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A phenomenon that has recently shifted into the foreground for its potential to influence cognitive and affective dimensions in humans is gamification. However, there is a dearth of knowledge whether and how gamification can be employed to effectively cultivate trust in HRI. The present study investigates and compares the effects of three design interventions (i.e., non-gamified vs. gameful design vs. playful design) on cognitive and affective trust between humans and an autonomous mobile collaborative robot (cobot) in a virtual reality (VR) training experiment. The results reveal that affective trust and specific trust antecedents (i.e., a robot\u2019s likability and perceived intelligence) are most significantly developed via playful design, revealing the importance of incorporating playful elements into a robot\u2019s appearance, demeanor, and interaction to establish an emotional connection and trust in HRI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-024-10573-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T01:02:50Z","timestamp":1736730170000},"page":"2001-2026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Can Gamification Foster Trust-Building in Human-Robot Collaboration? 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