{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T20:46:07Z","timestamp":1778359567119,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inf Syst Front"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-022-10315-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T10:03:01Z","timestamp":1659520981000},"page":"1795-1810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Rumor Classification through a Multimodal Fusion Framework and Ensemble Learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3204-5740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abderrazek","family":"Azri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Favre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nouria","family":"Harbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Darmont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"No\u00fbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"10315_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ash, H.S., Putri, M.F., Mursanto, P., & Bustamam, A. (2019). Ensemble learning approach on indonesian fake news classification. In 3rd international conference on informatics and computational sciences 2019 (ICICoS) (pp. 1\u20136)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICoS48119.2019.8982409"},{"key":"10315_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azri, A., Favre, C., Harbi, N., Darmont, J., & No\u00fbs, C. (2021a). Calling to CNNLSTM for Rumor Detection: A deep multi-channel model for message Veracity Classification in Microblogs. In Joint European conference on machine learning and knowledge discovery in databases(ECML PKDD 2021) (Vol. 12979, pp. 497\u2013513). Bilbao, Spain","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86517-7_31"},{"key":"10315_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azri, A., Favre, C., Harbi, N., Darmont, J., & No\u00fbs, C. (2021b). MONITOR: A Multimodal Fusion Framework to Assess Message Veracity in Social Networks. In 25th European conference on advances in databases and information systems(ADBIS 2021) (Vol. 12843, pp. 73-87).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-82472-3_7"},{"key":"10315_CR4","unstructured":"Blei, D.M., Ng, A.Y., Jordan, M.I. (2003). Latent dirichlet allocation. The Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3 , 993-1022."},{"issue":"3","key":"10315_CR5","first-page":"7","volume":"3","author":"C Boididou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boididou, C., Andreadou, K., Papadopoulos, S., Dang-Nguyen, D.-T., Boato, G., Riegler, M., et al. (2015). Verifying multimedia use at mediaeval 2015. MediaEval, 3(3), 7.","journal-title":"MediaEval"},{"issue":"1","key":"10315_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s13735-017-0143-x","volume":"7","author":"C Boididou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boididou, C., Papadopoulos, S., Zampoglou, M., Apostolidis, L., Papadopoulou, O., & Kompatsiaris, Y. (2018). Detection and visualization of misleading content on Twitter. International Journal of Multimedia Information Retrieval, 7(1), 71\u201386.","journal-title":"International Journal of Multimedia Information Retrieval"},{"key":"10315_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo, C., Mendoza, M., & Poblete, B. (2011). Information credibility on twitter. In Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World wide web (pp. 675\u2013684)","DOI":"10.1145\/1963405.1963500"},{"key":"10315_CR8","unstructured":"Flennerhag, S. (2017). Ml-ensemble. Retrieved from https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.1042144"},{"key":"10315_CR9","unstructured":"Goodfellow, I., Pouget-Abadie, J., Mirza, M., Xu, B., Warde-Farley, D., Ozair, S., & Bengio, Y. (2014). Generative adversarial nets. In Advances in neural information processing systems (Vol. 27, pp. 2672\u20132680)"},{"key":"10315_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A., Lamba, H., Kumaraguru, P., & Joshi, A. (2013). Faking sandy: characterizing and identifying fake images on twitter during hurricane sandy. In Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web (pp. 729\u2013736)","DOI":"10.1145\/2487788.2488033"},{"key":"10315_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2020.106729","volume":"86","author":"D Gupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gupta, D., & Rani, R. (2020). Improving malware detection using big data and ensemble learning. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 86, 106729.","journal-title":"Computers & Electrical Engineering"},{"key":"10315_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, M., Zhao, P., & Han, J. (2012). Evaluating event credibility on twitter. In Proceedings of the 2012 SIAM international conference on data mining (pp. 153\u2013164)","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611972825.14"},{"key":"10315_CR13","unstructured":"Gutierrez-Espinoza, L., Abri, F., Namin, A.S., Jones, K.S., & Sears, D.R. (2020). Fake reviews detection through ensemble learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.07912"},{"issue":"3","key":"10315_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2016.2617078","volume":"19","author":"Z Jin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jin, Z., Cao, J., Zhang, Y., Zhou, J., & Tian, Q. (2017). Novel visual and statistical image features for microblogs news verification. IEEE transactions on multimedia, 19(3), 598\u2013608.","journal-title":"IEEE transactions on multimedia"},{"key":"10315_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaliyar, R.K., Goswami, A., & Narang, P. (2019). Multiclass fake news detection using ensemble machine learning. In IEEE 9th international conference on advanced computing (IACC) (pp. 103\u2013107)","DOI":"10.1109\/IACC48062.2019.8971579"},{"issue":"2","key":"10315_CR16","first-page":"271","volume":"2","author":"AG Karegowda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Karegowda, A. G., Manjunath, A., & Jayaram, M. (2010). Comparative study of attribute selection using gain ratio and correlation based feature selection. International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management, 2(2), 271\u2013277.","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"12","key":"10315_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-04436-y","volume":"24","author":"S Kaur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaur, S., Kumar, P., & Kumaraguru, P. (2020). Automating fake news detection system using multi-level voting model. Soft Computing, 24(12), 9049\u20139069.","journal-title":"Soft Computing"},{"key":"10315_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kauten, C., Gupta, A., Qin, X., & Richey, G. (2021). Predicting blood donors using machine learning techniques. Information Systems Frontiers, 1\u201316","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-021-10149-1"},{"key":"10315_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kincaid, J.P., Fishburne Jr, R.P., Rogers, R.L., & Chissom, B.S. (1975). Derivation of new readability formulas (automated readability index, fog count and flesch reading ease formula) for navy enlisted personnel","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA006655"},{"issue":"1","key":"10315_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168344","volume":"12","author":"S Kwon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kwon, S., Cha, M., & Jung, K. (2017). Rumor detection over varying time windows. PloS One, 12(1), e0168344.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10315_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, S., Cha, M., Jung, K., Chen, W., & Wang, Y. (2013). Prominent features of rumor propagation in online social media. In 2013 IEEE 13th international conference on data mining (pp. 1103\u20131108)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2013.61"},{"key":"10315_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.112582","volume":"208","author":"J Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, J., Wang, W., Harrou, F., & Sun, Y. (2020). Reliable solar irradiance prediction using ensemble learning-based models: A comparative study. Energy Conversion and Management, 208, 112582.","journal-title":"Energy Conversion and Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"10315_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-016-9689-z","volume":"20","author":"K Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, K., Park, J., Kim, I., & Choi, Y. (2018). Predicting movie success with machine learning techniques: ways to im-prove accuracy. Information Systems Frontiers, 20(3), 577\u2013588.","journal-title":"Information Systems Frontiers"},{"issue":"3","key":"10315_CR24","first-page":"507","volume":"10","author":"J Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, J., Li, X., Yang, B., & Sun, X. (2014). Segmentation-based image copy-move forgery detection scheme. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 10(3), 507\u2013518.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"key":"10315_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119402442","volume-title":"From photon to pixel: the digital camera handbook","author":"H Ma\u00eetre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma\u00eetre, H. (2017). From photon to pixel: the digital camera handbook. Wiley."},{"key":"10315_CR26","unstructured":"Martin, N., & Comm, B. (2014). Information verification in the age of digital journalism. In Special Libraries Association (SLA) (pp. 8\u201310)"},{"key":"10315_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittal, A., Moorthy, A.K., & Bovik, A.C. (2011). Blind\/referenceless image spatial quality evaluator. In 2011 conference record of the forty fifth asilomar conference on signals, systems and computers (ASILOMAR) (pp. 723\u2013727)","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2011.6190099"},{"issue":"3","key":"10315_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2012.2227726","volume":"20","author":"A Mittal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mittal, A., Soundararajan, R., & Bovik, A. C. (2012). Making a completely blind image quality analyzer. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 20(3), 209\u2013212.","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters"},{"key":"10315_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris, M.R., Counts, S., Roseway, A., Hoff, A., & Schwarz, J. (2012). Tweeting is believing?: understanding microblog credibility perceptions. Proceedings of the acm 2012 conference on computer supported cooperative work (pp. 441\u2013450)","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145274"},{"key":"10315_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, Y., Xue, X., & Namin, A.S. (2016). Early identification of vulnerable software components via ensemble learning. In 15th IEEE international conference on machine learning and applications (ICMLA) (pp. 476\u2013481)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2016.0084"},{"key":"10315_CR31","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., & Duchesnay, E. (2011). Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. The Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12, 2825\u20132830.","journal-title":"The Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"10315_CR32","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Rosas, V., Kleinberg, B., Lefevre, A., & Mihalcea, R. (2018). Automatic detection of fake news. In Proceedings of the 27th international conference on computational linguistics (pp. 3391\u20133401). Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA: ACL. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/C18-1287"},{"key":"10315_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.104886","volume":"196","author":"K Pham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pham, K., Kim, D., Park, S., & Choi, H. (2021). Ensemble learning-based classification models for slope stability analysis. Catena, 196, 104886.","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"10315_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruchansky, N., Seo, S., & Liu, Y. (2017). Csi: A hybrid deep model for fake news detection. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on conference on information and knowledge management (pp. 797\u2013806)","DOI":"10.1145\/3132847.3132877"},{"issue":"4","key":"10315_CR35","volume":"8","author":"O Sagi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sagi, O., & Rokach, L. (2018). Ensemble learning: A survey. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 8(4), e1249.","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery"},{"key":"10315_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangamnerkar, S., Srinivasan, R., Christhuraj, M., & Sukumaran, R. (2020). An ensemble technique to detect fabricated news article using machine learning and natural language processing techniques. In International conference for emerging technology (INCET) (pp. 1\u20137)","DOI":"10.1109\/INCET49848.2020.9154053"},{"key":"10315_CR37","unstructured":"Shu, K., Mahudeswaran, D., Wang, S., Lee, D., & Liu, H. (2018). Fakenewsnet: A data repository with news content, social context and dynamic information for studying fake news on social media. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.01286"},{"key":"10315_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu, K., Wang, S., Liu, H. (2018). Understanding user profiles on social media for fake news detection. In IEEE Conference on Multimedia Information Processing and Retrieval (pp. 430\u2013435)","DOI":"10.1109\/MIPR.2018.00092"},{"key":"10315_CR39","unstructured":"Silverman, C. (2014). Verification handbook: An ultimate guideline on digital age sourcing for emergency coverage. European Journalism Centre"},{"issue":"6","key":"10315_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-021-10132-w","volume":"23","author":"PD Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh, P. D., Kaur, R., Singh, K. D., & Dhiman, G. (2021). A novel ensemblebased classifier for detecting the covid-19 disease for infected patients. Information Systems Frontiers, 23(6), 1385\u20131401.","journal-title":"Information Systems Frontiers"},{"key":"10315_CR41","unstructured":"Surowiecki, J. (2005). The wisdom of crowds. Anchor"},{"key":"10315_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Laan, M.J., Polley, E.C., & Hubbard, A.E. (2007). Super learner. Statistical applications in genetics and molecular biology, 6(1)","DOI":"10.2202\/1544-6115.1309"},{"key":"10315_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatanath, N., Praneeth, D., Bh, M.C., Channappayya, S.S., & Medasani, S.S. (2015). Blind image quality evaluation using perception based features. In Twenty first national conference on communications (NCC) (pp. 1\u20136)","DOI":"10.1109\/NCC.2015.7084843"},{"key":"10315_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkova, S., & Jang, J.Y. (2018). Misleading or falsification: Inferring deceptive strategies and types in online news and social media. In Companion Proceedings of the The Web Conference 2018 (pp. 575\u2013583)","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3188728"},{"key":"10315_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Ma, F., Jin, Z., Yuan, Y., Xun, G., Jha, K., & Gao, J. (2018). Eann: Event adversarial neural networks for multi-modal fake news detection. In Proceedings of the 24th acm sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery & data mining (pp. 849\u2013857)","DOI":"10.1145\/3219819.3219903"},{"key":"10315_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolpert, D.H. (1992). Stacked generalization. Neural networks, 5(2), 241-259.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(05)80023-1"},{"key":"10315_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, K., Yang, S., & Zhu, K.Q. (2015). False rumors detection on sina weibo by propagation structures. In IEEE 31st international conference on data engineering (pp. 651-662)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2015.7113322"},{"key":"10315_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., & Liu, H. (2018). Tracing fake-news footprints: Characterizing social media messages by how they propagate. In Proceedings of the eleventh ACM international conference on Web Search and Data Mining (pp. 637\u2013645).","DOI":"10.1145\/3159652.3159677"},{"key":"10315_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9326-7","volume-title":"Ensemble machine learning: methods and applications","author":"C Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, C., & Ma, Y. (2012). Ensemble machine learning: methods and applications. Springer."},{"key":"10315_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J.-Y., Park, T., Isola, P., & Efros, A.A. (2017). Unpaired image-to-image translation using cycle-consistent adversarial networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.244"}],"container-title":["Information Systems Frontiers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10796-022-10315-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10796-022-10315-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10796-022-10315-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T23:56:14Z","timestamp":1744156574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10796-022-10315-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10796-022-10315-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-3326","1572-9419"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-3326","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9419","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 July 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conficting interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}}]}}