and self-reflective revision process in second-language persuasive writing. Read Writ. 2023;37:1545\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11145-023-10466-8.","journal-title":"Read Writ"},{"key":"9830_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612088","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.612088","volume":"11","author":"AW Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li AW, Zhang F. Tracing the path toward self-regulated revision: an interplay of instructor feedback, peer feedback, and revision goals. Front Psychol. 2021;11:612088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.612088.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9830_CR46","first-page":"1","volume":"38","author":"SL Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li SL. Reflections on the cultivation of college students\u2019 Language and professional skills under the background of new Liberal arts. J Shangqiu Norm Univ. 2022;38(3):1\u20135.","journal-title":"J Shangqiu Norm Univ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9830_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082089","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2022.2082089","volume":"9","author":"I Lipsch-Wijnen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lipsch-Wijnen I, Dirkx K. A case study of the use of the hattie and Timperley feedback model on written feedback in thesis examination in higher education. Cogent Educ. 2022;9(1):2082089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2331186X.2022.2082089.","journal-title":"Cogent Educ"},{"issue":"7","key":"9830_CR48","first-page":"171","volume":"40","author":"L Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu L. Exploration and application of the scaffolding teaching model in college english writing instruction. J Changchun Norm Univ. 2021;40(7):171\u20135.","journal-title":"J Changchun Norm Univ"},{"key":"9830_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2024.23","author":"ZM Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu ZM, Hwang GJ, Chen CQ, Chen XD, Ye XD. Integrating large Language models into EFL writing instruction: effects on performance, self-regulated learning strategies, and motivation. Comput Assist Lang Learn. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2024.23.","journal-title":"Comput Assist Lang Learn"},{"key":"9830_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loem M, Kaneko M, Takase S, Okazaki N. Exploring effectiveness of GPT-3 in grammatical error correction: A study on performance and controllability in prompt-based methods. arXiv. 2023. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2305.18156","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.bea-1.18"},{"key":"9830_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marzuki, Widiati U, Rusdin D, Indrawati D, Indrawati I. The impact of AI writing tools on the content and organization of students\u2019 writing: EFL teachers\u2019 perspective. Cogent Educ. 2023;10(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2331186X.2023.2236469.","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2023.2236469"},{"issue":"2","key":"9830_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmal.2023.100050","volume":"2","author":"A Mizumoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mizumoto A, Eguchi M. Exploring the potential of using an AI Language model for automated essay scoring. Res Methods Appl Linguist. 2023;2(2):100050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmal.2023.100050.","journal-title":"Res Methods Appl Linguist"},{"key":"9830_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11917-z","author":"A Mohamed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohamed A. Exploring the potential of an AI-based chatbot (ChatGPT) in enhancing english as a foreign Language (EFL) teaching: perceptions of EFL faculty members. Educ Inf Technol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11917-z.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9830_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.17239\/jowr-2016.08.01.05","volume":"8","author":"NS Moore","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moore NS, MacArthur CA. Student use of automated essay evaluation technology during revision. J Writ Res. 2016;8(1):149\u201375.","journal-title":"J Writ Res"},{"key":"9830_CR55","unstructured":"Munoz S, Gayoso G, Huambo A, Tapia R, Incaluque J, Aguila O et al. Examining the impacts of ChatGPT on student motivation and engagement. Soc Space J. 2023;23(1). https:\/\/socialspacejournal.eu\/menu-script\/index.php\/ssj\/article\/download\/156\/68"},{"issue":"5","key":"9830_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/02602931003786559","volume":"35","author":"D Nicol","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nicol D. From monologue to dialogue: improving written feedback processes in mass higher education. Assess Eval High Educ. 2010;35(5):501\u201317.","journal-title":"Assess Eval High Educ"},{"key":"9830_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12757","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11683-y","volume":"28","author":"O Noroozi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noroozi O, Banihashem SK, Biemans HJ, Smits M, Vervoort MT, Verbaan CL. Design, implementation, and evaluation of an online supported peer feedback module to enhance students\u2019 argumentative essay quality. Educ Inf Technol. 2023;28:12757\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11683-y.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9830_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2018.1543200","volume":"28","author":"O Noroozi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Noroozi O, Hatami J, Bayat A, van Ginkel S, Biemans HJ, Mulder M. Students\u2019 online argumentative peer feedback, essay writing, and content learning: does gender matter? Interact Learn Environ. 2020;28(6):698\u2013712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2018.1543200.","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"9830_CR59","first-page":"253","volume":"52","author":"Y Pan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pan Y. Discussion on effective feedback strategies in college english teaching under the evaluation theory. J Wenzhou Med Univ. 2022;52(3):253\u20138.","journal-title":"J Wenzhou Med Univ"},{"key":"9830_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pan Y. Global healthcare communication: innovating medical english education. Cogent Educ. 2025;12(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2331186X.2025.2482505.","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2025.2482505"},{"key":"9830_CR61","volume-title":"Qualitative evaluation and research methods","author":"MQ Patton","year":"1990","unstructured":"Patton MQ. Qualitative evaluation and research methods. 2nd ed. Newbury Park (CA): Sage; 1990.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"9830_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000271225","volume":"15","author":"J Piaget","year":"1972","unstructured":"Piaget J. Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood. Hum Dev. 1972;15(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Hum Dev"},{"key":"9830_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12598-y","volume":"29","author":"K Qu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qu K, Wu X. ChatGPT as a CALL tool in Language education: A study of hedonic motivation adoption models in english learning environments. Educ Inf Technol. 2024;29:19471\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12598-y.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9830_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00117714","volume":"18","author":"DR Sadler","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sadler DR. Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems. Instr Sci. 1989;18(2):119\u201344.","journal-title":"Instr Sci"},{"issue":"46","key":"9830_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00478-x","volume":"21","author":"MF Shahzad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shahzad MF, Xu S, Javed I. ChatGPT awareness, acceptance, and adoption in higher education: the role of trust as a cornerstone. Int J Educ Technol High Educ. 2024;21(46):1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-024-00478-x.","journal-title":"Int J Educ Technol High Educ"},{"key":"9830_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260843","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1260843","volume":"14","author":"C Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song C, Song Y. Enhancing academic writing skills and motivation: assessing the efficacy of ChatGPT in AI-assisted Language learning for EFL students. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1260843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1260843.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"9830_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2024.101894","volume":"91","author":"J Steiss","year":"2024","unstructured":"Steiss J, Tate T, Graham S, Cruz J, Hebert M, Wang J, et al. Comparing the quality of human and ChatGPT feedback on students\u2019 writing. Learn Instr. 2024;91:101894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2024.101894.","journal-title":"Learn Instr"},{"key":"9830_CR68","volume-title":"Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques","author":"A Strauss","year":"1990","unstructured":"Strauss A, Corbin J. Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park (CA): Sage; 1990."},{"key":"9830_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tan M, Subramonyam H. More than model documentation: Uncovering teachers\u2019 bespoke information needs for informed classroom integration of ChatGPT. Proc CHI Conf Hum Factors Comput Syst. 2024;1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3613904.3642592.","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642592"},{"key":"9830_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tai J, Molloy E, Haines T, Canny B. Same-level peer-assisted learning in medical clinical placements: A narrative systematic review. Med Educ 2016;(4).","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12898"},{"issue":"6","key":"9830_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410500345172","volume":"25","author":"KJ Topping","year":"2005","unstructured":"Topping KJ. Trends in peer learning. Educ Psychol. 2005;25(6):631\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443410500345172.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9830_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/00405840802577569","volume":"48","author":"KJ Topping","year":"2009","unstructured":"Topping KJ. Peer assessment. Theory into Pract. 2009;48(1):20\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00405840802577569.","journal-title":"Theory into Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"9830_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1515\/jccall-2023-0008","volume":"3","author":"W Tseng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tseng W, Warschauer M. AI-writing tools in education: if you can\u2019t beat them, join them. J China Computer-Assisted Lang Learn. 2023;3(2):258\u201362.","journal-title":"J China Computer-Assisted Lang Learn"},{"key":"9830_CR74","volume-title":"Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes","author":"LS Vygotsky","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vygotsky LS. Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 1978."},{"issue":"1","key":"9830_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70054","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.70054","volume":"60","author":"C Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang C, Li X, Zou B. Revisiting integrated model of technology acceptance among the generative AI-powered foreign Language speaking practice: through the lens of positive psychology and intrinsic motivation. Eur J Educ. 2025;60(1):e70054.","journal-title":"Eur J Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"9830_CR76","first-page":"1","volume":"26","author":"M Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang M, Zhang T. Reflections and explorations on the construction of new Liberal arts in colleges and universities\u2014With discussions on the construction of foreign Language and literature disciplines. J Tianjin Foreign Stud Univ. 2019;26(6):1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Tianjin Foreign Stud Univ"},{"key":"9830_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warschauer M, Tseng W, Yim S, Webster T, Jacob S, Du Q, Tate T. The affordances and contradictions of AI-generated text for writers of english as a second or foreign Language. J Second Lang Writ. 2023;62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jslw.2023.101071"},{"issue":"2","key":"9830_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1191\/1362168806lr190oa","volume":"10","author":"M Warschauer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Warschauer M, Ware P. Automated writing evaluation: defining the classroom research agenda. Lang Teach Res. 2006;10(2):157\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1362168806lr190oa.","journal-title":"Lang Teach Res"},{"key":"9830_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2025.103791","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Y, Derakhshan A, Ghiasvand F. EFL teachers\u2019 generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) literacy: A scale development and validation study. System. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2025.103791.","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"1","key":"9830_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12874","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12874","volume":"60","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang X, Gao Y, Wang Q, Zhang P. Fostering engagement in AI-assisted Chinese EFL classrooms: the role of classroom climate, AI literacy, and resilience. Eur J Educ. 2025;60(1):e12874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.12874.","journal-title":"Eur J Educ"},{"key":"9830_CR81","volume-title":"Voices of the mind: A Sociocultural approach to mediated action","author":"JV Wertsch","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wertsch JV. Voices of the mind: A Sociocultural approach to mediated action. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 1991."},{"key":"9830_CR82","unstructured":"Wharton School. Practical AI for instructors and students part 1: Introduction to AI for teachers and students. YouTube. 2023. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=t9gmyvf7JYo&list=PLwRdpYzPkkn302_rL5RrXvQE8j0jLP02j%26index=1"},{"key":"9830_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104985","volume":"211","author":"J Wilson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wilson J, Zhang F, Palermo C, Cordero TC, Myers MC, Eacker H, et al. Predictors of middle school students\u2019 perceptions of automated writing evaluation. Comput Educ. 2024;211:104985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104985.","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"9830_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu C, Zhang YW, Li AW. Peer feedback and Chinese medical students\u2019 english academic writing development: A longitudinal intervention study. BMC Med Educ. 2023;23(578). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04574-w.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04574-w"},{"issue":"2","key":"9830_CR85","first-page":"3","volume":"2","author":"Y Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu Y. New mission, broad pattern, new Liberal arts, and foreign languages. Front Foreign Lang Educ. 2019;2(2):3\u20137. 90.","journal-title":"Front Foreign Lang Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9830_CR86","first-page":"62","volume":"43","author":"H Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu H. The design, layout, and teaching issues of foreign Language education acquisition planning in Chinese universities. Foreign Lang Teach. 2022;43(1):62\u20138. Chinese.","journal-title":"Foreign Lang Teach"},{"key":"9830_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11742-4","author":"D Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan D. Impact of ChatGPT on learners in a L2 writing practicum: an exploratory investigation. Educ Inform Technol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11742-4.","journal-title":"Educ Inform Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9830_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/13562517.2012.719154","volume":"18","author":"M Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang M, Carless D. The feedback triangle and the enhancement of dialogic feedback processes. Teach High Educ. 2013;18(3):285\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13562517.2012.719154.","journal-title":"Teach High Educ"},{"issue":"34","key":"9830_CR89","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"RX Yin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yin RX. Exploration of the reform of english teaching system in medical colleges and universities under the background of new medical science. China Continuing Med Educ. 2020;12(34):1\u20134.","journal-title":"China Continuing Med Educ"},{"key":"9830_CR90","unstructured":"Yu TC, Wilson NC, Singh PP et al. Medical students-as-teachers: A systematic review of peer-assisted teaching during medical school. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2011;(2)."},{"key":"9830_CR91","volume-title":"Vygotsky\u2019s educational theory","author":"ZQ Yu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yu ZQ. Vygotsky\u2019s educational theory. Beijing: People\u2019s Education; 2005a."},{"key":"9830_CR92","volume-title":"Vygotsky\u2019s pedagogical anthology","author":"Z Yu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yu Z. Vygotsky\u2019s pedagogical anthology. Beijing: People\u2019s Education; 2005b."},{"key":"9830_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100134","volume":"4","author":"C Zhai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhai C, Wibowo S. A systematic review on artificial intelligence dialogue systems for enhancing english as foreign Language students\u2019 interactional competence in the university. Computers Education: Artif Intell. 2023;4:100134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100134.","journal-title":"Computers Education: Artif Intell"},{"issue":"8","key":"9830_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2020.1724260","volume":"45","author":"F Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang F, Schunn CD, Li W, Long M. Changes in the reliability and validity of peer assessment across the college years. Assess Evaluation High Educ. 2020;45(8):1073\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02602938.2020.1724260.","journal-title":"Assess Evaluation High Educ"},{"key":"9830_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeap.2023.101255","volume":"64","author":"F Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang F, Schunn CD, Chen S, Li W, Li R. EFL student engagement with giving peer feedback in academic writing: A longitudinal study. J Engl Acad Purp. 2023;64:101255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jeap.2023.101255.","journal-title":"J Engl Acad Purp"},{"key":"9830_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2220374","author":"R Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang R, Zou D, Cheng G. Chatbot-based learning of logical fallacies in EFL writing: perceived effectiveness in improving target knowledge and learner motivation. Interact Learn Environ. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2023.2220374.","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"issue":"09","key":"9830_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.15937\/j.cnki.issn1001-8263.2021.09.017","volume":"407","author":"KY Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao KY. On the five major concepts of new Liberal arts. Nanjing Social Sci. 2021;407(09):147\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15937\/j.cnki.issn1001-8263.2021.09.017.","journal-title":"Nanjing Social Sci"},{"key":"9830_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zheng C, Yuan K, Guo B, Mogavi RH, Peng Z, Ma S et al. Charting the future of AI in project-based learning: A co-design exploration with students (Version 2). arXiv. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2401.14915","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2401.14915"},{"key":"9830_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou PB, Zhang L, Wang X, Niu YR, Wang HX, Guo S. Cultivating medical students\u2019 scientific and innovative abilities under the AI\u2009+\u2009X background. Res Pract Med Educ. 2024;03252\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13555\/j.cnki.c.m.e.2024.03.002.","DOI":"10.13555\/j.cnki.c.m.e.2024.03.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"9830_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.34105\/j.kmel.2023.15.008","volume":"15","author":"C Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu C, Sun M, Luo J, Li T, Wang M. How to Harness the potential of ChatGPT in education? Knowledge management &. E-Learning. 2023;15(2):133\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34105\/j.kmel.2023.15.008.","journal-title":"E-Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"9830_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2018.1446417","volume":"37","author":"Q Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu Q, Carless D. Dialogue within peer feedback processes: clarification and negotiation of meaning. High Educ Res Dev. 2018;37(4):883\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07294360.2018.1446417.","journal-title":"High Educ Res Dev"},{"key":"9830_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2410.23769","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Tang W, Sun Y, Yang X. The potential of LLMs in medical education: generating questions and answers for qualification exams. ArXiv Preprint arXiv:2410 23769. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2410.23769.","journal-title":"ArXiv Preprint arXiv:2410 23769"},{"key":"9830_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zounhin Toboula CM. Exploring the impact of AI-powered collaborative and interactive NLP apps on EFL teaching in the post-COVID-19 era. SSRN. 2023. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4398817","DOI":"10.5121\/ijci.2023.120213"}],"container-title":["Discover Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09830-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09830-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09830-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T19:59:30Z","timestamp":1764446370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09830-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09830-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2948-2992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2948-2992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved and issued by the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University (approval number: 2024061).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines for research involving human participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics norm"}},{"value":"Informed consent to participate in this study was obtained from all individual participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"All participants provided informed consent for the publication of data and findings derived from this study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"284"}}