{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:42:58Z","timestamp":1780476178307,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,18]],"date-time":"2007-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1179446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Comput Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-007-0034-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,17]],"date-time":"2007-05-17T22:44:41Z","timestamp":1179441881000},"page":"313-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The neuronal dynamics underlying cognitive flexibility in set shifting tasks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Anja","family":"Stemme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Deco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"34_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511574566","volume-title":"Corticonics","author":"A. Abeles","year":"1991","unstructured":"Abeles, A. (1991). Corticonics. New York: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"34_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03726.x","volume":"20","author":"R. Almeida","year":"2004","unstructured":"Almeida, R., Deco, G., & Stetter, M. (2004). Modular biased-competition and cooperation: A candidate mechanism for selective working memory. European Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 2789\u20132803.","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"34_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900562174","volume":"12","author":"A. Amos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Amos, A. (2000). A computational model of information and processing in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 505\u2013519.","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"34_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00110-5","volume":"40","author":"F. Barcel\u00f3","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barcel\u00f3, F., & Knight, R. T. (2002). Both random and perseverative errors underlie wcst deficits in prefrontal patients. Neuropsychologia, 40, 349\u2013356.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"34_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(98)00007-4","volume":"13","author":"S. Berdia","year":"1998","unstructured":"Berdia, S., & Metz, J. (1998). An artificial neural network stimulating performance of normal subjects and schizophrenics on the Wisconsin card sorting test . Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 13, 123\u2013138.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"34_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011204814320","volume":"11","author":"N. Brunel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brunel, N., & Wang, X.-J. (2001). Effects of neuromodulation in a cortical network model of object working memory dominated by recurrent inhibition. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 11(1), 63\u201385.","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Neuroscience"},{"key":"34_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210100760","volume":"139","author":"N.-H. Chen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chen, N.-H., White, I. M., & Wise, S. P. (2001). Neuronal activity in dorsomedial frontal cortex and prefrontal cortex reflecting irrelevant stimulus dimensions. Experimental Brain Research, 139, 116\u2013119.","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"34_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.4.339","volume":"12","author":"S. Corchs","year":"2002","unstructured":"Corchs, S., & Deco, G. (2002). Large-scale neural model for visual attention: Integration of experimental single-cell and fMRI data. Cerebral Cortex, 12(4), 339\u2013348.","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"34_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02956.x","volume":"18","author":"G. Deco","year":"2003","unstructured":"Deco, G., & Rolls, E.\u00a0T. (2003). Attention and working memory: A dynamical model of neural activity in the prefrontal cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 2374\u20132390.","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"34_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh103","volume":"15","author":"G. Deco","year":"2005","unstructured":"Deco, G., & Rolls, E.\u00a0T. (2005). Synaptic and spiking dynamics underlying reward reversal in the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 15(1), 15\u201330.","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"34_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1162\/089892904323057380","volume":"16","author":"G. Deco","year":"2004","unstructured":"Deco, G., Rolls, E.\u00a0T., & Horwitz, B. (2004). What and where in visual working memory: A computational neurodynamical perspective for integrating fMRI and single-neuron data. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 683\u2013701.","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"34_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/1.1.62","volume":"1","author":"S. Dehaene","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dehaene, S., & Changeux, J. (1991). The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Theoretical analysis and modeling in a neuronal network. Cerebral Cortex, 1(1), 62\u201379.","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"34_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00049-7","volume":"15","author":"D. Durstewitz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Durstewitz, D., & Seamans, J.\u00a0K. (2002). The computational role of dopamine d1 receptors in working memory. Neural Networks, 15, 561\u2013572.","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"34_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1594","volume":"12","author":"T. Egner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Egner, T., & Hirsch, J. (2005). Cognitive control mechanisms resolve conflict through cortical amplification of task-relevant information. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 1784\u20131790.","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"34_CR15","first-page":"123","volume":"26","author":"J. Everett","year":"2001","unstructured":"Everett, J., Lavoie, K., Gagnon, J.-F., & Gosselin, N. (2001). Performance of patients with schizophrenia on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 26(2), 123\u2013130.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience"},{"key":"34_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.2001.0770","volume":"44","author":"S. J. Gilbert","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gilbert, S.\u00a0J., & Shallice, T. (2002). Task switching: A PDP model. Cognitive Psychology, 44, 297\u2013337.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"34_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(96)00019-9","volume":"21","author":"G. Goldstein","year":"1996","unstructured":"Goldstein, G., Beers, S.\u00a0R., & Shemansky, W.\u00a0J. (1996). Neuropsychological differences between schizophrenic patients with heterogenous Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance. Schizophrenia Research, 21, 13\u201318.","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"34_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764","volume":"117","author":"A. Hodgkin","year":"1952","unstructured":"Hodgkin, A., & Huxley, A. (1952). A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. Journal of Physiology (London), 117, 500\u2013544.","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology (London)"},{"issue":"7","key":"34_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198307000-00008","volume":"171","author":"B. Kolb","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kolb, B., & Wishaw, I.\u00a0Q. (1983). Performance of schiziophrenic patients on tests sensitive to left or right frontal, temporal, or parietal function in neurological patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171(7), 435\u2013443.","journal-title":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"issue":"7","key":"34_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.7.745","volume":"9","author":"S. Konishi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Konishi, S., Kawazu, M., Uchida, I., Kikyo, H., Asakura, I., & Miyashita, Y. (1999). Contribution of working memory to transient activation in human inferior prefrontal cortex during performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Cerebral Cortex, 9(7), 745\u2013753.","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"34_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9450.00259","volume":"42","author":"N. I. Landro","year":"2001","unstructured":"Landro, N.\u00a0I., Pape-Ellefsen, E., Hagland, K.\u00a0O., & Odland, T. (2001). Memory deficits in young schizophrenics with normal intellectual function. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 459\u2013466.","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"34_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02278-6","volume":"25","author":"C. Meunier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Meunier, C., & Segev, I. (2002). Playing the Devil\u2019s advocate: Is the Hodgkin Huxley model useful? Trends in Neuroscience, 25, 558\u2013563.","journal-title":"Trends in Neuroscience"},{"key":"34_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.167","volume":"24","author":"E. K. Miller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miller, E.\u00a0K., & Cohen, J.\u00a0D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167\u2013202.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"34_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1963.00460070100010","volume":"9","author":"B. Milner","year":"1963","unstructured":"Milner, B. (1963). Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting. Archives of Neurology, 9, 90\u2013100.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"34_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00028-7","volume":"7","author":"S. Monsell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Monsell, S. (2003). Task switching. Trends in Cognitive Science, 7, 134\u2013140.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"5559","key":"34_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067653","volume":"295","author":"K. Nakahara","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nakahara, K., Hayashi, T., Konishi, S., & Miyashita, Y. (2002). Functional MRI of macaque monkeys performing a cognitive set-shifting task. Science, 295(5559), 1532\u20131536.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"34_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/116.5.1159","volume":"116","author":"A. Owen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Owen, A., Roberts, A., Hodges, J., Summers, B., Polkey, C., & Robbins, T. (1993). Contrasting mechanisms of impaired attentional set-shifting in patients with frontal lobe damage or Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain, 116(5), 1159\u20131175.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"34_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.01958.x","volume":"15","author":"G. Rainer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rainer, G., & Miller, E.\u00a0K. (2002). Timecourse of object-related neural activity in the primate prefrontal cortex during a short-term memory task. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(7), 1244\u20131244.","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"34_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7338","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502455102","volume":"102","author":"N. P. Rougier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rougier, N.\u00a0P., Noelle, D.\u00a0C., Braver, T.\u00a0S., Cohen, J.\u00a0D., & O\u2019Reilly, R.\u00a0C. (2005). Prefrontal cortex and flexible cognitive control: Rules without symbols. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 7338\u20137343.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"34_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2604_4","volume":"26","author":"N. P. Rougier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rougier, N.\u00a0P., & O\u2019Reilly, R.\u00a0C. (2002). Learning representations in a gated prefrontal cortex model of dynamic task switching. Cognitive Science, 26, 503\u2013520.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"34_CR31","unstructured":"Stemme, A. (2007). Neuronal principles underlying cognitive flexibility\u2014a biophysical model for set shifting tasks. Ph.D. thesis, Technical University Munich. Norderstedt, Germany, BooksOnDemand."},{"key":"34_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.01.044","volume":"26\/2","author":"A. Stemme","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stemme, A., Deco, G., Busch, A., & Schneider, W.\u00a0X. (2005). Neurons and the synaptic basis of the fMRI signal associated with cognitive flexibility. NeuroImage, 26\/2, 454\u2013470.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"34_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054651","volume":"18","author":"J. R. Stroop","year":"1935","unstructured":"Stroop, J.\u00a0R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643\u2013662.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"34_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511623271","volume-title":"Introduction to theoretical neurobiology I: Linear cable theory and dendritic structure","author":"H. C. Tuckwell","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tuckwell, H.\u00a0C. (1988). Introduction to theoretical neurobiology I: Linear cable theory and dendritic structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"34_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallis, J.\u00a0D., Anderson, K.\u00a0C., & Miller, E.\u00a0K. (2001). Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules. Nature, 411.","DOI":"10.1038\/35082081"},{"issue":"3","key":"34_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050740","volume":"126","author":"I. M. White","year":"1999","unstructured":"White, I.\u00a0M., & Wise, S.\u00a0P. (1999). Research article: Rule-dependent neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex. Experimental Brain Research, 126(3), 315\u2013335.","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"34_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4009","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.9.4009","volume":"91","author":"F. Wilson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wilson, F., Scalaidhe, S., & P.S., G.-R. (1994). Functional synergism between putative-aminobutyrate-containing neurons and pyramidal neurons in prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 4009\u20134013.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"34_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3733-05.2006","volume":"26","author":"K. F. Wong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wong, K.\u00a0F., & Wang, X.\u00a0J. (2006). A recurrent network mechanism of time integration in perceptual decisions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 26(4), 1314\u20131328.","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10827-007-0034-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10827-007-0034-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10827-007-0034-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]],"date-time":"2019-05-31T01:37:11Z","timestamp":1559266631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10827-007-0034-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,18]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["34"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10827-007-0034-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-6873"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-6873","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,18]]}}}