{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T06:30:11Z","timestamp":1760596211805},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,16]],"date-time":"2009-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1253059200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Autom Reasoning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10817-009-9152-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]],"date-time":"2009-09-15T06:23:04Z","timestamp":1252995784000},"page":"61-87","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Unnormalized Dempster\u2019s Rule of Combination: A New Justification from the Least Commitment Principle and Some Extensions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Pichon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Den\u0153ux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"9152_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1002\/int.1054","volume":"10","author":"A Ayoun","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ayoun, A., Smets, Ph.: Data association in multi-target detection using the transferable belief model. Int. J. Intell. Syst. 10(16), 1167\u20131182 (2001)","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"9152_CR2","unstructured":"Benavoli, A., Chisci, L., Ristic, B., Farina, A., Graziano, A.: Reasoning under uncertainty: From Bayes to valuation based systems. Application to target classification and threat evaluation. Selex Sistemi Integrati, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze, Italy (2007)"},{"key":"9152_CR3","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Imprecise Probabilities and Their Applications (ISIPTA\u201903), Lugano, Switzerland, 2003","author":"MEGV Cattaneo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cattaneo, M.E.G.V.: Combining belief functions issued from dependent sources. In: Bernard, J.M., Seidenfeld, T., Zaffalon, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Imprecise Probabilities and Their Applications (ISIPTA\u201903), Lugano, Switzerland, 2003, pp. 133\u2013147. Carleton Scientific, Waterloo (2003)"},{"key":"9152_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177698950","volume":"38","author":"AP Dempster","year":"1967","unstructured":"Dempster, A.P.: Upper and lower probabilities induced by a multivalued mapping. Ann. Math. Stat. 38, 325\u2013339 (1967)","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"issue":"2","key":"9152_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.833094","volume":"30","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"2000","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux, T.: A neural network classifier based on Dempster-Shafer theory. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. A 30(2), 131\u2013150 (2000)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. A"},{"key":"9152_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2007.05.008","volume":"172","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"2008","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux, T.: Conjunctive and disjunctive combination of belief functions induced by non distinct bodies of evidence. Artif. Intell. 172, 234\u2013264 (2008)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"6","key":"9152_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2006.877795","volume":"36","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"2006","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux, T., Smets, Ph.: Classification using belief functions: the relationship between the case-based and model-based approaches. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B 36(6), 1395\u20131406 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"9152_CR8","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Lecture Note in Artificial Intelligence","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-75256-1_31","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty (ECSQARU\u201907), Hammamet, Tunisia, 2007","author":"S Destercke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Destercke, S., Dubois, D., Chojnacki, E.: Cautious conjunctive merging of belief functions. In: Mellouli, K. (ed.) Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty (ECSQARU\u201907), Hammamet, Tunisia, 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Lecture Note in Artificial Intelligence, vol. 4724, pp. 332\u2013343. Springer, New York (2007)"},{"key":"9152_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/int.4550010204","volume":"1","author":"D Dubois","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dubois, D., Prade, H.: On the unicity of Dempster rule of combination. Int. J. Intell. Syst. 1, 133\u2013142 (1986)","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"9152_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/03081078608934937","volume":"12","author":"D Dubois","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dubois, D., Prade, H.: A set-theoretic view of belief functions: logical operations and approximations by fuzzy sets. Int. J. Gen. Syst. 12(3), 193\u2013226 (1986)","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Syst."},{"key":"9152_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5287-7","volume-title":"Possibility Theory: An Approach to Computerized Processing of Uncertainty","author":"D Dubois","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dubois, D., Prade, H.: Possibility Theory: An Approach to Computerized Processing of Uncertainty. Plenum, New York (1988)"},{"issue":"2","key":"9152_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2007.01.005","volume":"48","author":"D Dubois","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dubois, D., Prade, H., Smets, Ph.: A definition of subjective possibility. Int. J. Approx. Reason. 48(2), 352\u2013364 (2008)","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"key":"9152_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubois, D., Prade, H., Smets, Ph.: New semantics for quantitative possibility theory. In: Benferhat, S., Besnard, Ph. (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty (ECSQARU\u201901), Toulouse, France, 2001. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2143, pp. 410\u2013421. Springer\u2013Verlag (2001)","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44652-4_36"},{"key":"9152_CR14","unstructured":"Elouedi, Z., Mellouli, K.: Pooling dependent expert opinions using the theory of evidence. In: Proceedings of the Seventh Int. Conf. on Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems (IPMU\u201998), Paris, France, 1998. Congr\u00e8s Internationaux, vol. 1, pp. 32\u201339. E.D.K., France (1998)"},{"key":"9152_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haenni, R.: Uncover Dempster\u2019s rule where it is hidden. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information Fusion, Florence, Italy (2006)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIF.2006.301675"},{"key":"9152_CR16","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Uncertainty in Intelligent Systems","author":"P H\u00e1jek","year":"1993","unstructured":"H\u00e1jek, P.: Deriving Dempster\u2019s rule. In: Valverde, L., Yager, R.R. (eds.) Uncertainty in Intelligent Systems, pp.\u00a075\u201383. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1993)"},{"issue":"7","key":"9152_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2009.03.006","volume":"50","author":"A Kallel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kallel, A., Le H\u00e9garat-Mascle, S.: Combination of partially non-distinct beliefs: the cautious-adaptive rule. Int. J. Approx. Reason. 50(7), 1000\u20131021 (2009)","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"issue":"5","key":"9152_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/int.4550070506","volume":"7","author":"F Klawonn","year":"1992","unstructured":"Klawonn, F., Schwecke, E.: On the axiomatic justification of Dempster\u2019s rule of combination. Int. J. Intell. Syst. 7(5), 469\u2013478 (1992)","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"9152_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-8287-9.50022-0","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI\u201992)","author":"F Klawonn","year":"1992","unstructured":"Klawonn, F., Smets, Ph.: The dynamic of belief in the transferable belief model and specialization-generalization matrices. In: Dubois, D., Wellman, M.P., D\u2019Ambrosio, B., Smets, Ph. (eds.) Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI\u201992), pp. 130\u2013137. Morgan Kaufmann, San Meteo (1992)"},{"key":"9152_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9540-7","volume-title":"Triangular Norms","author":"EP Klement","year":"2000","unstructured":"Klement, E.P., Mesiar, R., Pap, E.: Triangular Norms. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2000)"},{"key":"9152_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-1737-3_2","volume-title":"Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems: Algorithms for Uncertainty and Defeasible Reasoning, vol. 5","author":"J Kohlas","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kohlas, J., Shenoy, P.P.: Computation in valuation algebras. In: Gabbay, D.M., Smets, Ph. (eds.) Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems: Algorithms for Uncertainty and Defeasible Reasoning, vol. 5, pp. 5\u201339. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2000)"},{"key":"9152_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/08839518908949936","volume":"3","author":"XN Ling","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ling, X.N., Rudd, W.G.: Combining opinions from several experts. Appl. Artif. Intell. 3, 439\u2013452 (1989)","journal-title":"Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"9152_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-613X(96)00115-6","volume":"14","author":"L Liu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Liu, L.: A theory of Gaussian belief functions. Int. J. Approx. Reason. 14(2\u20133), 95\u2013126 (1996)","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"issue":"3","key":"9152_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.06.058","volume":"36","author":"D Mercier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mercier, D., Cron, G., Den\u0153ux, T., Masson, M.-H.: Decision fusion for postal address recognition using belief functions. Expert Syst. Appl. 36(3), 5643\u20135653 (2009)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"9152_CR25","unstructured":"Pichon, F., Den\u0153ux, T.: A new justification of the unnormalized Dempster\u2019s rule of combination from the least commitment principle. In: Proceedings of the 21th Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Int. Conference (FLAIRS\u201908), Special Track on Uncertain Reasoning, Coconut Grove, Florida, USA, pp. 666\u2013671, 15\u201317 May 2008"},{"key":"9152_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pichon, F., Den\u0153ux, T.: T-norm and uninorm-based combination of belief functions. In: Proceedings of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society Int. Conference (NAFIPS\u201908), New York, USA, 19\u201322 May 2008","DOI":"10.1109\/NAFIPS.2008.4531209"},{"key":"9152_CR27","unstructured":"Pichon, F., Den\u0153ux, T.: A new singular property of the unnormalized Dempster\u2019s rule among uninorm-based combination rules. In: Magdalena, L., Ojeda-Aciego, M., Verdegay, J.L. (eds.) Proceedings of the 12th Int. Conf. on Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems (IPMU\u201908), pp.\u00a0314\u2013321. Torremolinos (Malaga), Spain, 22\u201327 June 2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"9152_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2006.11.002","volume":"28","author":"B Quost","year":"2007","unstructured":"Quost, B., Den\u0153ux, T., Masson, M.-H.: Pairwise classifier combination using belief functions. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 28(5), 644\u2013653 (2007)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"key":"9152_CR29","unstructured":"Quost, B., Den\u0153ux, T., Masson, M.-H.: Adapting a combination rule to non-independent information sources. In: Magdalena, L., Ojeda-Aciego, M., Verdegay, J.L. (eds.) Proceedings of the 12th Int. Conf. on Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems (IPMU\u201908), pp. 448\u2013455. Torremolinos (Malaga), Spain, 22\u201327 June 2008"},{"key":"9152_CR30","unstructured":"Quost, B., Den\u0153ux, T., Masson, M.-H.: Refined classifier combination using belief functions. In: Proceedings of the 11th Int. Conf. on Information Fusion (FUSION\u201908), pp.\u00a0776\u2013782. Cologne, Germany, 30 June\u201303 July 2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"9152_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2005.1541455","volume":"41","author":"B Ristic","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ristic, B., Smets, Ph.: Target identification using belief functions and implication rules. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 41(3), 1097\u20131103 (2005)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"9152_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sentz, K., Ferson, S.: Combination of evidence in Dempster-Shafer theory. Technical report, SANDIA Tech. Report, SAND2002-0835 (2002)","DOI":"10.2172\/800792"},{"key":"9152_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691214696","volume-title":"A Mathematical Theory of Evidence","author":"G Shafer","year":"1976","unstructured":"Shafer, G.: A Mathematical Theory of Evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1976)"},{"key":"9152_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-613X(94)90001-9","volume":"10","author":"PP Shenoy","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shenoy, P.P.: Conditional independence in valuation-based systems. Int. J. Approx. Reason. 10, 203\u2013234 (1994)","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"key":"9152_CR35","unstructured":"Smets, Ph.: Un mod\u00e8le math\u00e9matico-statistique simulant le processus du diagnostic m\u00e9dical. Ph.D. thesis (in French). Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium (1978)"},{"issue":"5","key":"9152_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1109\/34.55104","volume":"12","author":"Ph Smets","year":"1990","unstructured":"Smets, Ph.: The combination of evidence in the transferable belief model. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 12(5), 447\u2013458 (1990)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"9152_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-613X(93)90005-X","volume":"9","author":"Ph Smets","year":"1993","unstructured":"Smets, Ph.: Belief functions: the disjunctive rule of combination and the generalized Bayesian theorem. Int. J. Approx. Reason. 9, 1\u201335 (1993)","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"key":"9152_CR38","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Advances in the Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence","author":"Ph Smets","year":"1994","unstructured":"Smets, Ph.: What is Dempster-Shafer\u2019s model? In: Yager, R.R., Kacprzyk, J., Fedrizzi, M. (eds.) Advances in the Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence, pp. 5\u201334. Wiley, New York (1994)"},{"key":"9152_CR39","first-page":"1896","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th Int. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201995), San Mateo, California, USA, 1995","author":"Ph Smets","year":"1995","unstructured":"Smets, Ph.: The canonical decomposition of a weighted belief. In: Proceedings of the 14th Int. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201995), San Mateo, California, USA, 1995, pp. 1896\u20131901. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1995)"},{"key":"9152_CR40","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0035618","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First International Joint Conference on Qualitative and Quantitative Practical Reasoning (ECSQARU-FAPR\u201997), Bad Honnef, Germany, 1997","author":"Ph Smets","year":"1997","unstructured":"Smets, Ph.: The \u03b1-junctions: combination operators applicable to belief functions. In: Gabbay, D.M., Kruse, R., Nonnengart, A., Ohlbach, H.J. (eds.) Proceedings of the First International Joint Conference on Qualitative and Quantitative Practical Reasoning (ECSQARU-FAPR\u201997), Bad Honnef, Germany, 1997. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1244, pp.\u00a0131\u2013153. Springer, New York (1997)"},{"issue":"4","key":"9152_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2006.04.003","volume":"8","author":"Ph Smets","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smets, Ph.: Analyzing the combination of conflicting belief functions. Inf. Fusion 8(4), 387\u2013412 (2007)","journal-title":"Fusion"},{"key":"9152_CR42","first-page":"267","volume-title":"Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems, vol. 1","author":"Ph Smets","year":"1998","unstructured":"Smets, Ph.: The transferable belief model for quantified belief representation. In: Gabbay, D.M., Smets, Ph. (eds.) Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems, vol. 1, pp. 267\u2013301. Kluwer, Dordrecht (1998)"},{"key":"9152_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90026-4","volume":"66","author":"Ph Smets","year":"1994","unstructured":"Smets, Ph., Kennes, R.: The transferable belief model. Artif. Intell. 66, 191\u2013243 (1994)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"9152_CR44","first-page":"343","volume-title":"Uncertainty Management in Information Systems: From Needs to Solution","author":"Ph Smets","year":"1996","unstructured":"Smets, Ph., Kruse, R.: The transferable belief model for belief representation. In: Motro, A., Smets, Ph. (eds.) Uncertainty Management in Information Systems: From Needs to Solution, pp. 343\u2013368. Kluwer, Boston (1996)"},{"key":"9152_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3233\/HSM-1982-3404","volume":"3","author":"RR Yager","year":"1983","unstructured":"Yager, R.R.: An introduction to applications of possibility theory. Hum. Syst. Manag. 3, 246\u2013269 (1983)","journal-title":"Hum. Syst. Manag."},{"key":"9152_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/int.4550010403","volume":"1","author":"RR Yager","year":"1986","unstructured":"Yager, R.R.: The entailment principle for Dempster-Shafer granules. Int. J. Intell. Syst. 1, 247\u2013262 (1986)","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"9152_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(95)00133-6","volume":"80","author":"RR Yager","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yager, R.R., Rybalov, A.: Uninorm aggregation operators. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 80, 111\u2013120 (1996)","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."}],"container-title":["Journal of Automated Reasoning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10817-009-9152-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10817-009-9152-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10817-009-9152-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T18:51:16Z","timestamp":1633891876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10817-009-9152-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,16]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10817-009-9152-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-7433","1573-0670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-7433","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,16]]}}}