{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:06:14Z","timestamp":1765353974207},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]],"date-time":"2005-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107216000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inf Syst Front"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-005-5335-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,14]],"date-time":"2005-02-14T13:03:30Z","timestamp":1108386210000},"page":"13-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Investigating Group Structure in CSCL: Some New Approaches"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Maarten","family":"De Laat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vic","family":"Lally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","unstructured":"Anderson T, Rourke L, Garrison DR, Archer W. Assessing Teaching Presence in a Computer Conference Context. 2000; Last Access Date: 27\/3\/01 Available at: http:\/\/www.atl.ualberta.ca\/cmc\/publications.html"},{"key":"CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2729.1997.00019.x","volume":"13","author":"M Baker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baker M, Lund K. Promoting reflective interactions in a CSCL environment. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 199713:175?193.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"CR3","unstructured":"Boekaerts M, Simons PRJ. Leren en instructie: psychologie van de leerling en het leerproces [Learning and Instruction: Psychology of the Learner and his Learning Process] Assen: Dekker & Van de Vegt, 1995."},{"issue":"1","key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X018001032","volume":"18","author":"JS Brown","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brown JS, Collins A, Duguid P. Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher 1989;18(1):32?42.","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"issue":"3","key":"CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0603_1","volume":"6","author":"MTH Chi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chi MTH. Quantifying qualitative analyses of verbal data: A Practical guide. The Journal of the Learning Sciences 1997;6(3):271?315.","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"CR6","volume-title":"Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions","author":"J Creswell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Creswell J. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions. London, UK: Sage, 1998."},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022596100142","volume":"31","author":"M De Laat","year":"2003","unstructured":"De Laat M, Lally V. Complexity, theory and praxis: Researching collaborative learning and tutoring processes in a networked learning community. Instructional Science 2003;31(1\/2):7?39.","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"key":"CR8","first-page":"1619","volume-title":"Proceedings on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications (ED-MEDIA)","author":"MF De Laat","year":"June 26?July 1, 2000","unstructured":"De Laat MF, De Jong FPCM, Ter Huurne J. Supporting a community of practice: The role of workers as learners. Paper presented at the Edmedia2000, Montreal, Canada. In: Bourdeau J, Heller R, eds. Proceedings on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications (ED-MEDIA), Montreal, Canada: AACE, June 26?July 1, 2000:1619?1622."},{"issue":"3","key":"CR9","first-page":"13","volume":"27","author":"MF De Laat","year":"2002","unstructured":"De Laat MF, Simons PRJ. Collective learning: Theoretical perspectives and ways to support networked learning. European Journal for Vocational Training 2002;27(3):13?24.","journal-title":"European Journal for Vocational Training"},{"issue":"4","key":"CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639402000402","volume":"20","author":"AR Dennis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dennis AR, Valacich JS. Group, sub-group, and nominal group idea generation: New rules for a new media. Journal of Management 1994;20(4):723?736.","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"CR11","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Constructivism and the Technology of Instruction: A Conversation","author":"TM Duffy","year":"1992","unstructured":"Duffy TM, Jonassen DH. Constructivism: New implications for instructional technology, Chapter 1. In: Duffy TM, Jonassen DH, eds. Constructivism and the Technology of Instruction: A Conversation. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992:1?16."},{"key":"CR12","volume-title":"Group Dynamics.","author":"DR Forsyth","year":"1999","unstructured":"Forsyth DR. Group Dynamics. Belmont: Brooks\/Cole-Wadsworth, 1999."},{"key":"CR13","unstructured":"Hakkarainen K. Epistemology of Scientific Inquiry in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning. University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 1998."},{"key":"CR14","first-page":"395","volume-title":"Designing for Change in Networked Learning. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL 2003)","author":"P Hakkinen","year":"June 14?18, 2003","unstructured":"Hakkinen P, Jarvela S, Makitalo K. Sharing perspectives in virtual interaction: Review of methods of analysis. In: Wason B, Ludvigsen S, Hoppe U, eds. Designing for Change in Networked Learning. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL 2003), Bergen, Norway: Kluwer, June 14?18, 2003:395?404."},{"key":"CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-77684-7_8","volume-title":"Collaborative Learning Through Computer Conferencing: The Najaden Papers","author":"F Henri","year":"1992","unstructured":"Henri F. Computer conferencing and content analysis. In: Kaye AR, ed. Collaborative Learning Through Computer Conferencing: The Najaden Papers. London: Springer-Verlag, 1992:117?136."},{"key":"CR16","volume-title":"Learning Together and Alone: Cooperative, Competitive and Individualistic Learning","author":"DW Johnson","year":"1999a","unstructured":"Johnson DW, Johnson RT. Learning Together and Alone: Cooperative, Competitive and Individualistic Learning. Boston: Allyon and Bacon, 1999a."},{"issue":"2","key":"CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/00405849909543834","volume":"38","author":"DW Johnson","year":"1999b","unstructured":"Johnson DW, Johnson RT. Making cooperative learning work. Theory into Practice 1999b;38(2):67?74.","journal-title":"Theory into Practice"},{"key":"CR18","volume-title":"Practical Guide to Using Video in the Behavioural Sciences","author":"N Kagan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kagan N, Kagan H. IPR?-A research\/training model. In: Dowrick PN, ed. Practical Guide to Using Video in the Behavioural Sciences. New York: Wiley, 1991."},{"key":"CR19","first-page":"83","volume-title":"CSCL: Theory and Practice of an Emerging Paradigm.","author":"T Koschmann","year":"1996","unstructured":"Koschmann T, Kelson AN, Feltovich P, Barrows HS. Computer supported problem based learning: A principled approach to the use of computers in collaborative learning. In: Koschmann T, ed. CSCL: Theory and Practice of an Emerging Paradigm. Hillsdale, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1996:83?123."},{"key":"CR20","first-page":"308","volume-title":"Proceedings on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL1999)","author":"T Koschmann","year":"1999","unstructured":"Koschmann T. Toward a Dialogic Theory of Learning: Bakhtin?s Contribution to Understanding Learning in Settings of Collaboration. In: Hoadley C, ed. Proceedings on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL1999), Palo Alto, CA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999:308?313."},{"key":"CR21","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL 2003)","author":"V Lally","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lally V, De Laat M. A Quartet in E: Investigating collaborative learning and tutoring as knowledge creation processes. In: Wasson B, Ludvigsen S, Hoppe U, eds. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL 2003), Bergen, Norway: Kluwer, 2003:47?56."},{"key":"CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815355","volume-title":"Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation","author":"J Lave","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lave J, Wenger E. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991."},{"key":"CR23","unstructured":"Makkonen P. Do WWW-based presentations support better (constructivist) learning in the basics of informatics? In: Nulden U, Hardless C, eds. CSCL a Nordic Perspective: Nordic Workshop on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning. Goteborg, Sweden, Goteborg University, 1999:57?66."},{"key":"CR24","volume-title":"Implementing Computer Supported Cooperative Learning","author":"D McConnell","year":"2000","unstructured":"McConnell D. Implementing Computer Supported Cooperative Learning, 2nd ed. London, UK: Kogan Page, 2000.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"CR25","volume-title":"Qualitative Data Analysis an Expanded Sourcebook","author":"MB Miles","year":"1994","unstructured":"Miles MB, Huberman AM. Qualitative Data Analysis an Expanded Sourcebook, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"CR26","first-page":"406","volume-title":"Proceedings on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL1999)","author":"H Muukonen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Muukonen H, Hakkarainen K, Lakkala M. Collaborative technology for facilitating progressive inquiry: Future learning environment tools. In: Hoadley C, ed. Proceedings on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL1999), Palo Alto, CA, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999:406?415."},{"key":"CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1145\/125319.125398","volume":"34","author":"DA Norman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Norman DA. Collaborative computing: Collaboration first, computing second. Communications of the ACM, 199134:88?90.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022556401959","volume":"31","author":"RM Pilkington","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pilkington RM, Walker SA. Facilitating debate in networked learning: Reflecting on online synchronous discussion in higher education. Instructional Science 2003;31(1\/2):41?63.","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"key":"CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849208741","volume-title":"Computer Assisted Text Analysis","author":"R Popping","year":"2000","unstructured":"Popping R. Computer Assisted Text Analysis. London, UK: Sage, 2000."},{"key":"CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/10096-000","volume-title":"Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition","author":"LB Resnick","year":"1991","unstructured":"Resnick LB. Shared cognition: Thinking as social practice. In: Resnick LB, Levine JM, Teasley SD, eds. Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition. Arlington VA, USA: American Psychological Association, 1991:1?20."},{"issue":"4 Spring","key":"CR31","first-page":"215","volume":"19","author":"NC Romano Jr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Romano NC Jr, Bauer CB, Chen HC, Nunamaker JF Jr. A methodology for analyzing web-based qualitative data. Journal of Management Information Systems 2003;19(4 Spring):215?248.","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"key":"CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"G Salomon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Salomon G, Perkins DN. Individual and social aspects of learning. Review of Research in Education 199823:1?24.","journal-title":"Review of Research in Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0303_3","volume":"3","author":"M Scardamalia","year":"1994","unstructured":"Scardamalia M, Bereiter C. Computer support for knowledge-building communities. The Journal of the Learning Sciences 1994;3(3):265?283.","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X027002004","volume":"27","author":"A Sfard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sfard A. On two metaphors for learning and the dangers of choosing just one. Educational Researcher 1998;27(2):4?13.","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"key":"CR35","unstructured":"Spencer D. Computer-mediated communications: State of the art group facilitation, collaboration and asynchronous learning networks. 2000; Last Access 25\/07\/03, Available at: http:\/\/web.njit.edu\/?hiltz\/CMC_SOTA_David.doc"},{"key":"CR36","volume-title":"What We Know About CSCL in Higher Education (in preparation)","author":"G Stahl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stahl G. Building collaborative knowing: Contributions to a social theory of CSCL. In: Strijbos W, Kirschner P, Martens R, eds. What We Know About CSCL in Higher Education (in preparation). Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2004."},{"key":"CR37","unstructured":"University of Sheffield. M.Ed. in E-Learning (formerly Networked Collaborative Learning). 2001; School of Education. Last Access Date: 31\/07\/01, Available at: http:\/\/www.shef.ac.uk\/uni\/projects\/ csnl\/medindex.htm"},{"issue":"4","key":"CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4752(00)00002-5","volume":"10","author":"C Van Boxtel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Van Boxtel C, Van der Linden J, Kanselaar G. Collaborative learning tasks and the elaboration of conceptual knowledge. Learning and Instruction 2000;10(4):311?330.","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47614-2_2","volume-title":"New Learning","author":"B Van Hout-Wolters","year":"2000","unstructured":"Van Hout-Wolters B, Simons PRJ, Volet S. Active learning: Self-directed learning and independent work. In: Simons PRJ, Van der Linden J, Duffy T, eds. New Learning. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academc Publishers, 2000:21?36."},{"key":"CR40","unstructured":"Veldhuis-Diermanse AE. CSCLearning? Participation, Learning Activities and Knowledge Construction in Computer-SupportedCollaborative Learning in Higher Education. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department of Education 2002."},{"key":"CR41","unstructured":"Vermunt JD. Leerstijlen en sturen van leerprocessen in het hoger onderwijs: Naar procesgerichte instructie in zelfstandig denken [Learning styles and regulation of learning in higher education: Towards process-oriented instruction in autonomous thinking, in Dutch]. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1992."},{"issue":"1","key":"CR42","first-page":"34","volume":"2","author":"R Wegerif","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wegerif R. The social dimension of asynchronous learning networks. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks 1998;2(1):34?49.","journal-title":"Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks"},{"key":"CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1037\/10096-004","volume-title":"Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition","author":"JV Wertsch","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wertsch JV. A sociocultural approach to socially shared cognition. In: Resnick LB, Levine JM, Teasley SD, eds. Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition, Arlington VA, USA: American Psychological Association, 1991;85?100."}],"container-title":["Information Systems Frontiers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10796-005-5335-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10796-005-5335-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10796-005-5335-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T20:36:05Z","timestamp":1559248565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10796-005-5335-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}},"alternative-id":["5335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10796-005-5335-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-3326","1572-9419"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-3326","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9419","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}}}